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Toxins
Special Issues
Immunotoxins
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Immunotoxins

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2011) | Viewed by 79553

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. John H. Sampson

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Guest Editor
Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C. 27710, USA
Prof. Dr. Andrea Bolognesi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences-DIMEC, General Pathology Section, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
Interests: Xanthine oxidoreductase; oxidative stress; uric acid; nitric oxide; cytotoxicity; plant toxin; rRNA glycosylase; immunotoxin; targeted therapy; anti-tumour therapy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, bacterial and plant toxins have been leveraged for the elimination of unwanted cells by linkage to specific antibody carriers to form immunotoxins. These potent and specific cytotoxic agents provide a promising approach to human therapy. In this special issue, we will discuss their basic biology, some of the limitations of their use as therapeutic agents, and special considerations regarding their delivery.

Prof. Dr. John H. Sampson
Prof. Dr. Andrea Bolognesi
Guest Editors

Keywords

  • immunotoxins
  • drug targeting
  • drug delivery
  • antibody
  • bacterial toxins
  • plant toxins
  • recombinant chimeric proteins
  • immunotherapy
  • tumor therapy

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 469 KiB  
Article
A Comparison of the Anti-Tumor Effects of a Chimeric versus Murine Anti-CD19 Immunotoxins on Human B Cell Lymphoma and Pre-B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cell Lines
by Lydia K. Tsai, Laurentiu M. Pop, Xiaoyun Liu and Ellen S. Vitetta
Toxins 2011, 3(4), 409-419; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins3040409 - 6 Apr 2011
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 8291
Abstract
Precursor B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pre-B ALL) affects five to six thousand adults and almost three thousand children every year. Approximately 25% of the children and 60% of the adults die from their disease, highlighting the need for new therapies that complement [...] Read more.
Precursor B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pre-B ALL) affects five to six thousand adults and almost three thousand children every year. Approximately 25% of the children and 60% of the adults die from their disease, highlighting the need for new therapies that complement rather than overlap chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation. Immunotherapy is a class of therapies where toxicities and mechanisms of action do not overlap with those of chemotherapy. Because CD19 is a B cell- restricted membrane antigen that is expressed on the majority of pre-B tumor cells, a CD19-based immunotherapy is being developed for ALL. In this study, the anti-tumor activities of immunotoxins (ITs) constructed by conjugating a murine monoclonal antibody (MAb), HD37, or its chimeric (c) construct to recombinant ricin toxin A chain (rRTA) were compared both in vitro using human pre-B ALL and Burkitt’s lymphoma cell lines and in vivo using a disseminated human pre-B ALL tumor cell xenograft model. The murine and chimeric HD37 IT constructs were equally cytotoxic to pre-B ALL and Burkitt’s lymphoma cells in vitro and their use in vivo resulted in equivalent increases in survival of SCID mice with human pre-B ALL tumors when compared with control mice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunotoxins)
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Review

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36 pages, 2024 KiB  
Review
Immunotoxins and Anticancer Drug Conjugate Assemblies: The Role of the Linkage between Components
by Franco Dosio, Paola Brusa and Luigi Cattel
Toxins 2011, 3(7), 848-883; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins3070848 - 14 Jul 2011
Cited by 151 | Viewed by 18303
Abstract
Immunotoxins and antibody-drug conjugates are protein-based drugs combining a target-specific binding domain with a cytotoxic domain. Such compounds are potentially therapeutic against diseases including cancer, and several clinical trials have shown encouraging results. Although the targeted elimination of malignant cells is an elegant [...] Read more.
Immunotoxins and antibody-drug conjugates are protein-based drugs combining a target-specific binding domain with a cytotoxic domain. Such compounds are potentially therapeutic against diseases including cancer, and several clinical trials have shown encouraging results. Although the targeted elimination of malignant cells is an elegant concept, there are numerous practical challenges that limit conjugates’ therapeutic use, including inefficient cellular uptake, low cytotoxicity, and off-target effects. During the preparation of immunoconjugates by chemical synthesis, the choice of the hinge component joining the two building blocks is of paramount importance: the conjugate must remain stable in vivo but must afford efficient release of the toxic moiety when the target is reached. Vast efforts have been made, and the present article reviews strategies employed in developing immunoconjugates, focusing on the evolution of chemical linkers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunotoxins)
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24 pages, 282 KiB  
Review
Immunotoxins and Other Conjugates Containing Saporin-S6 for Cancer Therapy
by Letizia Polito, Massimo Bortolotti, Manuela Pedrazzi and Andrea Bolognesi
Toxins 2011, 3(6), 697-720; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins3060697 - 22 Jun 2011
Cited by 66 | Viewed by 9562
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are a family of plant toxins that permanently damage ribosomes and possibly other cellular substrates, thus causing cell death. RIPs are mostly divided in two types: Type 1 RIPs that are single-chain enzymatic proteins, and type 2 RIPs that consist [...] Read more.
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are a family of plant toxins that permanently damage ribosomes and possibly other cellular substrates, thus causing cell death. RIPs are mostly divided in two types: Type 1 RIPs that are single-chain enzymatic proteins, and type 2 RIPs that consist of an active A chain (similar to a type 1 RIP) linked to a B chain with lectin properties. RIP-containing conjugates have been used in many experimental strategies against cancer cells, often showing great efficacy in clinical trials. Saporin-S6, a type 1 RIP extracted from Saponaria officinalis L. seeds, has been extensively utilized to construct anti-cancer conjugates because of its high enzymatic activity, stability and resistance to conjugation procedures, resulting in the efficient killing of target cells. This review summarizes saporin-S6-containing conjugates and their application in cancer therapy, considering in-vitro and in-vivo studies both in animal models and in clinical trials. The review is structured on the basis of the targeting of hematological versus solid tumors and on the antigen recognized on the cell surface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunotoxins)
22 pages, 552 KiB  
Review
Use of Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins from Sambucus for the Construction of Immunotoxins and Conjugates for Cancer Therapy
by José M. Ferreras, Lucía Citores, Rosario Iglesias, Pilar Jiménez and Tomás Girbés
Toxins 2011, 3(5), 420-441; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins3050420 - 29 Apr 2011
Cited by 55 | Viewed by 11453
Abstract
The type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) isolated from some species belonging to the Sambucus genus, have the characteristic that although being even more active than ricin inhibiting protein synthesis in cell-free extracts, they lack the high toxicity of ricin and related type 2 [...] Read more.
The type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) isolated from some species belonging to the Sambucus genus, have the characteristic that although being even more active than ricin inhibiting protein synthesis in cell-free extracts, they lack the high toxicity of ricin and related type 2 RIPs to intact cells and animals. This is due to the fact that after internalization, they follow a different intracellular pathway that does not allow them to reach the cytosolic ribosomes. The lack of toxicity of type 2 RIPs from Sambucus make them good candidates as toxic moieties in the construction of immunotoxins and conjugates directed against specific targets. Up to now they have been conjugated with either transferrin or anti-CD105 to target either transferrin receptor- or endoglin-overexpressing cells, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunotoxins)
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29 pages, 663 KiB  
Review
The Use of Convection-Enhanced Delivery with Liposomal Toxins in Neurooncology
by Massimo S. Fiandaca, Mitchel S. Berger and Krystof S. Bankiewicz
Toxins 2011, 3(4), 369-397; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins3040369 - 31 Mar 2011
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 13312
Abstract
Liposomes have long been effective delivery vehicles for transport of toxins to peripheral cancers. The combination of convection-enhanced delivery (CED) with liposomal toxins was originally proposed to circumvent the limited delivery of intravascular liposomes to the central nervous system (CNS) due to the [...] Read more.
Liposomes have long been effective delivery vehicles for transport of toxins to peripheral cancers. The combination of convection-enhanced delivery (CED) with liposomal toxins was originally proposed to circumvent the limited delivery of intravascular liposomes to the central nervous system (CNS) due to the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). CED offers markedly improved distribution of infused therapeutics within the CNS compared to direct injection or via drug eluting polymers, both of which depend on diffusion for parenchymal distribution. This review examines the basis for improved delivery of liposomal toxins via CED within the CNS, and discusses preclinical and clinical experience with these therapeutic techniques. How CED and liposomal technologies may influence future neurooncologic treatments are also considered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunotoxins)
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6 pages, 140 KiB  
Review
Imaging of Convection Enhanced Delivery of Toxins in Humans
by Ankit I. Mehta, Bryan D. Choi, Raghu Raghavan, Martin Brady, Allan H. Friedman, Darell D. Bigner, Ira Pastan and John H. Sampson
Toxins 2011, 3(3), 201-206; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins3030201 - 15 Mar 2011
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 9228
Abstract
Drug delivery of immunotoxins to brain tumors circumventing the blood brain barrier is a significant challenge. Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) circumvents the blood brain barrier through direct intracerebral application using a hydrostatic pressure gradient to percolate therapeutic compounds throughout the interstitial spaces of infiltrated [...] Read more.
Drug delivery of immunotoxins to brain tumors circumventing the blood brain barrier is a significant challenge. Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) circumvents the blood brain barrier through direct intracerebral application using a hydrostatic pressure gradient to percolate therapeutic compounds throughout the interstitial spaces of infiltrated brain and tumors. The efficacy of CED is determined through the distribution of the therapeutic agent to the targeted region. The vast majority of patients fail to receive a significant amount of coverage of the area at risk for tumor recurrence. Understanding this challenge, it is surprising that so little work has been done to monitor the delivery of therapeutic agents using this novel approach. Here we present a review of imaging in convection enhanced delivery monitoring of toxins in humans, and discuss future challenges in the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunotoxins)
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10 pages, 190 KiB  
Review
Monitoring Radiographic Brain Tumor Progression
by Ankit I. Mehta, Charles W. Kanaly, Allan H. Friedman, Darell D. Bigner and John H. Sampson
Toxins 2011, 3(3), 191-200; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins3030191 - 15 Mar 2011
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 8504
Abstract
Determining radiographic progression in primary malignant brain tumors has posed a significant challenge to the neuroncology community. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM, WHO Grade IV) through its inherent heterogeneous enhancement, growth patterns, and irregular nature has been difficult to assess for progression. Our ability to [...] Read more.
Determining radiographic progression in primary malignant brain tumors has posed a significant challenge to the neuroncology community. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM, WHO Grade IV) through its inherent heterogeneous enhancement, growth patterns, and irregular nature has been difficult to assess for progression. Our ability to detect tumor progression radiographically remains inadequate. Despite the advanced imaging techniques, detecting tumor progression continues to be a clinical challenge. Here we review the different criteria used to detect tumor progression, and highlight the inherent challenges with detection of progression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunotoxins)
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