Staphylococcus aureus Toxins and Prevalence of Enterotoxins

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Bacterial Toxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2024) | Viewed by 2717

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Biomedizinische Forschung and Bio-Produkte AG, Vienna, Austria
Interests: Staphylococcus aureus toxins; enterotoxins

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Staphylococcus aureus is part of the commensal flora on the skin and mucosa, but is also one of the most prevalent opportunistic pathogens in humans, being responsible for various diseases ranging from skin and soft tissue infections to severe systemic diseases.

Staphylococcal strains have a broad and varying arsenal of divergent, often secreted, virulence factors. Among others, exotoxins play an essential role due to their ability to cause severe disease. These include staphylococcal enterotoxins, which are the focus of this Special Issue.

Almost 30 diverse SEs have been described, but only a minority have been fully characterized. These proteins are resistant to proteolytic enzymes that retain their activity in the digestive tract and remain unaffected by environmental conditions that are fatal to the producing strains. These small, bacterial proteins are known to be pyrogenic and can illicit exaggerated, sometimes life-threatening, immune responses.

Dr. Andreas Roetzer
Guest Editor

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

12 pages, 1147 KiB  
Article
Identification of the Enterotoxigenic Potential of Staphylococcus spp. from Raw Milk and Raw Milk Cheeses
by Patryk Wiśniewski, Joanna Gajewska, Anna Zadernowska and Wioleta Chajęcka-Wierzchowska
Toxins 2024, 16(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16010017 - 28 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2370
Abstract
This study aimed to genotypic and phenotypic analyses of the enterotoxigenic potential of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from raw milk and raw milk cheeses. The presence of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), including the classical enterotoxins (sea-see), non-classical enterotoxins (seg-seu), [...] Read more.
This study aimed to genotypic and phenotypic analyses of the enterotoxigenic potential of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from raw milk and raw milk cheeses. The presence of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), including the classical enterotoxins (sea-see), non-classical enterotoxins (seg-seu), exfoliative toxins (eta-etd) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tst-1) were investigated. Isolates positive for classical enterotoxin genes were then tested by SET-RPLA methods for toxin expression. Out of 75 Staphylococcus spp. (19 Staphylococcus aureus and 56 CoNS) isolates from raw milk (49/65.3%) and raw milk cheese samples (26/34.7%), the presence of enterotoxin genes was confirmed in 73 (97.3%) of them. Only one isolate from cheese sample (1.3%) was able to produce enterotoxin (SED). The presence of up to eight different genes encoding enterotoxins was determined simultaneously in the staphylococcal genome. The most common toxin gene combination was sek, eta present in fourteen isolates (18.7%). The tst-1 gene was present in each of the analyzed isolates from cheese samples (26/34.7%). Non-classical enterotoxins were much more frequently identified in the genome of staphylococcal isolates than classical SEs. The current research also showed that genes tagged in S. aureus were also identified in CoNS, and the total number of different genes detected in CoNS was seven times higher than in S. aureus. The obtained results indicate that, in many cases, the presence of a gene in Staphylococcus spp. is not synonymous with the ability of enterotoxins production. The differences in the number of isolates with genes encoding SEs and enterotoxin production may be mainly due to the limit of detection of the toxin production method used. This indicates the need to use high specificity and sensitivity methods for detecting enterotoxin in future studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Staphylococcus aureus Toxins and Prevalence of Enterotoxins)
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