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Symmetry
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Symmetry in Power Battery Management Systems
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Symmetry in Power Battery Management Systems

A special issue of Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994). This special issue belongs to the section "Engineering and Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2022) | Viewed by 11573

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Yunlong Shang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
Interests: power battery modeling and management
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jufeng Yang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Automotive Engineering Research Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Interests: battery management system
Dr. Qi Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
Interests: electric vehicle; electrochemical energy storage system; battery system; battery management system; lithium-ion battery
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Batteries have been widely used as important energy storage components in many applications, such as portable electronics, electrical/hybrid transportations, smart grids, etc. It is estimated that the global lithium-ion battery market will exceed USD 100 billion by 2025. In addition to tremendous progress being made in relation to battery materials, development of efficient, reliable, and low-cost battery management systems (BMSs) has been an emerging and challenging research topic in recent years. The study of power battery management system is closely related with symmetry. For example, the topology and control algorithm of battery balancing system are inherently symmetric, and the study of symmetrical and asymmetrical faults in the battery pack level is a significant issue. The use of intelligent BMSs can effectively facilitate battery operation in the high-efficient region and significantly improve the fault-tolerant characteristic of the system. The key technologies of BMSs include battery modeling, state estimation, cycle life prediction, fault prognosis and diagnosis, balancing control, charging control, heating technology at low temperatures, etc.

This Special Issue will provide a platform for presenting the latest research results on the technology development of intelligent BMSs. It is within the subject area of Computer Science, Theory and Methods in Symmetry. We welcome research papers about theoretical and applied studies, as well as review papers. Manuscripts from cross-disciplinary fields, such as battery electrochemistry, power electronics, control technology, as well as symmetrically algorithmic and hardware design, which can provide timely and effective solutions for emerging challenges in the intelligent BMS, are strongly encouraged. Please note that your submission must be related to theme of the journal Symmetry.

Topics of interest of this Special Issue include, but are not limited to:

  • Battery mechanism analysis in symmetry;
  • Battery modeling in symmetry;
  • Battery state estimation in symmetry;
  • Battery remaining life prediction in symmetry;
  • Battery fault prognosis and diagnosis in symmetry;
  • Battery balancing control in symmetry;
  • Battery charging control in symmetry;
  • Battery heating technology at low temperatures in symmetry;
  • Battery electrochemistry in symmetry;
  • Other related topics.

Prof. Dr. Yunlong Shang
Dr. Jufeng Yang
Dr. Qi Zhang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Symmetry is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • batteries
  • electric vehicles
  • energy storage management systems
  • state estimation
  • fault diagnosis
  • equalization
  • charge
  • heating

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 2087 KiB  
Article
Efficiency Optimization Strategy of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicles Based on Energy Balance
by Wenhui Pei, Qi Zhang and Yongjing Li
Symmetry 2022, 14(1), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14010164 - 14 Jan 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4162
Abstract
This paper presents an efficiency optimization controller for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) of an electric vehicle. A new loss model is obtained based on the permanent magnet synchronous motor’s energy balance equation utilizing the theory of the port-controlled Hamiltonian system. Since [...] Read more.
This paper presents an efficiency optimization controller for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) of an electric vehicle. A new loss model is obtained based on the permanent magnet synchronous motor’s energy balance equation utilizing the theory of the port-controlled Hamiltonian system. Since the energy balance equation is just the power loss of the PMSM, which provides great convenience for us to use the energy method for efficiency optimization. Then, a new loss minimization algorithm (LMA) is designed based on the new loss model by adjusting the ratio of the excitation current in the d–q axis. Moreover, the proposed algorithm is achieved by the principle of the energy shape method of the Hamiltonian system. Simulations are finally presented to verify effectiveness. The main results of these simulations indicate that the dynamic performance of the drive is maintained and the efficiency increase is up to about 7% compared with the id=0 control algorithm, and about 4.5% compared with the conventional LMA at a steady operation of a PMSM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Power Battery Management Systems)
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9 pages, 1819 KiB  
Article
A Novel Axial-Flux Dual-Stator Toothless Permanent Magnet Machine for Flywheel Energy Storage
by Yong Zhao, Fangzhou Lu, Changxin Fan and Jufeng Yang
Symmetry 2022, 14(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14010061 - 3 Jan 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2392
Abstract
This paper presents an alternative system called the axial-flux dual-stator toothless permanent magnet machine (AFDSTPMM) system for flywheel energy storage. This system lowers self-dissipation by producing less core loss than existing structures; a permanent magnet (PM) array is put forward to enhance the [...] Read more.
This paper presents an alternative system called the axial-flux dual-stator toothless permanent magnet machine (AFDSTPMM) system for flywheel energy storage. This system lowers self-dissipation by producing less core loss than existing structures; a permanent magnet (PM) array is put forward to enhance the air–gap flux density of the symmetrical air gap on both sides. Moreover, its vertical stability is strengthened through the adoption of an axial-flux machine, so expensive active magnetic bearings can be replaced. The symmetry configuration of the AFDSTPMM system is shown in this paper. Then, several parts of the AFDSTPMM system are optimized thoroughly, including stator windings, number of pole pairs and the PM parameters. Further, the performance of the proposed PM array, including back-EMFs, air–gap flux density, average torque, torque ripple and over-load capacity, are compared with the Halbach PM array and spoke PM array, showing the superiority of proposed configuration. Finally, 3D simulations were made to testify for the 2D analyses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Power Battery Management Systems)
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18 pages, 3863 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Urban Electric Vehicle Trip Rule Statistics and Ownership Prediction
by Hui Gao, Lutong Yang, Anyue Zhang and Mingxin Sheng
Symmetry 2021, 13(11), 2052; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13112052 - 31 Oct 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2789
Abstract
In order to play the important role of electric vehicles to promote the realization of the 3060 double carbon target, electric vehicles have seen explosive growth. However, due to the tight symmetry between the number and distribution of electric vehicles and their corresponding [...] Read more.
In order to play the important role of electric vehicles to promote the realization of the 3060 double carbon target, electric vehicles have seen explosive growth. However, due to the tight symmetry between the number and distribution of electric vehicles and their corresponding charging facilities, the layout of charging facilities has higher requirements. This paper collects travel data in the form of a traffic travel questionnaire for electric vehicle users. Based on the vehicle parking demand model of the queuing theory and Monte Carlo simulation, the paper gives the number of stopping vehicles and the time of vehicles stopping in different places such as residential areas, workplaces, supermarket parking and roadside. In addition, based on the Bass prediction model, the main parameters are modeled in the model, and the price correction coefficient is introduced. The improved Bass model is used to predict the growth trend of electric vehicles in different regions in different years and in different incentive sites. By predicting the ownership of urban electric vehicles and accurately grasping the distribution and operation of electric vehicles, this paper can provide guidance and suggestions for the planning and construction of charging facilities in different regions, effectively reduce the investment cost of charging facilities and guide local governments to formulate reasonable planning schemes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Power Battery Management Systems)
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17 pages, 5018 KiB  
Article
A Fault Diagnosis and Prognosis Method for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on a Nonlinear Autoregressive Exogenous Neural Network and Boxplot
by Yan Qiu, Jing Sun, Yunlong Shang and Dongchang Wang
Symmetry 2021, 13(9), 1714; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13091714 - 16 Sep 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3564
Abstract
The frequent occurrence of electric vehicle fire accidents reveals the safety hazards of batteries. When a battery fails, its symmetry is broken, which results in a rapid degradation of its safety performance and poses a great threat to electric vehicles. Therefore, accurate battery [...] Read more.
The frequent occurrence of electric vehicle fire accidents reveals the safety hazards of batteries. When a battery fails, its symmetry is broken, which results in a rapid degradation of its safety performance and poses a great threat to electric vehicles. Therefore, accurate battery fault diagnoses and prognoses are the key to ensuring the safe and durable operation of electric vehicles. Thus, in this paper, we propose a new fault diagnosis and prognosis method for lithium-ion batteries based on a nonlinear autoregressive exogenous (NARX) neural network and boxplot for the first time. Firstly, experiments are conducted under different temperature conditions to guarantee the diversity of the data of lithium-ion batteries and then to ensure the accuracy of the fault diagnosis and prognosis at different working temperatures. Based on the collected voltage and current data, the NARX neural network is then used to accurately predict the future battery voltage. A boxplot is then used for the battery fault diagnosis and early warning based on the predicted voltage. Finally, the experimental results (in a new dataset) and a comparative study with a back propagation (BP) neural network not only validate the high precision, all-climate applicability, strong robustness and superiority of the proposed NARX model but also verify the fault diagnosis and early warning ability of the boxplot. In summary, the proposed fault diagnosis and prognosis approach is promising in real electric vehicle applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Power Battery Management Systems)
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14 pages, 2054 KiB  
Article
Model-Free Non-Cascade Integral Sliding Mode Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive with a Fast Reaching Law
by Tong Li and Xudong Liu
Symmetry 2021, 13(9), 1680; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13091680 - 12 Sep 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2968
Abstract
Electric vehicle has become the main trend of the development of automobile industry. As a highly symmetrical system, the characteristics of drive motor will have a great impact on the driving comfort. Aiming at the control regulation of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) [...] Read more.
Electric vehicle has become the main trend of the development of automobile industry. As a highly symmetrical system, the characteristics of drive motor will have a great impact on the driving comfort. Aiming at the control regulation of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive, a model-free and non-cascade sliding mode control with a fast-reaching law is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the mathematical model of PMSM is constructed as an ultra-local model without considering any motor parameters. Then, to improve the response speed, an integral sliding mode method with a fast reaching law is proposed, and the fast convergence can be realized. The controller system adopts single loop non-cascade control, which greatly simplifies the system structure. In order to further improve the anti-disturbance performance of the system, the dual disturbance observers are used to compensate the disturbance through feed-forward control. The stability of the system is proved by Lyapunov. Finally, the experimental results show that the proposed method has faster convergence speed and stronger anti-disturbance ability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Power Battery Management Systems)
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