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Sensors and Smart City

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 February 2025) | Viewed by 5793

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor

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Guest Editor
Department of Engineering (DI), University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
Interests: Internet of Things; embedded systems; cyber-physical systems; edge computing; machine learning; deep learning

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering (DI), University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
Interests: Internet of Things; cyber-physical systems; edge computing; machine learning; deep learning

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering (DI), University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
Interests: smart cities; cooperative smart environments; IoT; cyber-physical systems; continuum computing
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

A Smart City represents an improvement in today’s cities, both functionally and structurally, that strategically utilizes many smart factors, such as information and communications technology (ICT), to increase a city’s sustainable growth and strengthen city functions while ensuring citizens’ quality of life and health. Cities can be viewed as a microcosm of “objects” with which citizens interact daily: street furniture, public buildings, transportation, monuments, public lighting, and much more.

Moreover, continuous monitoring of a city’s status occurs through sensors and processors applied within real-world infrastructure. The Internet of Things (IoT) concept imagines all these objects being “smart”, connected to the Internet, and able to communicate with each other and with the external environment, interacting and sharing data and information. Each object in the IoT can be both a collector and distributor of information regarding mobility, energy consumption, and air pollution, as well as potentially offering cultural and tourist information. As a consequence, cyber and real worlds are strongly linked in a Smart City. New services, including those generated by AI applications, can be deployed when needed, and evaluation mechanisms can be set up to assess the health and success of a Smart City. Similar to the research conducted in smaller and more specialized environments, techniques to exploit the data coming from the sensing systems in a Smart City may be employed to predict and avoid critical situations affecting urban day life, e.g., considering the mobility scenario, we may refer to traffic congestion, or considering citizen security, we may refer to applications able to generate tailored advice for citizens present in the area of critical conditions.

The aim of this Special Issue is to bring together innovative and unpublished developments in areas related to sensors and smart cities, including but not limited to the following:

  • computing and sensing infrastructures;
  • cost (of node, energy, development, deployment, maintenance);
  • communication (security, resilience, low energy);
  • adaptability (to environment, energy, faults);
  • data processing (on nodes, distributed, aggregation, discovery, big data);
  • self-learning (pattern discovery, prediction, auto-configuration);
  • deployment (cost, error prevention, localization);
  • maintenance (troubleshooting, recurrent costs);
  • applications (both new and enjoying new life);
  • smart users experience;
  • trust and privacy;
  • crowdsourcing, crowdsensing, participatory sensing;
  • cognition and awareness;
  • cyber–physical systems;
  • smart tourism;
  • deep learning algorithms with applications in Smart Environments;
  • innovative autonomous people–environment (urban Smart Environments) interconnection mechanisms.

Both review articles and original research papers on sensors and Smart Cities are welcome.

Prof. Dr. Antonio Puliafito
Dr. Dario Bruneo
Dr. Fabrizio De Vita
Dr. Giuseppe Tricomi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Internet of Things
  • smart cities application and services
  • city and infrastructure monitoring
  • cloud and IoT integration
  • artificial intelligence
  • signal, image, information processing
  • sensor-based management system for smart cities
  • pattern recognition
  • sensor applications for infrastructure safety monitoring
  • risk analysis of smart city and infrastructure
  • computer vision applications for defect identification and monitoring
  • structural damage prognosis

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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27 pages, 3924 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Last-Mile Logistics: AI-Driven Fleet Optimization, Mixed Reality, and Large Language Model Assistants for Warehouse Operations
by Saverio Ieva, Ivano Bilenchi, Filippo Gramegna, Agnese Pinto, Floriano Scioscia, Michele Ruta and Giuseppe Loseto
Sensors 2025, 25(9), 2696; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092696 - 24 Apr 2025
Viewed by 180
Abstract
Due to the rapid expansion of e-commerce and urbanization, Last-Mile Delivery (LMD) faces increasing challenges related to cost, timeliness, and sustainability. Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques are widely used to optimize fleet management, while augmented and mixed reality (AR/MR) technologies are being adopted to [...] Read more.
Due to the rapid expansion of e-commerce and urbanization, Last-Mile Delivery (LMD) faces increasing challenges related to cost, timeliness, and sustainability. Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques are widely used to optimize fleet management, while augmented and mixed reality (AR/MR) technologies are being adopted to enhance warehouse operations. However, existing approaches often treat these aspects in isolation, missing opportunities for optimization and operational efficiency gains through improved information visibility across different roles in the logistics workforce. This work proposes the adoption of novel technological solutions integrated in an LMD framework that combines AI-based optimization of shipment allocation and vehicle route planning with a knowledge graph (KG)-driven decision support system. Additionally, the paper discusses the exploitation of relevant recent tools, including large language model (LLM)-powered conversational assistants for managers and operators and MR-based headset interfaces supporting warehouse operators by providing real-time data and enabling direct interaction with the system through virtual contextual UI elements. The framework prioritizes the customizability of AI algorithms and real-time information sharing between stakeholders. An experiment with a system prototype in the Apulia region is presented to evaluate the feasibility of the system in a realistic logistics scenario, highlighting its potential to enhance coordination and efficiency in LMD operations. The results suggest the usefulness of the approach while also identifying benefits and challenges in real-world applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Smart City)
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19 pages, 6035 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Energy Efficiency of Sensors and Communication Devices in Opportunistic Networks Through Human Mobility Interaction Prediction
by Ambreen Memon, Sardar M. N. Islam, Muhammad Nadeem Ali and Byung-Seo Kim
Sensors 2025, 25(5), 1414; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25051414 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 422
Abstract
The proliferation of smart devices such as sensors and communication devices has necessitated the development of networks that can adopt device-to-device communication for delay-tolerant data transfer and energy efficiency. Therefore, there is a need to develop opportunistic networks to enhance energy efficiency through [...] Read more.
The proliferation of smart devices such as sensors and communication devices has necessitated the development of networks that can adopt device-to-device communication for delay-tolerant data transfer and energy efficiency. Therefore, there is a need to develop opportunistic networks to enhance energy efficiency through improved data routing. A sensor device equipped with computing, communication, and mobility capabilities can opportunistically transfer data to another device, either as a direct recipient or as an intermediary forwarding data to a third device. Routing algorithms designed for such opportunistic networks aim to increase the probability of successful message transmission by leveraging area information derived from historical data to forecast potential encounters. However, accurately determining the precise locations of mobile devices remains highly challenging and necessitates a robust prediction mechanism to provide reliable insights into mobility encounters. In this study, we propose incorporating a random forest regressor (RFR) to predict the future location of mobile users, thereby enhancing message routing efficiency. The RFR utilizes mobility traces from diverse users and is equipped with sensors for computing and communication purposes. These predictions improve message routing performance and reduce energy and bandwidth resource utilization during routine data transmissions. To evaluate the proposed approach, we compared the predictive performance of the RFR against existing benchmark schemes, including the Gaussian process, using real-world mobility data traces. The mobility traces from the University of Southern California (USC) were employed to underpin the simulations. Our findings demonstrate that the RFR significantly outperformed both the Gaussian process and existing methods in predicting mobility encounters. Furthermore, the integration of mobility predictions into device-to-device (D2D) communication and traditional internet networks showed potential energy consumption reductions of up to one-third, highlighting the practical benefits of the proposed approach. The contribution of this research is that it highlights the limitations of existing mobility prediction models and develops new resource optimization and energy-efficient opportunistic networks that overcome these limitations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Smart City)
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21 pages, 4425 KiB  
Article
Implementation and Testing of V2I Communication Strategies for Emergency Vehicle Priority and Pedestrian Safety in Urban Environments
by Federica Oliva, Enrico Landolfi, Giovanni Salzillo, Alfredo Massa, Simone Mario D’Onghia and Alfredo Troiano
Sensors 2025, 25(2), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25020485 - 16 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1408
Abstract
This paper explores the development and testing of two Internet of Things (IoT) applications designed to leverage Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication for managing intelligent intersections. The first scenario focuses on enabling the rapid and safe passage of emergency vehicles through intersections by notifying approaching [...] Read more.
This paper explores the development and testing of two Internet of Things (IoT) applications designed to leverage Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication for managing intelligent intersections. The first scenario focuses on enabling the rapid and safe passage of emergency vehicles through intersections by notifying approaching drivers via a mobile application. The second scenario enhances pedestrian safety by alerting drivers, through the same application, about the presence of pedestrians detected at crosswalks by a traffic sensor equipped with neural network capabilities. Both scenarios were tested at two distinct intelligent intersections in Lioni, Avellino, Italy, and demonstrated notable effectiveness. Results show a significant reduction in emergency vehicle response times and a measurable increase in driver awareness of pedestrians at crossings. The findings underscore the potential of V2I technologies to improve traffic flow, reduce risks for vulnerable road users, and contribute to the advancement of safer and smarter urban transportation systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Smart City)
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35 pages, 663 KiB  
Article
A Cross-Layer Secure and Energy-Efficient Framework for the Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey
by Rashid Mustafa, Nurul I. Sarkar, Mahsa Mohaghegh and Shahbaz Pervez
Sensors 2024, 24(22), 7209; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24227209 - 11 Nov 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2260
Abstract
This survey delves into cross-layer energy-efficient solutions and cutting-edge security measures for Internet of Things (IoT) networks. The conventional security techniques are considered inadequate, leading to the suggestion of AI-powered intrusion detection systems and novel strategies such as blockchain integration. This research aims [...] Read more.
This survey delves into cross-layer energy-efficient solutions and cutting-edge security measures for Internet of Things (IoT) networks. The conventional security techniques are considered inadequate, leading to the suggestion of AI-powered intrusion detection systems and novel strategies such as blockchain integration. This research aims to promote the development of smart cities by enhancing sustainability, security, and efficiency in the industrial and agricultural sectors through the use of IoT, blockchain, AI, and new communication technologies like 5G. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review and analysis of secure and energy-efficient cross-layer IoT frameworks based on survey of more than 100 published research articles. We highlight the significance of developing IoT security for robust and sustainable connected systems. We discuss multi-layered security approaches and ways to enhance the energy efficiency of resource-constrained devices in IoT networks. Finally, we identify open research issues and future research directions in the emerging field of cross-layer design for secure and energy-efficient IoT networks. In order to improve cybersecurity and efficiency in smart cities, the research also focuses on developing a secure, energy-efficient IoT framework integrating blockchain, artificial intelligence, and quantum-safe cryptography. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Smart City)
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Review

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25 pages, 2878 KiB  
Review
Optimizing Spectral Utilization in Healthcare Internet of Things
by Adeel Iqbal, Ali Nauman, Yazdan Ahmad Qadri and Sung Won Kim
Sensors 2025, 25(3), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030615 - 21 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1193
Abstract
The mainstream adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) devices for health and lifestyle tracking has revolutionized health monitoring systems. Sixth-generation (6G) cellular networks enable IoT healthcare services to reduce the pressures on already resource-constrained facilities, leveraging enhanced ultra-reliable low-latency communication (eURLLC) to make [...] Read more.
The mainstream adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) devices for health and lifestyle tracking has revolutionized health monitoring systems. Sixth-generation (6G) cellular networks enable IoT healthcare services to reduce the pressures on already resource-constrained facilities, leveraging enhanced ultra-reliable low-latency communication (eURLLC) to make sure critical health data are transmitted with minimal delay. Any delay or information loss can result in serious consequences, making spectrum availability a crucial bottleneck. This study systematically identifies challenges in optimizing spectrum utilization in healthcare IoT (H-IoT) networks, focusing on issues such as dynamic spectrum allocation, interference management, and prioritization of critical medical devices. To address these challenges, the paper highlights emerging solutions, including artificial intelligence-based spectrum management, edge computing integration, and advanced network architectures such as massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) and terahertz (THz) communication. We identify gaps in the existing methodologies and provide potential research directions to enhance the efficiency and reliability of eURLLC in healthcare environments. These findings offer a roadmap for future advancements in H-IoT systems and form the basis of our recommendations, emphasizing the importance of tailored solutions for spectrum management in the 6G era. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Smart City)
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