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Polymers
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Smart Textile
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Smart Textile

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2020) | Viewed by 64510

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Fabien Salaün

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
ENSAIT, ULR 2461 - GEMTEX - Génie et Matériaux Textiles, University Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
Interests: polymer and materials synthesis; microencapsulation and nanoencapsulation of active substances; surface functionalization for enhanced textile properties; thermal comfort; melt spinning; fibers; development of new synthetic methodologies and strategies for the design of new materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Smart textiles are able to sense and respond to changes in their environment, and may be divided into two classes, i.e., (i) passive, and (ii) active smart textiles. The first class has the ability to change their properties according to an environmental stimulation, such as shape memory materials, hydrophobic, or hydrophilic structures. The second class encompasses those that are fitted with sensors and actuators to connect internal parameters to a transmitted message, and in this way can detect various signals from the surrounding environment.

This Special Issue on “Smart Textile” is dedicated to recent advances in research and development of textiles and textile-based materials, including, but not limited to, new fibers, new yarn and fabric structures, new textile technologies and processes, textile composites, textile-based energy generation and storage systems, textile-based materials for applications in sports, health care, construction, defense, transportation, protection, etc.

This Special Issue is motivated by the observed increasing interest shown by various research groups in this field. Thus, considering your prominent contributions to this interesting research topic, I would like to cordially invite you to submit an article to this Special Issue. This Special Issue will publish full research papers, communications, and review articles. It will give a global vision of researchers from universities, research centers, and industry working on smart textiles and polymers around the world and share the latest results on their synthesis and characterization, giving rise to a special interest in their applications in basic and industrial processes. I would like to bring together a collection of comprehensive reviews from leading experts and research articles highlighting the most recent research from notable groups in the community, and it will hopefully serve as a useful source of information for researchers.

Prof. Fabien Salaün
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Intelligent textiles
  • Active and passive smart materials
  • Smart coating
  • Surface functionalization
  • Smart polymers: Ultra-hydrophobic, moisture-responsive, heat-responsive, impact-responsive, tougher, stronger, self-healing, self-cleaning, or de-toxifying, tissue engineering
  • Finishing and fiber processes: Plasma, sol-gel, nanotechnology, electrospinning, melt-spinning
  • Advanced fibers: nanofibers, conductive fiber, piezo fiber
  • Bio-inspired strategies to design smart textiles

Published Papers (16 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 5352 KiB  
Article
Study of the Influence of PCL on the In Vitro Degradation of Extruded PLA Monofilaments and Melt-Spun Filaments
by Vivien Barral, Sophie Dropsit, Aurélie Cayla, Christine Campagne and Éric Devaux
Polymers 2021, 13(2), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13020171 - 06 Jan 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3109
Abstract
This work presents the effect of a melt-spinning process on the degradation behavior of bioresorbable and immiscible poly(d,l-lactide) (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer blends. A large range of these blends, from PLA90PCL10 (90 wt% PLA and [...] Read more.
This work presents the effect of a melt-spinning process on the degradation behavior of bioresorbable and immiscible poly(d,l-lactide) (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer blends. A large range of these blends, from PLA90PCL10 (90 wt% PLA and 10 wt% PCL) to PLA60PCL40 in increments of 10%, was processed via extrusion (diameter monofilament: ∅ ≈ 1 mm) and melt spinning (80 filaments: 50 to 70 µm each) to evaluate the impact of the PCL ratio and then melt spinning on the hydrolytic degradation of PLA, which allowed for highlighting the potential of a textile-based scaffold in bioresorbable implants. The morphologies of the structures were investigated via extracting PCL with acetic acid and scanning electron microscopy observations. Then, they were immersed in a Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) media at 50 °C for 35 days and their properties were tested in order to evaluate the relation between the morphology and the evolution of the crystallinity degree and the mechanical and physical properties. As expected, the incorporation of PCL into the PLA matrix slowed down the hydrolytic degradation. It was shown that the degradation became heterogeneous with a small ratio of PCL. Finally, melt spinning had an impact on the morphology, and consequently, on the other properties over time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Textile)
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14 pages, 5121 KiB  
Article
Colorimetric Textile Sensor for the Simultaneous Detection of NH3 and HCl Gases
by Young Ki Park, Hyun Ju Oh, Jong Hyuk Bae, Jee Young Lim, Hee Dong Lee, Seok Il Hong, Hyun Sik Son, Jong H. Kim, Seung Ju Lim and Woosung Lee
Polymers 2020, 12(11), 2595; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12112595 - 04 Nov 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3512
Abstract
For the immediate detection of strong gaseous alkalis and acids, colorimetric textile sensors based on halochromic dyes are highly valuable for monitoring gas leakages. To date, colorimetric textile sensors for dual-gas detection have usually been fabricated by electrospinning methods. Although nanofibrous sensors have [...] Read more.
For the immediate detection of strong gaseous alkalis and acids, colorimetric textile sensors based on halochromic dyes are highly valuable for monitoring gas leakages. To date, colorimetric textile sensors for dual-gas detection have usually been fabricated by electrospinning methods. Although nanofibrous sensors have excellent pH sensitivity, they are difficult to use commercially because of their low durability, low productivity, and high production costs. In this study, we introduce novel textile sensors with high pH sensitivity and durability via a facile and low-cost screen-printing method. To fabricate these textiles sensors, Dye 3 and RhYK dyes were both incorporated into a polyester fabric. The fabricated sensors exhibited high detection rates (<10 s) and distinctive color changes under alkaline or acidic conditions, even at low gas concentrations. Furthermore, the fabricated sensors showed an outstanding durability and reversibility after washing and drying and were confirmed to contain limited amounts of hazardous materials. Thus, our results show that the fabricated textile sensors could be used in safety apparel that changes its color in the presence of harmful gases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Textile)
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31 pages, 13278 KiB  
Article
Development of Flexible and Conductive Immiscible Thermoplastic/Elastomer Monofilament for Smart Textiles Applications Using 3D Printing
by Prisca Aude Eutionnat-Diffo, Aurélie Cayla, Yan Chen, Jinping Guan, Vincent Nierstrasz and Christine Campagne
Polymers 2020, 12(10), 2300; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12102300 - 08 Oct 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3646
Abstract
3D printing utilized as a direct deposition of conductive polymeric materials onto textiles reveals to be an attractive technique in the development of functional textiles. However, the conductive fillers—filled thermoplastic polymers commonly used in the development of functional textiles through 3D printing technology [...] Read more.
3D printing utilized as a direct deposition of conductive polymeric materials onto textiles reveals to be an attractive technique in the development of functional textiles. However, the conductive fillers—filled thermoplastic polymers commonly used in the development of functional textiles through 3D printing technology and most specifically through Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) process—are not appropriate for textile applications as they are excessively brittle and fragile at room temperature. Indeed, a large amount of fillers is incorporated into the polymers to attain the percolation threshold increasing their viscosity and stiffness. For this reason, this study focuses on enhancing the flexibility, stress and strain at rupture and electrical conductivity of 3D-printed conductive polymer onto textiles by developing various immiscible polymer blends. A phase is composed of a conductive polymer composite (CPC) made of a carbon nanotubes (CNT) and highly structured carbon black (KB)- filled low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and another one of propylene-based elastomer (PBE) blends. Two requirements are essential to create flexible and highly conductive monofilaments for 3D-printed polymers onto textile materials applications. First, the co-continuity of both the thermoplastic and the elastomer phases and the location of the conductive fillers in the thermoplastic phase or at the interface of the two immiscible polymers are necessary to preserve the flexibility of the elastomer while decreasing the global amount of charges in the blends. In the present work based on theoretical models, when using a two-step melt process, the KB and CNT particles are found to be both preferentially located at the LDPE/PBE interface. Moreover, in the case of the two-step extrusion, SEM characterization showed that the KB particles were located in the LDPE while the CNT were mainly at the LDPE/PBE interface and TEM analysis demonstrated that KB and CNT nanoparticles were in LDPE and at the interface. For one-step extrusion, it was found that both KB and CNT are in the PBE and LDPE phases. These selective locations play a key role in extending the co-continuity of the LDPE and PBE phases over a much larger composition range. Therefore, the melt flow index and the electrical conductivity of monofilament, the deformation under compression, the strain and stress and the electrical conductivity of the 3D-printed conducting polymer composite onto textiles were significantly improved with KB and CNT-filled LDPE/PBE blends compared to KB and CNT-filled LDPE separately. The two-step extrusion processed 60%(LDPE16.7% KB + 4.2% CNT)/40 PBE blends presented the best properties and almost similar to the ones of the textile materials and henceforth, could be a better material for functional textile development through 3D printing onto textiles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Textile)
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11 pages, 3151 KiB  
Article
Luminescent Cellulose Fibers Modified with Poly((9-Carbazolyl)Methylthiirane)
by Aleksandra Erdman, Piotr Kulpinski, Jadwiga Gabor, Arkadiusz Stanula and Andrzej S. Swinarew
Polymers 2020, 12(10), 2296; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12102296 - 07 Oct 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2442
Abstract
This article presents the results of research related to the development of cellulose man-made fibers with luminescent properties. The fibers were obtained from regenerated cellulose with the use of the N-Methylmorpholine-N-Oxide (NMMO) method for lyocell (Tencel) fiber formation. The method is named after [...] Read more.
This article presents the results of research related to the development of cellulose man-made fibers with luminescent properties. The fibers were obtained from regenerated cellulose with the use of the N-Methylmorpholine-N-Oxide (NMMO) method for lyocell (Tencel) fiber formation. The method is named after the cellulose solvent (NMMO) used to obtain the spinning solution. Fibers are formed by the dry–wet spinning method. Due to the characteristic of the lyocell process, the fibers were easily modified to achieve luminescent properties with star-shaped organic compound poly((9-carbazolyl)methylthiirane) (KMT). Fibers were examined on their mechanical parameters with the use of Zwick Z2.5/TN1S tensile testing machine, and the results show the influence of the KMT concentration in the fiber matrix on mechanical parameters of the fibers. The study also attempted to determine the concentration of the modifier in the fibers with the use of UV-VIS Spectrofluorometer JASCO. The luminescent properties of fibers were estimated as well, using Jobin–Yvon spectrofluorometer FLUOROMAX–4, and the results are very promising as the fibers emit blue light in the range of visible light spectrum even for small concentrations of KMT (about 0.1 wt.%). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Textile)
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12 pages, 4997 KiB  
Article
Dyeing of m-Aramid Fibers in Ionic Liquids
by Klaus Opwis, Bilal Celik, Rainer Benken, Dierk Knittel and Jochen Stefan Gutmann
Polymers 2020, 12(8), 1824; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12081824 - 14 Aug 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4921
Abstract
Aramids represent a class of high-performance fibers with outstanding properties and manifold technical applications, e.g., in flame-retardant protective clothing for firefighters and soldiers. However, the dyeing of aramid fibers is accompanied by several economic and ecological disadvantages, resulting in a high consumption of [...] Read more.
Aramids represent a class of high-performance fibers with outstanding properties and manifold technical applications, e.g., in flame-retardant protective clothing for firefighters and soldiers. However, the dyeing of aramid fibers is accompanied by several economic and ecological disadvantages, resulting in a high consumption of water, energy and chemicals. In this study, a new and innovative dyeing procedure for m-aramid fibers using ionic liquids (ILs) is presented. The most relevant parameters of IL-dyed fibers, such as tensile strength, elongation and fastness towards washing, rubbing and light, were determined systematically. In summary, all aramid textiles dyed in ILs show similar or even better results than the conventionally dyed samples. In conclusion, we have successfully paved the way for a new, eco-friendly and more sustainable dyeing process for aramids in the near future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Textile)
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16 pages, 6181 KiB  
Article
Water-Resistant Mechanoluminescent Electrospun Fabrics with Protected Sensitivity in Wet Condition via Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Process
by Halim Lee, Eunjin Cho, Tomas Webbe Kerekes, Seung Lee Kwon, Gun Jin Yun and Jooyoun Kim
Polymers 2020, 12(8), 1720; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12081720 - 31 Jul 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3080
Abstract
Mechanoluminescence (ML), which emits light upon external mechanical stress, was applied to fibrous composites. Herein, ML particles were incorporated into poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) electrospun webs to prepare ML/PVDF and ML/PAN composite fabrics. The produced fabrics were treated with O2 [...] Read more.
Mechanoluminescence (ML), which emits light upon external mechanical stress, was applied to fibrous composites. Herein, ML particles were incorporated into poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) electrospun webs to prepare ML/PVDF and ML/PAN composite fabrics. The produced fabrics were treated with O2 and C4F8 plasma to modify the wetting properties, then the effects of composite wettability on the light-emitting response in dry and wet conditions were investigated. The light intensity was greatly decreased when the composite fabrics absorbed water. When the composites were hydrophobized by the C4F8 plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition process, the original light intensity was protected in wet conditions, while maintaining the water vapor transmission rate. As the clothing material would be exposed to moisture in varied situations, the reduced ML sensitivity in wet conditions may limit the application of ML composite fabrics. The findings suggest a facile strategy to fabricate moisture-resistant, breathable mechanoluminescence composite fabrics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Textile)
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22 pages, 3798 KiB  
Article
Establishment of Complex Modulus Master Curves Based on Generalized Sigmoidal Model for Freeze–Thaw Resistance Evaluation of Basalt Fiber-Modified Asphalt Mixtures
by Guojin Tan, Wensheng Wang, Yongchun Cheng, Yong Wang and Zhiqing Zhu
Polymers 2020, 12(8), 1698; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12081698 - 29 Jul 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2004
Abstract
This study aims to study the freeze–thaw (F–T) resistance of asphalt mixture incorporating styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) polymer and basalt fiber by using the established complex master curves of the generalized Sigmoidal model. Asphalt mixture samples incorporating styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) polymer and basalt fiber were manufactured [...] Read more.
This study aims to study the freeze–thaw (F–T) resistance of asphalt mixture incorporating styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) polymer and basalt fiber by using the established complex master curves of the generalized Sigmoidal model. Asphalt mixture samples incorporating styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) polymer and basalt fiber were manufactured following the Superpave gyratory compaction (SGC) method and coring as well as sawing. After 0–21 F–T cycles processing, a complex modulus test asphalt mixture specimen was performed to evaluate the influence of the F–T cycle. Besides, according to the time–temperature superposition principle, the master curves of a complex modulus were constructed to reflect the dynamic mechanical response in an extended range of reduced frequency at an arbitrary temperature. The results indicated that the elastic and viscous portions of asphalt mixture incorporating SBS and basalt fiber have decreased overall. It could be observed from the dynamic modulus ratio that the dynamic modulus ratios of specimens were more affected by the F–T cycle at low frequency or high temperature. Thus, in the process of asphalt pavement design and maintenance, attention should be paid to seasonal frozen asphalt pavement under low frequency and high temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Textile)
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18 pages, 4674 KiB  
Article
Characterization and Release Behavior of a Thiosemicarbazone from Electrospun Polyvinyl Alcohol Core-Shell Nanofibers
by Hossein Barani, Mohsen Khorashadizadeh, Alexander Haseloer and Axel Klein
Polymers 2020, 12(7), 1488; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12071488 - 03 Jul 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2759
Abstract
Mats of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) core–shell nanofibers were produced using coaxial electrospinning in the presence of a thiosemicarbazone (TSC) N4-(S)-1-phenylethyl)-2-(pyridin-2-yl-ethylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (HapyTSCmB). Monolithic fibers with 0% or 5% TSC and core–shell fibers with 10% TSC in the spinning solution were studied to compare [...] Read more.
Mats of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) core–shell nanofibers were produced using coaxial electrospinning in the presence of a thiosemicarbazone (TSC) N4-(S)-1-phenylethyl)-2-(pyridin-2-yl-ethylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (HapyTSCmB). Monolithic fibers with 0% or 5% TSC and core–shell fibers with 10% TSC in the spinning solution were studied to compare stability and release rates. SEM showed the formation of uniform, bead-free, cylindrical, and smooth fibers. NMR spectroscopy and thermal analysis (TG/DTA) gave proof for the chemical integrity of the TSC in the fiber mats after the electrospinning process. Attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy showed no TSC on the surface of the PVA/TSC-PVA fibers confirming the core–shell character. The TSC release profiles of the fibers as studied using UV-vis absorption spectroscopy showed a slower release from the PVA/TSC-PVA core–shell structure compared with the monolithic PVA/TSC fibers as well as lower cumulative release percentage (17%). Out of several release models, the Korsmeyer–Peppas model gave the best fit to the experimental data. The main release phase can be described with a Fick-type diffusion mechanism. Antibacterial properties were tested against the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacterium and gave a minimal inhibitory concentration of 12.5 μg/mL. 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazoliumbromide (MTT)-based cytotoxicity experiments showed that the cell viability of fibroblast at different contents of TSC was slightly decreased from 1.5% up to 3.5% when compared to control cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Textile)
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11 pages, 2334 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Thermal Behavior of 3D PET Knits with Different Bioceramic Additives
by Audronė Sankauskaitė, Vitalija Rubežienė, Diana Kubilienė, Aušra Abraitienė, Julija Baltušnikaitė-Guzaitienė and Kristina Dubinskaitė
Polymers 2020, 12(6), 1319; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12061319 - 09 Jun 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2456
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the thermoregulatory properties of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 3D knitted materials with bioceramic additives which are highly absorbing far-infrared (FIR) radiation. Ceramic materials are well-known and useful for thermal insulation applications. In order to compare different [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the thermoregulatory properties of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 3D knitted materials with bioceramic additives which are highly absorbing far-infrared (FIR) radiation. Ceramic materials are well-known and useful for thermal insulation applications. In order to compare different types of ceramic additives and coating methods for their incorporation into textile, several types of ceramic compounds with heat-retaining function were selected: germanium (Ge), aluminum (Al) and silicon (Si) additives were applied by impregnation in squeezing padder and titanium (Ti) by the screen printing method. The thermoregulatory properties (thermal resistance, heat-retaining effectiveness and air permeability) of 3D PET knits with bioceramic additives were estimated. In this study scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were used to analyze the morphology of coated fabrics, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) analysis was applied to evaluate the number of minerals with high heat capacity in each formulation used for treatment. The knits coated with a formulation containing Ti ceramic additives demonstrated the most effective thermal behavior. Furthermore, better heat accumulation effectiveness of Ti ceramics containing knits was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. It was also determined that 3D knitted fabric with Ti ceramic additives showed the highest emissivity among tested samples and the implication is that this sample radiates its energy more efficiently than others. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Textile)
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13 pages, 2653 KiB  
Article
Laboratory Evaluation on the Performance Degradation of Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene-Modified Asphalt Mixture Reinforced with Basalt Fiber under Freeze–Thaw Cycles
by Yongchun Cheng, He Li, Wensheng Wang, Liding Li and Haitao Wang
Polymers 2020, 12(5), 1092; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12051092 - 11 May 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2021
Abstract
This paper aims at the freeze–thaw (F-T) cycles resistance of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) modified asphalt mixture reinforced with basalt fiber in order to explore the performance evaluation and prediction of asphalt mixtures at seasonal frozen regions. Asphalt was firstly modified by the common SBS [...] Read more.
This paper aims at the freeze–thaw (F-T) cycles resistance of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) modified asphalt mixture reinforced with basalt fiber in order to explore the performance evaluation and prediction of asphalt mixtures at seasonal frozen regions. Asphalt was firstly modified by the common SBS and then SBS-modified stone mastic asphalt (SMA) specimens with basalt fiber were prepared by using Superpave gyratory compaction (SGC) method. Next, asphalt mixture specimens processed by 0–21 F-T cycles were adopted for the high-temperature compression test, low-temperature splitting test and indirect tensile stiffness modulus test. Meanwhile, a three-dimensional model of F-T damage evolution of the mixtures was also established based on the reliability and damage theory. The test results showed that the loss rates of mechanical strength increased rapidly, and then gradually flattened; however, these indications changed significantly after 15–18 F-T cycles. In addition, the exponential function could reflect the variation trend of the mechanical performances with F-T cycles to a certain degree. The damage evolution and prediction model based on the reliability and damage theory can be established to analyze the internal degradation law better. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Textile)
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18 pages, 8408 KiB  
Article
A Feasible Method Applied to One-Bath Process of Wool/Acrylic Blended Fabrics with Novel Heterocyclic Reactive Dyes and Application Properties of Dyed Textiles
by Meihui Wang, Xianfeng Wang, Chong Guo, Tao Zhao and Wenyao Li
Polymers 2020, 12(2), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12020285 - 01 Feb 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3368
Abstract
Reactive dyes containing cationic groups have great potentiality as novel dyes, which can be applicable to one-bath dyeing of wool/acrylic blended fabrics. In this work, four novel heterocyclic reactive dyes containing cationic groups were designed by using m-aminophenyltrimethylammonium salt or N-(2-aminoethyl) pyridinium [...] Read more.
Reactive dyes containing cationic groups have great potentiality as novel dyes, which can be applicable to one-bath dyeing of wool/acrylic blended fabrics. In this work, four novel heterocyclic reactive dyes containing cationic groups were designed by using m-aminophenyltrimethylammonium salt or N-(2-aminoethyl) pyridinium chloride salt as cationic groups, N, N-diethyl-1,3-benzenediamine as a coupling component, 2-amino-6-methoxybenzothiazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole or 3-amino-5-nitrobenzoisothiazole as diazo components. These dyes based on benzothiazole derivative chromophores not only showed beautiful color, including blue-green and fuchsia, but also had larger tinctorial strength with a high molar extinction coefficient, further reducing the dosage of dyes to achieve same color depth. Factors affecting the dyeability on fabrics, such as pH value, dyeing temperature and dye concentration were discussed. Excellent dyeing behavior, levelling properties and good fastness on wool/acrylic blended fabric were obtained. What’ more, excellent anti-ultraviolet and antibacterial properties were obtained for textiles with these dyes. The application of these dyes with large molar extinction coefficients presents a wide range of possibilities for the further development of cleaner production and eco-friendly dyeing, even functional textiles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Textile)
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13 pages, 2716 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Ag Doped Keratin/PA6 Nanofiber Membrane with Enhanced Air Filtration and Antimicrobial Properties
by Baolei Shen, Dongyu Zhang, Yujuan Wei, Zihua Zhao, Xiaofei Ma, Xiaodan Zhao, Shuo Wang and Wenxiu Yang
Polymers 2019, 11(9), 1511; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11091511 - 16 Sep 2019
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 3938
Abstract
Coarse wool is a kind of goat wool that is difficult to further process in the textile industry due to its large diameter, dispersion, better strength, and less bending. Therefore, coarse wool is often discarded as waste or made into low-cost products. In [...] Read more.
Coarse wool is a kind of goat wool that is difficult to further process in the textile industry due to its large diameter, dispersion, better strength, and less bending. Therefore, coarse wool is often discarded as waste or made into low-cost products. In this work, keratin was extracted from coarse wool by a high-efficiency method, and then, an Ag-doped keratin/PA6 composite nanofiber membrane with enhanced filtration and antibacterial performance was prepared using HCOOH as solvent and reductant. HAADF-STEM (high-angle annular dark field-scanning transmission electron microscopy) shows that AgNPs are uniformly distributed in keratin/PA6 (30/70) nanofibers. TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis) and DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) were employed to investigate the thermal stability of composite membranes with different keratin and AgNP contents. The present keratin as a dopant with polyamide-6 (PA6) was found not only to improve air filtration efficiency but also to enhance water–vapour transmission (WVT). The addition of the Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) gave a strong antibacterial activity to the composite membrane against Staphylococcus aureus (99.62%) and Escherichia coli (99.10%). Bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE) of the composite membrane against S. aureus and E. coli were up to 96.8% and 95.6%, respectively. All of the results suggested a great potential for coarse wool extraction and application in the air filtration field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Textile)
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11 pages, 4305 KiB  
Article
Polyaniline Nanofiber Wrapped Fabric for High Performance Flexible Pressure Sensors
by Kangning Liu, Ziqiang Zhou, Xingwu Yan, Xiang Meng, Hua Tang, Konggang Qu, Yuanyuan Gao, Ying Li, Junsheng Yu and Lu Li
Polymers 2019, 11(7), 1120; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11071120 - 02 Jul 2019
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 5335
Abstract
The rational design of high-performance flexible pressure sensors with both high sensitivity and wide linear range attracts great attention because of their potential applications in wearable electronics and human-machine interfaces. Here, polyaniline nanofiber wrapped nonwoven fabric was used as the active material to [...] Read more.
The rational design of high-performance flexible pressure sensors with both high sensitivity and wide linear range attracts great attention because of their potential applications in wearable electronics and human-machine interfaces. Here, polyaniline nanofiber wrapped nonwoven fabric was used as the active material to construct high performance, flexible, all fabric pressure sensors with a bottom interdigitated textile electrode. Due to the unique hierarchical structures, large surface roughness of the polyaniline coated fabric and high conductivity of the interdigitated textile electrodes, the obtained pressure sensor shows superior performance, including ultrahigh sensitivity of 46.48 kPa−1 in a wide linear range (<4.5 kPa), rapid response/relaxation time (7/16 ms) and low detection limit (0.46 Pa). Based on these merits, the practical applications in monitoring human physiological signals and detecting spatial distribution of subtle pressure are demonstrated, showing its potential for health monitoring as wearable electronics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Textile)
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18 pages, 5246 KiB  
Article
Performance Evaluation of Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene-Modified Stone Mastic Asphalt with Basalt Fiber Using Different Compaction Methods
by Wensheng Wang, Yongchun Cheng, Peilei Zhou, Guojin Tan, Haitao Wang and Hanbing Liu
Polymers 2019, 11(6), 1006; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11061006 - 06 Jun 2019
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 3908
Abstract
Superpave gyratory compaction (SGC) and Marshall compaction methods are essentially designed according to volumetric properties. In spite of the similarity, the optimum asphalt contents (OAC) of the two methods are greatly affected by the laboratory compaction process, which would further influence their performance. [...] Read more.
Superpave gyratory compaction (SGC) and Marshall compaction methods are essentially designed according to volumetric properties. In spite of the similarity, the optimum asphalt contents (OAC) of the two methods are greatly affected by the laboratory compaction process, which would further influence their performance. This study aims to evaluate the performance of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)-modified stone mastic asphalt (SMA) with basalt fiber by using SGC and Marshall compaction methods. Basalt fiber was proved to improve and strength the basic properties of SBS-asphalt according to test results of asphalt binder. The effects of SGC and Marshall compaction methods on OAC and volumetric properties, i.e., density, air voids (VA), voids in mineral aggregates (VMA), and voids filled with asphalt (VFA), were evaluated in detail. Finally, the pavement performance of asphalt mixture prepared by SGC and Marshall compaction methods were compared in order to analyze the high-temperature creep, low-temperature splitting, and moisture stability performance. Results showed that the OAC of SGC (~5.70%) was slightly lower than that of Marshall method (5.80%). Furthermore, the pavement performance of SGC specimens were improved to a certain extent compared with Marshall specimens, indicating that SGC has a better compaction effect and mechanical performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Textile)
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23 pages, 7814 KiB  
Article
Effect of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid on Unsaturated Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Butylene Itaconate) Copolyester with Low-Melting Point and Controllable Hardness
by Chin-Wen Chen, Te-Sheng Hsu and Syang-Peng Rwei
Polymers 2019, 11(4), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11040611 - 03 Apr 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4278
Abstract
A series of copolyesters, poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene itaconate) (PBABI), was synthesized using melt polycondensation from adipic acid (AA), itaconic acid (IA), 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BDO), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). 1H-NMR, FT-IR, GPC, DSC, TGA, DMA, XRD, Shore D, and tensile test were used [...] Read more.
A series of copolyesters, poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene itaconate) (PBABI), was synthesized using melt polycondensation from adipic acid (AA), itaconic acid (IA), 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BDO), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). 1H-NMR, FT-IR, GPC, DSC, TGA, DMA, XRD, Shore D, and tensile test were used to systematically characterize the structural and composition/physical properties of the copolyesters. It was found that the melting point (Tm) and crystallization temperature (Tc) of the copolyesters were, respectively, between 21.1 to 57.5 °C and −6.7 to 29.5 °C. The glass transition (Tg) and the initial thermal decomposition (Td-5%) temperatures of the PBABI copolyesters were observed to be between −53.6 to −55.8 °C and 313.6 and 342.1 °C at varying ratios of butylene adipate (BA) and butylene itaconate (IA), respectively. The XRD feature peak was identified at the 2θ values of 21.61°, 22.31°, and 23.96° for the crystal lattice of (110), (020), and (021), respectively. Interestingly, Shore D at various IA ratios had high values (between 51.3 to 62), which indicated that the PBABI had soft plastic properties. The Young’s modulus and elongation at break, at different IA concentrations, were measured to be at 0.77–128.65 MPa and 71.04–531.76%, respectively, which could be attributed to a close and compact three-dimensional network structure formed by EDTA as a crosslinking agent. There was a significant bell-shaped trend in a BA/BI ratio of 8/2, at different EDTA concentrations—the ∆Hm increased while the EDTA concentration increased from 0.001 to 0.05 mole% and then decreased at an EDTA ratio of 0.2 mole%. Since the PBABI copolymers have applications in the textile industry, these polymers have been adopted to reinforce 3D air-permeable polyester-based smart textile. This kind of composite not only possesses the advantage of lower weight and breathable properties for textiles, but also offers customizable, strong levels of hardness, after UV curing of the PBABI copolyesters, making its potential in vitro orthopedic support as the “plaster of the future”. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Textile)
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Review

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23 pages, 3112 KiB  
Review
Electrospun PVDF Nanofibers for Piezoelectric Applications: A Review of the Influence of Electrospinning Parameters on the β Phase and Crystallinity Enhancement
by Zhongchen He, François Rault, Maryline Lewandowski, Elham Mohsenzadeh and Fabien Salaün
Polymers 2021, 13(2), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13020174 - 06 Jan 2021
Cited by 153 | Viewed by 12631
Abstract
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is among the most attractive piezo-polymers due to its excellent piezoelectricity, lightweight, flexibility, high thermal stability, and chemical resistance. PVDF can exist under different forms of films, membranes, and (nano)fibers, and its piezoelectric property related to its β phase content [...] Read more.
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is among the most attractive piezo-polymers due to its excellent piezoelectricity, lightweight, flexibility, high thermal stability, and chemical resistance. PVDF can exist under different forms of films, membranes, and (nano)fibers, and its piezoelectric property related to its β phase content makes it interesting for energy harvesters and wearable applications. Research investigation shows that PVDF in the form of nanofibers prepared by electrospinning has more flexibility and better air permeability, which make them more suitable for these types of applications. Electrospinning is an efficient technique that produces PVDF nanofibers with a high β phase fraction and crystallinity by aligning molecular dipoles (–CH2 and –CF2) along an applied voltage direction. Different nanofibers production techniques and more precisely the electrospinning method for producing PVDF nanofibers with optimal electrospinning parameters are the key focuses of this paper. This review article highlights recent studies to summarize the influence of electrospinning parameters such as process (voltage, distance, flow rate, and collector), solution (Mw, concentration, and solvent), and ambient (humidity and temperature) parameters to enhance the piezoelectric properties of PVDF nanofibers. In addition, recent development regarding the effect of adding nanoparticles in the structure of nanofibers on the improvement of the β phase is reviewed. Finally, different methods of measuring piezoelectric properties of PVDF nanofibrous membrane are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Textile)
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