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Polymers
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Flame Retarded Polymers and Composites
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Flame Retarded Polymers and Composites

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2020) | Viewed by 13671

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Ching Hsuan Lin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
Interests: polymer chemistry; flame-retardant polymers; materials for printed circuit board; low-dielectric polymers; gas separation membranes; biomass-based polymers
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It has been observed that the demand for nonflammable polymeric materials has gradually increased in the past few decades. In recent years, more and more strategies such as the incorporation of phosphorus, halogen, alkyne, inorganic particles, intumescent systems, and so on have been developed to enhance the flame retardancy of polymeric materials. Therefore, in this Special Issue, we are going to focus on flame-retardant polymers and polymer composites with highly non-flammable properties.

This Special Issue welcomes polymeric flame-retardant materials and composites (or hybrids), new strategies (mechanism) for flame retardancy, and green materials and green chemistry for flame retardancy. Review and regular original papers are all welcome.

Prof. Ching Hsuan Lin
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Flame retardancy
  • Mechanism for flame-retardancy
  • Composite
  • Hybrid
  • Green materials for flame retardancy
  • Green chemistry for flame retardancy
  • Phosphorus
  • Alkyne
  • Inorganic particle
  • Intumescent

Related Special Issues

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 3881 KiB  
Article
Application of Plasma Activation in Flame-Retardant Treatment for Cotton Fabric
by Huong Nguyen Thi, Khanh Vu Thi Hong, Thanh Ngo Ha and Duy-Nam Phan
Polymers 2020, 12(7), 1575; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12071575 - 16 Jul 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3520
Abstract
Cotton fabric treated by Pyrovatex CP New (PCN) and Knittex FFRC (K-FFRC) using the Pad-dry-cure method showed an excellent fire-retardant effect. However, it needed to be cured at high temperatures for a long time leading to a high loss of mechanical strength. In [...] Read more.
Cotton fabric treated by Pyrovatex CP New (PCN) and Knittex FFRC (K-FFRC) using the Pad-dry-cure method showed an excellent fire-retardant effect. However, it needed to be cured at high temperatures for a long time leading to a high loss of mechanical strength. In this study, atmospheric-pressure dielectric barrier discharge (APDBD) plasma was applied to the cotton fabric, which then was treated by flame retardants (FRs) using the pad–dry-cure method. The purpose was to have a flame-retardant cotton fabric (limiting oxygen index (LOI) ≥ 25) and a mechanical loss of the treated fabric due to the curing step as low as possible. To achieve this goal, 10 experiments were performed. The vertical flammability characteristics, LOI value and tensile strength of the treated fabrics were measured. A response model between the LOI values of the treated fabric and two studied variables (temperature and time of the curing step) was found. It was predicted that the optimal temperature and time-to-cure to achieve LOI of 25 was at 160 °C for 90 s, while the flame-retardant treatment process without plasma pretreatment, was at 180 °C and 114 s. Although the curing temperature and the time have decreased significantly, the loss of mechanical strength of the treated fabric is still high. The tensile strength and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the fabric after plasma activation show that the plasma treatment itself also damages the mechanical strength of the fabric. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of the fabric after plasma activation and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis of the flame retardant-treated (FRT) fabric clarified the role of plasma activation in this study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flame Retarded Polymers and Composites)
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16 pages, 2175 KiB  
Article
Potential Synergism between Novel Metal Complexes and Polymeric Brominated Flame Retardants in Polyamide 6.6
by Alistair F. Holdsworth, A. Richard Horrocks and Baljinder K. Kandola
Polymers 2020, 12(7), 1543; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12071543 - 13 Jul 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2584
Abstract
While environmental concerns have caused polymeric brominated primary flame retardants (PolyBrFRs) to be effective replacement monomeric species, few alternatives for antimony trioxide (ATO) have been developed beyond the zinc stannates (ZnSs). Previous research, which explored the interactions of aluminium (AlW), tin (II) (SnW) [...] Read more.
While environmental concerns have caused polymeric brominated primary flame retardants (PolyBrFRs) to be effective replacement monomeric species, few alternatives for antimony trioxide (ATO) have been developed beyond the zinc stannates (ZnSs). Previous research, which explored the interactions of aluminium (AlW), tin (II) (SnW) and zinc (ZnW) tungstates with several phosphorus-containing flame retardants in polyamide 6.6 (PA66), is extended to two PolyBrFRs: brominated polystyrene (BrPS), and poly(pentabromobenzyl acrylate) (BrPBz). On assessing the effect of each tungstate on the thermal degradation and flammability in combination with each PolyBrFR using TGA, UL94, LOI, cone calorimetry and TGA-FTIR, only ZnW and SnW showed significant increases in LOI (>26 vol.%). Both ZnW-BrPS- and ZnW-BrPBz-containing formulations yielded average UL94 ratings ≥ V-2 and TGA char residues (corrected for metals content at 500 °C) in air > 15 wt.%. BrPS-containing samples, especially those containing ZnW and SnW, generated peak heat release rates approximately 50% lower than the equivalent BrPBz samples. These reductions did not correlate with respective increases in LOI, suggesting that tungstate-PolyBrFR combinations influence pre-ignition differently to post-ignition behaviour. Calculated synergistic effectivities indicate that ZnW functions as a synergist in both pre- and post-ignition stages, especially with BrPS. TGA-FTIR and char analyses showed that, in addition to the vapour-phase activity normally associated with PolyBrFRs, condensed-phase processes occurred, especially for the ZnW-PolyBrFR combinations. Additionally, ZnW demonstrated significant smoke-suppressing properties comparable with zinc stannate (ZnS). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flame Retarded Polymers and Composites)
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14 pages, 3811 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Mechanism of Flame-Retardant Cotton Fabric with Phosphoramidate Siloxane Polymer through Multistep Coating
by Denghui Xu, Shijie Wang, Yimin Wang, Yun Liu, Chaohong Dong, Zhiming Jiang and Ping Zhu
Polymers 2020, 12(7), 1538; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12071538 - 12 Jul 2020
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3263
Abstract
To improve the water solubility of phosphoramidate siloxane and decrease the amount of flame-retardant additives used in the functional coating for cotton fabrics, a water-soluble phosphoramidate siloxane polymer (PDTSP) was synthesized by sol-gel technology and flame-retardant cotton fabrics were prepared with a multistep [...] Read more.
To improve the water solubility of phosphoramidate siloxane and decrease the amount of flame-retardant additives used in the functional coating for cotton fabrics, a water-soluble phosphoramidate siloxane polymer (PDTSP) was synthesized by sol-gel technology and flame-retardant cotton fabrics were prepared with a multistep coating process. A vertical flammability test, limited oxygen index (LOI), thermogravimetric analysis, and cone calorimetry were performed to investigate the thermal behavior and flame retardancy of PDTSP-coated fabrics. The coated cotton fabrics and their char residues after combustion were studied by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). All results presented that PDTSP-coated cotton fabrics had good flame retardancy and char-forming properties. PDTSP coating was demonstrated to posess gas-phase flame-retardant mechanism as well as a condensed phase flame-retardant mechanism, which can be confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR) and cone calorimetry test. Also, the preparation process had little effect on the tensile strength of cotton fabrics, although the air permeability and whiteness had a slight decrease. After different washing cycles, the coated samples still maintained good char-forming properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flame Retarded Polymers and Composites)
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17 pages, 9849 KiB  
Article
Ammonium Polyphosphate with High Specific Surface Area by Assembling Zeolite Imidazole Framework in EVA Resin: Significant Mechanical Properties, Migration Resistance, and Flame Retardancy
by Jingyu Wang, Hui Shi, Pinlie Zhu, Yuanjie Wei and Jianwei Hao
Polymers 2020, 12(3), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12030534 - 2 Mar 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3646
Abstract
A zeolite imidazole framework (ZIF-67) was assembled onto the surface of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) for preparing a series multifunctional flame-retardant APP-ZIFs. The assembly mechanism, chemical structure, chemical compositions, morphology, and specific surface area of APP-ZIFs were characterized. The typical APPZ1 and APPZ4 were [...] Read more.
A zeolite imidazole framework (ZIF-67) was assembled onto the surface of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) for preparing a series multifunctional flame-retardant APP-ZIFs. The assembly mechanism, chemical structure, chemical compositions, morphology, and specific surface area of APP-ZIFs were characterized. The typical APPZ1 and APPZ4 were selected as intumescent flame retardants with dipentaerythritol (DPER) because of their superior unit catalytic efficiency of cobalt by thermogravimetric analysis. APPZ1 and APPZ4 possessed 6.8 and 92.1 times the specific surface area of untreated APP, which could significantly enhance the interfacial interaction, mechanical properties, and migration resistance when using in ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA). With 25% loading, 25% APPZ4/DPER achieved a limiting oxygen index value of 29.4% and a UL 94 V-0 rating, whereas 25% APP/DPER achieved a limiting oxygen index value of only 26.2% and a V-2 rating, respectively. The peak of the heat release rate, smoke production rate, and CO production rate respectively decreased by 34.7%, 39.0%, and 40.1%, while the char residue increased by 91.7%. These significant improvements were attributed to the catalytic graphitization by nano cobalt phosphate and the formation of a more protective char barrier comprised of graphite-like carbon. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flame Retarded Polymers and Composites)
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