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20 pages, 6542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diclofenac-Loaded Orodispersible Nanofibers Prepared by Double-Needle Electrospinning

by Luca Éva Uhljar, Tekla Jáger, Csongor Hajdu, Anett Motzwickler-Németh, Orsolya Jójárt-Laczkovich, Martin Cseh, Katalin Burian and Rita Ambrus

Polymers 2025, 17(9), 1262; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17091262 - 6 May 2025

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Abstract

The main aim of this study was to develop a diclofenac-loaded, orodispersible formulation prepared by double-needle electrospinning. For the use of two needles, one above the other, a new needle holder was designed and 3D printed. During the optimization of the drug-free PVP [...] Read more.

The main aim of this study was to develop a diclofenac-loaded, orodispersible formulation prepared by double-needle electrospinning. For the use of two needles, one above the other, a new needle holder was designed and 3D printed. During the optimization of the drug-free PVP carrier, the effect of the polymer concentration on the morphology and average fiber diameter was investigated. Electrospinning was possible for solutions with a PVP concentration between 7.5 and 15 w/w%. Too low viscosity led to smooth-surfaced nanoparticles, since electrospraying occurred. The optimal material properties and process parameters were used to prepare drug-loaded nanofibers. The morphology, crystallinity, chemical interactions, encapsulation efficiency, drug distribution, in vitro disintegration, in vitro dissolution, cytocompatibility, and 6-month stability were tested. According to the results, the electrospun formulation was an amorphous solid dispersion with excellent encapsulation efficiency. The drug distribution was homogeneous within the nanofiber matrix. The disintegration was completed in about 5 s in artificial saliva and about 41 s on an artificial tongue. The dissolution in artificial saliva was complete within 10 min. Overall, a promising formulation was developed with rapid disintegration, immediate drug release, and good stability. Additionally, a new in vitro dissolution method (“AS-to-FaSSGF”) was developed to obtain a bigger picture of drug dissolution throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Application of Electrospun Fiber)

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15 pages, 3346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Characterization of Antimicrobial Chitosan/Polyethylene Oxide/Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers

by Fatma Sude Cetin, Tubanur Avci, Emre Uygur, Elif Ilhan, Elif Kaya, Gulgun Bosgelmez Tinaz, Liviu Duta, Canan Dogan and Oguzhan Gunduz

Polymers 2025, 17(5), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17050693 - 5 Mar 2025

Viewed by 969

Abstract

This study introduces novel chitosan (CS) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) copolymers reinforced with bacterial cellulose (BC) to fabricate nanofibers using the electrospinning method. SEM analysis confirmed uniform nanofiber formation, with CS/PEO/BC nanofibers (~240 nm) exhibiting a larger diameter than CS/PEO ones (~190 nm). [...] Read more.

This study introduces novel chitosan (CS) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) copolymers reinforced with bacterial cellulose (BC) to fabricate nanofibers using the electrospinning method. SEM analysis confirmed uniform nanofiber formation, with CS/PEO/BC nanofibers (~240 nm) exhibiting a larger diameter than CS/PEO ones (~190 nm). FTIR spectroscopy confirmed BC integration, while Differential scanning calorimetry analysis indicated minimal impact on glass transition temperature. Notably, as compared to CS/PEO nanofibers, the CS/PEO/BC ones demonstrated superior swelling capacity, accelerated biodegradation, and enhanced mechanical (i.e., tensile) properties, with maximum stress and strain values of ~3.41 MPa and ~0.01% vs. ~2.14 MPa and ~0.01%. Antimicrobial assays confirmed activity against bacterial strains, and biocompatibility tests showed high cell viability at day seven (99.26% for CS/PEO/BC nanofibers). These findings highlight the potential of CS/PEO/BC nanofibers as promising candidates for tissue engineering, offering improved strength, biodegradability, and antimicrobial properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Application of Electrospun Fiber)

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14 pages, 7480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrospinning Membrane with Polyacrylate Mixed Beta-Cyclodextrin: An Efficient Adsorbent for Cationic Dyes

by Chunling Zheng, Wei Zhao, Xiaoqian Tu and Shaoqiang Zhou

Polymers 2025, 17(2), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17020243 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 804

Abstract

A simple and non-chemical binding nanofiber (β-CD/PA) adsorbent was obtained by electrospinning a mixture of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and polyacrylate (PA). The cationic dyes in wastewater were removed by the host–guest inclusion complex of the β-cyclodextrin and the [...] Read more.

A simple and non-chemical binding nanofiber (β-CD/PA) adsorbent was obtained by electrospinning a mixture of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and polyacrylate (PA). The cationic dyes in wastewater were removed by the host–guest inclusion complex of the β-cyclodextrin and the electrostatic interaction between the polyacrylate and the dyes groups. The influence of the content of β-cyclodextrin on the surface morphology and adsorption capacity of the nanofiber membrane was discussed, and the optimized adsorption capacity of nanofiber adsorption material was determined. The adsorption capacity of nanofiber adsorbents for basic red 9, basic red 14, basic red 46, basic blue 9, basic yellow 19 and basic yellow 28 was 86.71 mg/g, 21.513 mg/g, 18.926 mg/g, 44.525 mg/g, 116.516 mg/g and 155.206 mg/g, respectively. The effects of different initial concentrations and pH values on the adsorption properties of adsorbent materials were studied. The kinetic analysis showed that the adsorption process of nanofibers for cationic dyes was more in line with the pseudo-second-order kinetic adsorption model. Moreover, nanofiber adsorbent could be easily separated from the dye solution and showed high recycling efficiency. These results indicated that the β-cyclodextrin/polyacrylate composite nanofibers are expected to be recyclable adsorbents in dye wastewater treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Application of Electrospun Fiber)

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12 pages, 9150 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Theory-Driven Tailoring of the Microenvironment of Quaternary Ammonium Binding Sites on Electrospun Nanofibers for Efficient Bilirubin Removal in Hemoperfusion

by Xingyu Fu, Minsi Shi, Dingyang Chen, Xinyue Zhao, Tingting Jiang and Rui Zhao

Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1599; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111599 - 5 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1120

Abstract

Efficient adsorbents for excess bilirubin removal are extremely important for the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia. However, traditional adsorbents, such as activated carbons and ion-exchange resins, still suffer from dissatisfactory adsorption performance and poor blood compatibility. Herein, we adopted a rational design strategy guided by [...] Read more.

Efficient adsorbents for excess bilirubin removal are extremely important for the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia. However, traditional adsorbents, such as activated carbons and ion-exchange resins, still suffer from dissatisfactory adsorption performance and poor blood compatibility. Herein, we adopted a rational design strategy guided by density functional theory (DFT) calculations to prepare blood-compatible quaternary ammonium group grafted electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofiber adsorbents. The calculation analysis and adsorption experiments were used to investigate the structure–function relationship between group types and bilirubin adsorption, both indicating that quaternary ammonium groups with suitable configurations played a crucial role in bilirubin binding. The obtained nanofiber adsorbents showed the bilirubin removal efficiency above 90% even at a coexisting BSA concentration of 50 g L⁻¹. The maximum adsorption capacities were 818.9 mg g⁻¹ in free bilirubin solution and 163.7 mg g⁻¹ in albumin bound bilirubin solution. The nanofiber adsorbents also showed considerable bilirubin removal in dynamic adsorption to reduce the bilirubin concentration to a normal level, which was better than commercial activated carbons. Our study demonstrates the high feasibility of a theory-driven design method for the development of grafted electrospun nanofibers, which have good potential as bilirubin adsorbents in hemoperfusion applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Application of Electrospun Fiber)

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20 pages, 8740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel PVA–Hyaluronan–Siloxane Hybrid Nanofiber Mats for Bone Tissue Engineering

by Daniela Anahí Sánchez-Téllez, Shantal Lizbeth Baltierra-Uribe, Mónica Araceli Vidales-Hurtado, Alejandra Valdivia-Flores, Blanca Estela García-Pérez and Lucía Téllez-Jurado

Polymers 2024, 16(4), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16040497 - 11 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5303

Abstract

Hyaluronan (HA) is a natural biodegradable biopolymer; its biological functions include cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and differentiation as well as decreasing inflammation, angiogenesis, and regeneration of damaged tissue. This makes it a suitable candidate for fabricating nanomaterials with potential use in tissue engineering. [...] Read more.

Hyaluronan (HA) is a natural biodegradable biopolymer; its biological functions include cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and differentiation as well as decreasing inflammation, angiogenesis, and regeneration of damaged tissue. This makes it a suitable candidate for fabricating nanomaterials with potential use in tissue engineering. However, HA nanofiber production is restricted due to the high viscosity, low evaporation rate, and high surface tension of HA solutions. Here, hybrids in the form of continuous and randomly aligned polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–(HA)–siloxane nanofibers were obtained using an electrospinning process. PVA–HA fibers were crosslinked by a 3D siloxane organic–inorganic matrix via sol-gel that restricts natural hydrophilicity and stiffens the structure. The hybrid nanofiber mats were characterized by FT-IR, micro-Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and biological properties. The PVA/HA ratio influenced the morphology of the hybrid nanofibers. Nanofibers with high PVA content (10PVA-8 and 10PVA-10) form mats with few beaded nanofibers, while those with high HA content (5PVA-8 and 5PVA-10) exhibit mats with mound patterns formed by “ribbon-like” nanofibers. The hybrid nanofibers were used as mats to support osteoblast growth, and they showed outstanding biological properties supporting cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation. Importantly, the 5PVA-8 mats show 3D spherical osteoblast morphology; this suggests the formation of tissue growth. These novel HA-based nanomaterials represent a relevant advance in designing nanofibers with unique properties for potential tissue regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Application of Electrospun Fiber)

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14 pages, 3253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

One-Step Fast Fabrication of Electrospun Fiber Membranes for Efficient Particulate Matter Removal

by Huanliang Liu, Wenqing Lai, Yue Shi, Lei Tian, Kang Li, Liping Bian, Zhuge Xi and Bencheng Lin

Polymers 2024, 16(2), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16020209 - 11 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2267

Abstract

Rapid social and industrial development has resulted in an increasing demand for fossil fuel energy, which increases particulate matter (PM) pollution. In this study, we employed a simple one-step electrospinning technique to fabricate polysulfone (PSF) fiber membranes for PM filtration. A 0.3 g/mL [...] Read more.

Rapid social and industrial development has resulted in an increasing demand for fossil fuel energy, which increases particulate matter (PM) pollution. In this study, we employed a simple one-step electrospinning technique to fabricate polysulfone (PSF) fiber membranes for PM filtration. A 0.3 g/mL polymer solution with an N,N-dimethylformamide:tetrahydrofuran volume ratio of 3:1 yielded uniform and bead-free PSF fibers with a diameter of approximately 1.17 μm. The PSF fiber membrane exhibited excellent hydrophobicity and mechanical properties, including a tensile strength of 1.14 MPa and an elongation at break of 116.6%. Finally, the PM filtration performance of the PSF fiber membrane was evaluated. The filtration efficiencies of the membrane for PM_2.5 and PM_1.0 were approximately 99.6% and 99.2%, respectively. The pressure drops were 65.0 and 65.2 Pa, which were significantly lower than those of commercial air filters. Using this technique, PSF fiber membrane filters can be easily fabricated over a large area, which is promising for numerous air filtration systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Application of Electrospun Fiber)

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13 pages, 12799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

One-Dimensional Nickel Molybdate Nanostructures with Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance

by Baodong Sun, Shaomin Wang and Mingyi Zhang

Polymers 2023, 15(23), 4538; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15234538 - 26 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1443

Abstract

One-dimensional NiMoO₄ nanofibers were successfully prepared by electrospinning and high-temperature calcination. The supercapacitor performance tests were conducted on the prepared materials in a three-electrode system, and it was found that the calcination temperature during the preparation of the fibers seriously affects the [...] Read more.

One-dimensional NiMoO₄ nanofibers were successfully prepared by electrospinning and high-temperature calcination. The supercapacitor performance tests were conducted on the prepared materials in a three-electrode system, and it was found that the calcination temperature during the preparation of the fibers seriously affects the final morphology and electrochemical performance of the obtained samples. The sample with a calcination temperature of 500 °C has better performance, its specific capacitance can reach 1947 F g⁻¹, and the retention rate is 82.35% after 3000 cycles of constant current charging–discharging. The improvement of electrochemical performance is primarily on account of the unique one-dimensional nanostructure of the material, which can both enhance the charge transfer efficiency and effectively increase the speed of electrolyte ion diffusion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Application of Electrospun Fiber)

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12 pages, 3288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biodegradable Nanofiber/Metal–Organic Framework/Cotton Air Filtration Membranes Enabling Simultaneous Removal of Toxic Gases and Particulate Matter

by Sujin Ryu, Doyeon Kim, Hyewon Lee, Yoonjin Kim, Youngbok Lee, Myungwoong Kim, Heedong Lee and Hoik Lee

Polymers 2023, 15(19), 3965; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15193965 - 30 Sep 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2579

Abstract

The typical filters that protect us from harmful components, such as toxic gases and particulate matter (PM), are made from petroleum-based materials, which need to be replaced with other environmentally friendly materials. Herein, we demonstrate a route to fabricate biodegradable and dual-functional filtration [...] Read more.

The typical filters that protect us from harmful components, such as toxic gases and particulate matter (PM), are made from petroleum-based materials, which need to be replaced with other environmentally friendly materials. Herein, we demonstrate a route to fabricate biodegradable and dual-functional filtration membranes that effectively remove PM and toxic gases. The membrane was integrated using two layers: (i) cellulose-based nanofibers for PM filtration and (ii) metal–organic framework (MOF)-coated cotton fabric for removal of toxic gases. Zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) was grown from the surface of the cotton fabric by the treatment of cotton fabric with an organic precursor solution and subsequent immersion in an inorganic precursor solution. Cellulose acetate nanofibers (NFs) were deposited on the MOF-coated cotton fabric via electrospinning. At the optimal thickness of the NF layer, the quality factor of 18.8 × 10⁻² Pa⁻¹ was achieved with a filtration efficiency of 93.1%, air permeability of 19.0 cm³/cm²/s, and pressure drop of 14.2 Pa. The membrane exhibits outstanding gas adsorption efficiencies (>99%) for H₂S, formaldehyde, and NH₃. The resulting membrane was highly biodegradable, with a weight loss of 62.5% after 45 days under standard test conditions. The proposed strategy should provide highly sustainable material platforms for practical multifunctional membranes in personal protective equipment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Application of Electrospun Fiber)

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18 pages, 8562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antifungal Activity of Chitosan/Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Blend Electrospun Polymeric Fiber Mat Doped with Metallic Silver Nanoparticles

by Leire Murillo, Pedro J. Rivero, Xabier Sandúa, Gumer Pérez, José F. Palacio and Rafael J. Rodríguez

Polymers 2023, 15(18), 3700; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15183700 - 8 Sep 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2363

Abstract

In this work, the implementation of advanced functional coatings based on the combination of two compatible nanofabrication techniques such as electrospinning and dip-coating technology have been successfully obtained for the design of antifungal surfaces. In a first step, uniform and beadless electrospun nanofibers [...] Read more.

In this work, the implementation of advanced functional coatings based on the combination of two compatible nanofabrication techniques such as electrospinning and dip-coating technology have been successfully obtained for the design of antifungal surfaces. In a first step, uniform and beadless electrospun nanofibers of both polyethylene oxide (PEO) and polyethylene (PEO)/chitosan (CS) blend samples have been obtained. In a second step, the dip-coating process has been gradually performed in order to ensure an adequate distribution of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) within the electrospun polymeric matrix (PEO/CS/AgNPs) by using a chemical reduction synthetic process, denoted as in situ synthesis (ISS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used to evaluate the surface morphology of the samples, showing an evolution in average fiber diameter from 157 ± 43 nm (PEO), 124 ± 36 nm (PEO/CS) and 330 ± 106 nm (PEO/CS/AgNPs). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to evaluate the roughness profile of the samples, indicating that the ISS process induced a smooth roughness surface because a change in the average roughness Ra from 84.5 nm (PEO/CS) up to 38.9 nm (PEO/CS/AgNPs) was observed. The presence of AgNPs within the electrospun fiber mat has been corroborated by UV-Vis spectroscopy thanks to their characteristic optical properties (orange film coloration) associated to the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) phenomenon by showing an intense absorption band in the visible region at 436 nm. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) profile also indicates the existence of a peak located at 3 keV associated to silver. In addition, after doping the electrospun nanofibers with AgNPs, an important change in the wettability with an intrinsic hydrophobic behavior was observed by showing an evolution in the water contact angle value from 23.4° ± 1.3 (PEO/CS) up to 97.7° ± 5.3 (PEO/CS/AgNPs). The evaluation of the antifungal activity of the nanofibrous mats against Pleurotus ostreatus clearly indicates that the presence of AgNPs in the outer surface of the nanofibers produced an important enhancement in the inhibition zone during mycelium growth as well as a better antifungal efficacy after a longer exposure time. Finally, these fabricated electrospun nanofibrous membranes can offer a wide range of potential uses in fields as diverse as biomedicine (antimicrobial against human or plant pathogen fungi) or even in the design of innovative packaging materials for food preservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Application of Electrospun Fiber)

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Review

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28 pages, 38029 KiB

Open AccessReview

Potential of Chitosan/Gelatin-Based Nanofibers in Delivering Drugs for the Management of Varied Complications: A Review

by Popat Mohite, Abhijeet Puri, Shubham Munde, Roshan Dave, Showkhiya Khan, Riteshkumar Patil, Anil Kumar Singh, Pratchaya Tipduangta, Sudarshan Singh and Chuda Chittasupho

Polymers 2025, 17(4), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17040435 - 7 Feb 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1356

Abstract

Drug delivery systems have revolutionized traditional drug administration methods by addressing various challenges, such as enhancing drug solubility, prolonging effectiveness, minimizing adverse effects, and preserving potency. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, particularly nanoparticles (NPs) and nanofibers (NFs), have emerged as promising solutions for biomedicine [...] Read more.

Drug delivery systems have revolutionized traditional drug administration methods by addressing various challenges, such as enhancing drug solubility, prolonging effectiveness, minimizing adverse effects, and preserving potency. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, particularly nanoparticles (NPs) and nanofibers (NFs), have emerged as promising solutions for biomedicine delivery. NFs, with their ability to mimic the porous and fibrous structures of biological tissues, have garnered significant interest in drug-delivering applications. Biopolymers such as gelatin (Ge) and chitosan (CH) have gained much more attention due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and versatility in biomedical applications. CH exhibits exceptional biocompatibility, anti-bacterial activity, and wound healing capabilities, whereas Ge provides good biocompatibility and cell adhesion properties. Ge/CH-based NFs stimulate cellular connections and facilitate tissue regeneration owing to their structural resemblance to the extracellular matrix. This review explores the additive methods of preparation, including electrospinning, force pinning, and template synthesis, focusing on electrospinning and the factors influencing the fiber structure. The properties of Ge and CH, their role in drug release, formulation strategies, and characterization techniques for electrospun fibers are discussed. Furthermore, this review addresses applications in delivering active moieties in the management of orthopedics and wound healing with regulatory considerations, along with challenges related to them. Thus, the review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the potential of Ge/CH-based NFs for drug delivery and biomedical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Application of Electrospun Fiber)

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29 pages, 4572 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in the Fabrication, Properties, and Applications of Electrospun PEDOT-Based Conductive Nanofibers

by Emanuele Alberto Slejko, Giovanni Carraro, Xiongchuan Huang and Marco Smerieri

Polymers 2024, 16(17), 2514; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172514 - 4 Sep 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3282

Abstract

The production of nanofibers has become a significant area of research due to their unique properties and diverse applications in various fields, such as biomedicine, textiles, energy, and environmental science. Electrospinning, a versatile and scalable technique, has gained considerable attention for its ability [...] Read more.

The production of nanofibers has become a significant area of research due to their unique properties and diverse applications in various fields, such as biomedicine, textiles, energy, and environmental science. Electrospinning, a versatile and scalable technique, has gained considerable attention for its ability to fabricate nanofibers with tailored properties. Among the wide array of conductive polymers, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) has emerged as a promising material due to its exceptional conductivity, environmental stability, and ease of synthesis. The electrospinning of PEDOT-based nanofibers offers tunable electrical and optical properties, making them suitable for applications in organic electronics, energy storage, biomedicine, and wearable technology. This review, with its comprehensive exploration of the fabrication, properties, and applications of PEDOT nanofibers produced via electrospinning, provides a wealth of knowledge and insights into leveraging the full potential of PEDOT nanofibers in next-generation electronic and functional devices by examining recent advancements in the synthesis, functionalization, and post-treatment methods of PEDOT nanofibers. Furthermore, the review identifies current challenges, future directions, and potential strategies to address scalability, reproducibility, stability, and integration into practical devices, offering a comprehensive resource on conductive nanofibers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Application of Electrospun Fiber)

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27 pages, 12446 KiB

Open AccessReview

Application of Electrospun Drug-Loaded Nanofibers in Cancer Therapy

by Yaoyao Yang, Rui Zhang, Zhiyuan Liang, Junli Guo, Bingying Chen, Shengwei Zhou and Dengguang Yu

Polymers 2024, 16(4), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16040504 - 12 Feb 2024

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5291

Abstract

In the 21st century, chemotherapy stands as a primary treatment method for prevalent diseases, yet drug resistance remains a pressing challenge. Utilizing electrospinning to support chemotherapy drugs offers sustained and controlled release methods in contrast to oral and implantable drug delivery modes, which [...] Read more.

In the 21st century, chemotherapy stands as a primary treatment method for prevalent diseases, yet drug resistance remains a pressing challenge. Utilizing electrospinning to support chemotherapy drugs offers sustained and controlled release methods in contrast to oral and implantable drug delivery modes, which enable localized treatment of distinct tumor types. Moreover, the core–sheath structure in electrospinning bears advantages in dual-drug loading: the core and sheath layers can carry different drugs, facilitating collaborative treatment to counter chemotherapy drug resistance. This approach minimizes patient discomfort associated with multiple-drug administration. Electrospun fibers not only transport drugs but can also integrate metal particles and targeted compounds, enabling combinations of chemotherapy with magnetic and heat therapies for comprehensive cancer treatment. This review delves into electrospinning preparation techniques and drug delivery methods tailored to various cancers, foreseeing their promising roles in cancer treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Application of Electrospun Fiber)

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