Plants

Research

Jump to: Review

15 pages, 1723 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Multi-Year Environmental and Meteorological Factors on the Quality Traits of Winter Durum Wheat

by Gyula Vida, Mónika Cséplő, Marianna Rakszegi and Judit Bányai

Plants 2022, 11(1), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010113 - 30 Dec 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1555

Abstract

A detailed study was made of the effect of rainfall, average temperature and hot days on the gluten index and Minolta b* value of winter durum wheat sown in the field in 16 consecutive crop years (2005–2020). The joint analysis of these two [...] Read more.

A detailed study was made of the effect of rainfall, average temperature and hot days on the gluten index and Minolta b* value of winter durum wheat sown in the field in 16 consecutive crop years (2005–2020). The joint analysis of these two technological quality traits represented a complex (plant–environment–meteorological factors) approach for the identification of durum wheat cultivars carrying an optimum combination of the two traits and for the determination of quality stability. The results of GGE-biplot analysis indicated that the cultivar that had the most favorable combination of the traits was ‘MVP’, while cultivar ‘GKS’ had the best gluten strength and ‘MVH’ the best yellow pigment content. Correlation analysis and stepwise regression between various meteorological factors (rainfall, mean temperature, number of heat days per 10-day period during grain-filling) and the two technological quality traits indicated that the expected value of the quality traits could be reliably estimated based on meteorological factors, with a generally negative effect on gluten index and a positive one on yellowness in all cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses of Durum Wheat to Abiotic Stress)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 14280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptional Regulation of Metabolic and Cellular Processes in Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) in the Face of Temperature Increasing

by Luis Abraham Chaparro-Encinas, Gustavo Santoyo, Juan José Peña-Cabriales, Luciano Castro-Espinoza, Fannie Isela Parra-Cota and Sergio de los Santos-Villalobos

Plants 2021, 10(12), 2792; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122792 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2401

Abstract

The Yaqui Valley, Mexico, has been historically considered as an experimental field for semiarid regions worldwide since temperature is an important constraint affecting durum wheat cultivation. Here, we studied the transcriptional and morphometrical response of durum wheat at an increased temperature (+2 °C) [...] Read more.

The Yaqui Valley, Mexico, has been historically considered as an experimental field for semiarid regions worldwide since temperature is an important constraint affecting durum wheat cultivation. Here, we studied the transcriptional and morphometrical response of durum wheat at an increased temperature (+2 °C) for deciphering molecular mechanisms involved in the thermal adaptation by this crop. The morphometrical assay showed a significant decrease in almost all the evaluated traits (shoot/root length, biovolume index, and dry/shoot weight) except in the dry root weight and the root:shoot ratio. At the transcriptional level, 283 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained (False Discovery Rate (FDR) ≤ 0.05 and |log2 fold change| ≥ 1.3). From these, functional annotation with MapMan4 and a gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis with GOSeq were carried out to obtain 27 GO terms significantly enriched (overrepresented FDR ≤ 0.05). Overrepresented and functionally annotated genes belonged to ontologies associated with photosynthetic acclimation, respiration, changes in carbon balance, lipid biosynthesis, the regulation of reactive oxygen species, and the acceleration of physiological progression. These findings are the first insight into the regulation of the mechanism influenced by a temperature increase in durum wheat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses of Durum Wheat to Abiotic Stress)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1888 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In-Field Comparative Study of Landraces vs. Modern Wheat Genotypes under a Mediterranean Climate

by Sivan Frankin, Rajib Roychowdhury, Kamal Nashef, Shahal Abbo, David J. Bonfil and Roi Ben-David

Plants 2021, 10(12), 2612; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122612 - 28 Nov 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2017

Abstract

The Near East climate ranges from arid to a Mediterranean, under which local wheat landraces have been grown for over millennia, assumingly accumulating a unique repertoire of genetic adaptations. In the current study, we subjected a subset of the Israeli Palestinian Landraces (IPLR) [...] Read more.

The Near East climate ranges from arid to a Mediterranean, under which local wheat landraces have been grown for over millennia, assumingly accumulating a unique repertoire of genetic adaptations. In the current study, we subjected a subset of the Israeli Palestinian Landraces (IPLR) collection (n = 19: durum and bread wheat landraces, modern wheat cultivars, and landraces mixtures) to full-field evaluation. The multifield experiment included a semiarid site (2018–2019, 2019–2020) under low (L) and high (H) supplementary irrigation, and a Mediterranean site (2019–2020). Water availability had a major impact on crop performance. This was reflected in a strong discrimination between environments for biomass productivity and yield components. Compared to landraces, modern cultivars exhibited significantly higher grain yield (GY) across environments (+102%) reflecting the effect of the Green Revolution. However, under the Gilat19 (L) environment, this productivity gap was significantly reduced (only +39%). Five excelling landraces and the durum mix exhibited good agronomic potential across all trails. This was expressed in relatively high GY (2.3–2.85 t ha⁻¹), early phenology (86–96 days to heading) and lodging resistance. Given the growing interest of stakeholders and consumers, these might be considered future candidates for the local artisanal wheat grain market. Yet, this step should be taken only after establishing an adjustable field management protocol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses of Durum Wheat to Abiotic Stress)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1767 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Transient Waterlogging Events Impair Shoot and Root Physiology and Reduce Grain Yield of Durum Wheat Cultivars

by Lorenzo Cotrozzi, Giacomo Lorenzini, Cristina Nali, Claudia Pisuttu, Silvia Pampana and Elisa Pellegrini

Plants 2021, 10(11), 2357; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112357 - 1 Nov 2021

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 2724

Abstract

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn) is a staple crop of the Mediterranean countries, where more frequent waterlogging events are predicted due to climate change. However, few investigations have been conducted on the physiological and agronomic responses of this [...] Read more.

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn) is a staple crop of the Mediterranean countries, where more frequent waterlogging events are predicted due to climate change. However, few investigations have been conducted on the physiological and agronomic responses of this crop to waterlogging. The present study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of two waterlogging durations (i.e., 14 and 35 days) on two durum wheat cultivars (i.e., Svevo and Emilio Lepido). An integrated analysis of an array of physiological, biochemical, biometric, and yield parameters was performed at the end of the waterlogging events, during recovery, and at physiological maturity. Results established that effects on durum wheat varied depending on waterlogging duration. This stress imposed at tillering impaired photosynthetic activity of leaves and determined oxidative injury of the roots. The physiological damages could not be fully recovered, subsequently slowing down tiller formation and crop growth, and depressing the final grain yield. Furthermore, differences in waterlogging tolerance between cultivars were discovered. Our results demonstrate that in durum wheat, the energy maintenance, the cytosolic ion homeostasis, and the ROS control and detoxification can be useful physiological and biochemical parameters to consider for the waterlogging tolerance of genotypes, with regard to sustaining biomass production and grain yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses of Durum Wheat to Abiotic Stress)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1650 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Chitosan-Induced Activation of the Antioxidant Defense System Counteracts the Adverse Effects of Salinity in Durum Wheat

by Filippo Quitadamo, Vanessa De Simone, Romina Beleggia and Daniela Trono

Plants 2021, 10(7), 1365; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10071365 - 3 Jul 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 2479

Abstract

The present study was carried out with the aim of (i) evaluating the effect of chitosan (CTS) on the growth of durum wheat under salinity and (ii) examining CTS-regulated mechanisms of salinity tolerance associated with the antioxidant defense system. [...] Read more.

The present study was carried out with the aim of (i) evaluating the effect of chitosan (CTS) on the growth of durum wheat under salinity and (ii) examining CTS-regulated mechanisms of salinity tolerance associated with the antioxidant defense system. To achieve these goals, durum wheat seedlings were treated with CTS at different molecular weight, low (L-CTS, 50–190 kDa), medium (M-CTS, 190–310 kDa) and high (H-CTS, 310–375 kDa). The results obtained show that exposure to 200 mM NaCl reduced the shoot and the root dried biomass by 38% and 59%, respectively. The growth impairment induced by salinity was strongly correlated with an increase in the superoxide anion production (5-fold), hydrogen peroxide content (2-fold) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content (4-fold). Seedlings responded to the oxidative stress triggered by salinity with an increase in the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) by 67%, 51% and 32%, respectively. A salt-induced increase in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase (CAT) of 89% and 86%, respectively, was also observed. Treatment of salt-stressed seedlings with exogenous CTS significantly promoted seedling growth, with the strongest effects observed for L-CTS and M-CTS, which increased the shoot biomass of stressed seedlings by 32% and 44%, respectively, whereas the root dried biomass increased by 87% and 64%, respectively. L-CTS and M-CTS treatments also decreased the superoxide anion production (57% and 59%, respectively), the hydrogen peroxide content (35% and 38%, respectively) and the MDA content (48% and 56%, respectively) and increased the TPC (23% and 14%, respectively), the TFC (19% and 10%, respectively), the TAA (up to 10% and 7%, respectively) and the CAT activity (29% and 20%, respectively). Overall, our findings indicate that CTS exerts its protective role against the oxidative damages induced by salinity by enhancing the antioxidant defense system. L-CTS and M-CTS were the most effective in alleviating the adverse effect of NaCl, thus demonstrating that the CTS action is strictly related to its molecular weight. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses of Durum Wheat to Abiotic Stress)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2284 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded with N-Acetyl Cysteine to Mitigate Ozone and Other Possible Oxidative Stresses in Durum Wheat

by Valentina Picchi, Serena Gobbi, Matteo Fattizzo, Mario Zefelippo and Franco Faoro

Plants 2021, 10(4), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10040691 - 2 Apr 2021

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 2844

Abstract

Modern durum wheat cultivars are more prone to ozone stress because of their high photosynthetic efficiency and leaf gas exchanges that cause a greater pollutant uptake. This, in turn, generates an increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that is a challenge to control [...] Read more.

Modern durum wheat cultivars are more prone to ozone stress because of their high photosynthetic efficiency and leaf gas exchanges that cause a greater pollutant uptake. This, in turn, generates an increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that is a challenge to control by the antioxidant system of the plant, therefore affecting final yield, with a reduction up to 25%. With the aim of mitigating oxidative stress in wheat, we used chitosan nanoparticles (CHT-NPs) either unloaded or loaded with the antioxidant compound N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), on plants grown either in a greenhouse or in an open field. NAC-loaded NPs were prepared by adding 0.5 mg/mL NAC to the CHT solution before ionotropic gelation with tripolyphosphate (TTP). Greenhouse experiments evidenced that CHT-NPs and CHT-NPs-NAC were able to increase the level of the leaf antioxidant pool, particularly ascorbic acid (AsA) content. However, the results of field trials, while confirming the increase in the AsA level, at least in the first phenological stages, were less conclusive. The presence of NAC did not appear to significantly affect the leaf antioxidant pool, although the grain yield was slightly higher in NAC-treated parcels. Furthermore, both NAC-loaded and -unloaded CHT-NPs partially reduced the symptom severity and increased the weight of 1000 seeds, thus showing a moderate mitigation of ozone injury. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses of Durum Wheat to Abiotic Stress)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research

20 pages, 602 KiB

Open AccessReview

Changes in Antioxidant Defence System in Durum Wheat under Hyperosmotic Stress: A Concise Overview

by Maura Nicoletta Laus, Michele Andrea De Santis, Zina Flagella and Mario Soccio

Plants 2022, 11(1), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010098 - 29 Dec 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1903

Abstract

Durum wheat is one of the most commonly cultivated species in the world and represents a key commodity for many areas worldwide, as its grain is used for production of many foods, such as pasta, bread, couscous, and bourghul. Durum wheat grain has [...] Read more.

Durum wheat is one of the most commonly cultivated species in the world and represents a key commodity for many areas worldwide, as its grain is used for production of many foods, such as pasta, bread, couscous, and bourghul. Durum wheat grain has a relevant role in the human diet, providing carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, fibres, vitamins, and minerals, as well as highly valued bioactive compounds contributing to a healthy diet. Durum wheat is largely cultivated in the Mediterranean basin, where it is mainly grown under rain-fed conditions, thus currently undergoing drought stress, as well as soil salinity, which can hamper yield potential and influence the qualitative characteristics of grain. When plants suffer drought and/or salinity stress, a condition known as hyperosmotic stress is established at cellular level. This leads to the accumulation of ROS thus generating in turn an oxidative stress condition, which can ultimately result in the impairment of cellular integrity and functionality. To counteract oxidative damage due to excessive ROS production under stress, plants have evolved a complex array of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms, working jointly and synergically for maintenance of ROS homeostasis. Enhancement of antioxidant defence system has been demonstrated as an adaptive mechanism associated to an increased tolerance to hyperosmotic stress. In the light of these considerations, this review provides a concise overview on recent advancements regarding the role of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and the main antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidases) in durum wheat response to drought and salt stresses that are expected to become more and more frequent due to the ongoing climate changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses of Durum Wheat to Abiotic Stress)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 529 KiB

Open AccessReview

Influence of Drought and Salt Stress on Durum Wheat Grain Quality and Composition: A Review

by Michele Andrea De Santis, Mario Soccio, Maura Nicoletta Laus and Zina Flagella

Plants 2021, 10(12), 2599; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122599 - 26 Nov 2021

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3839

Abstract

Durum wheat is a staple crop for the Mediterranean diet because of its adaptability to environmental pressure and for its large use in cereal-based food products, such as pasta and bread, as a source of calories and proteins. Durum wheat whole grains are [...] Read more.

Durum wheat is a staple crop for the Mediterranean diet because of its adaptability to environmental pressure and for its large use in cereal-based food products, such as pasta and bread, as a source of calories and proteins. Durum wheat whole grains are also highly valued for their peculiar amount of dietary fiber and minerals, as well as bioactive compounds of particular interest for their putative health-beneficial properties, including polyphenols, carotenoids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and phytosterols. In Mediterranean environments, durum wheat is mostly grown under rainfed conditions, where the crop often experiences environmental stresses, especially water deficit and soil salinity that may induce a hyperosmotic stress. In particular, changes in C and N accumulation due to these abiotic conditions, during grain filling, can influence starch and storage protein amount and composition in durum wheat caryopsis, thus influencing yield and quality traits. Recent advancements regarding the influence of water deficit and salinity stress on durum wheat are critically discussed. In particular, a focus on stress-induced changes in (a) grain protein content and composition in relation to technological and health quality; (b) starch and dietary fiber accumulation and composition; (c) phytochemical composition; (d) health-related grain micronutrient accumulation, such as Fe and Zn. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses of Durum Wheat to Abiotic Stress)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Responses of Durum Wheat to Abiotic Stress

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (8 papers)

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI