Green Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles

A special issue of Pharmaceuticals (ISSN 1424-8247). This special issue belongs to the section "Medicinal Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 June 2026) | Viewed by 2897

Editors


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Guest Editor
Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
Interests: deep eutectic solvents; quinazolinones; coumarins; microwave-assisted synthesis; mechanochemical synthesis; green chemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
Interests: organic synthesis; green chemistry; medicinal chemistry; quinazolinones; glycoconjugates; ligand–receptor interactions
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
Interests: deep eutectic solvents; quinazolinones; coumarins; microwave-assisted synthesis; mechanochemical synthesis; green chemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The conventional synthesis of different heterocycles often involves the use of volatile organic solvents, catalysts, and high energy consumption, leading to the accumulation of large amounts of waste. In recent decades, green synthesis has utilized safer solvents, such as deep eutectic solvents and biomass-derived solvents, instead of harmful organic solvents. Due to their favorable properties, these solvents, combined with green synthetic methods, can reduce or eliminate waste production, making synthesis cleaner and faster. Nitrogen-containing (N-containing) heterocycles represent a class of compounds with a broad spectrum of biological activities, attributed to their interactions with various biological targets. Their potential in drug discovery continues to grow, highlighting the importance of preparing novel derivatives that may serve as candidates for the development of new therapeutic agents. This Special Issue highlights recent advances in the green synthesis of N-containing heterocycles—five membered, six-membered, and fused-ring systems. Furthermore, we welcome submissions that cover biological activities, including antimicrobial, antiproliferative, antiradical, and anti-inflammatory activities, amongst others. Their potential activities can be predicted by computational studies. Therefore, both the synthesis and biological evaluation of N-containing compounds are welcomed as topics in this Special Issue. We will take both research papers and reviews into consideration for publication.

Dr. Mario Komar
Dr. Marija Paurević
Dr. Maja Molnar
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • N-containing heterocycles
  • microwave-assisted synthesis
  • ultrasound-assisted synthesis
  • mechanochemical synthesis
  • deep eutectic solvents
  • biomass-derived solvents
  • biological evaluation
  • computational methods

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 1345 KB  
Article
Synthesis of Fluoroquinolones: Revisiting the Grohe Route in DES-Based Media
by Rúben Neto, Luis Domingues and Ana Rita Jesus
Pharmaceuticals 2026, 19(2), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19020208 - 25 Jan 2026
Viewed by 1224
Abstract
Background: The development of greener synthetic routes to active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is a key challenge in sustainable chemistry. Methods: In this work, we explored the use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in the multi-step synthesis of a fluoroquinolone following the [...] Read more.
Background: The development of greener synthetic routes to active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is a key challenge in sustainable chemistry. Methods: In this work, we explored the use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in the multi-step synthesis of a fluoroquinolone following the Grohe method. Results: Several steps of the synthetic sequence were successfully carried out using DESs, achieving moderate to good yields, while operating under mild reaction conditions and reducing purification requirements. Overall, the use of DESs led to an overall yield of up to 43%. A comprehensive greenness assessment, combining EcoScale scoring and the GSK and CHEM21 solvent selection guides, confirmed the superior sustainability profile of DESs, reflecting their lower toxicity, biodegradability, and reduced energy demands. Conclusions: These findings establish DESs as promising, eco-friendly alternatives to volatile and hazardous organic solvents for the synthesis of quinolone derivatives, offering a valuable step toward more sustainable pharmaceutical manufacturing. Full article
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32 pages, 12724 KB  
Article
Sustainable Synthesis of 1,2-Disubstituted Benzimidazoles as Promising α-Glucosidase Inhibitors: In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation
by Graziella Tocco, Antonio Laus, Cristina Manis, Pierluigi Caboni, Antonella Fais and Benedetta Era
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(10), 1469; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18101469 - 30 Sep 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1200
Abstract
Background: Inhibiting α-glucosidase and α-amylase is a well-established strategy for managing postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the adverse effects of current α-glucosidase inhibitors (α-GIs) underscore the need for safer alternatives. Methods: This study introduces an efficient, metal-free, and environmentally friendly [...] Read more.
Background: Inhibiting α-glucosidase and α-amylase is a well-established strategy for managing postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the adverse effects of current α-glucosidase inhibitors (α-GIs) underscore the need for safer alternatives. Methods: This study introduces an efficient, metal-free, and environmentally friendly protocol for the selective, high-yield synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles. The reaction between o-phenylenediamine and various aromatic aldehydes proceeds smoothly in water at room temperature, using cost-effective and eco-friendly catalysts such as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) or salicylic acid (SA). The methodology exhibits broad versatility, enabled by the use of different o-phenylenediamines and a wide range of aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes. Results: Selected compounds were assessed for their inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and α-amylase. While all exhibited low α-amylase inhibition, several showed significant α-glucosidase inhibition, with compounds 8s (IC50 = 0.39 ± 0.04 μM), 8k (IC50 = 7.4 ± 1.6 μM) and 8r (IC50 = 13.8 ± 2.7 μM) emerging as the most promising candidates. Notably, none of these compounds affected Caco-2 cell viability at concentrations up to 30 μM. Additionally, compounds 8r and 8s exhibited antioxidant properties, which may be relevant in counteracting the excessive production of free radicals associated with diabetes. Preliminary molecular docking and 500 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out on compounds 3k, 8i, 8k, and 8p8s to support and interpret the experimental biological findings qualitatively. Full article
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