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Pathogens
Special Issues
Viral Pathogenesis and Immunity: 2nd Edition
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Viral Pathogenesis and Immunity: 2nd Edition

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Immunological Responses and Immune Defense Mechanisms".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2025) | Viewed by 6199

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Jose Angel Regla Nava

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University Center for Health Science (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
2. Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
Interests: dengue; Zika; SARS-CoV-2
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues, 

The focus of this Special Issue is on virus–host interactions and pathogenesis, particularly regarding Zika virus and the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. 

ZIKV was discovered over 50 years ago, but since the 2015–2016 outbreak in Brazil, new syndromes associated with ZIKV infection have begun to emerge, including birth defects, sexual transmission, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and genital persistence. Moreover, studies in mice have established mouse models of ZIKV sexual transmission, vaginal persistence, and infection of adult neuronal stem cells. 

Regarding coronavirus, human CoVs have been found to be the cause of up to 15% of all respiratory infections, including SARS-CoV infection. It is well known that SARS-CoV-2 causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious respiratory disease which has resulted in thousands of deaths and overwhelmed public health systems worldwide. Studies in the field have defined multiple viral factors associated with SARS virulence and identified promising vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV.

We look forward to your submissions on the topics of virus–host interactions and viral pathogenesis and immunity.

Dr. Jose Angel Regla Nava
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • virus
  • evolution
  • vaccine
  • coronavirus
  • flavivirus
  • pathogenesis
  • vaccine development
  • therapeutic strategies to control virus infections

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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18 pages, 2821 KiB  
Article
An Evaluation of the Cellular and Humoral Response of a Multi-Epitope Vaccine Candidate Against COVID-19 with Different Alum Adjuvants
by Lineth Juliana Vega Rojas, Rocío Alejandra Ruíz-Manzano, Miguel Andrés Velasco-Elizondo, María Antonieta Carbajo-Mata, Diego Josimar Hernández-Silva, Mariana Rocha-Solache, Jesús Hernández, Rosa Martha Pérez-Serrano, Guadalupe Zaldívar-Lelo de Larrea, Teresa García-Gasca and Juan Mosqueda
Pathogens 2024, 13(12), 1081; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13121081 - 9 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1460
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (Betacoronavirus pandemicum) is responsible for the disease identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as COVID-19. We designed “CHIVAX 2.1”, a multi-epitope vaccine, containing ten immunogenic peptides with conserved B-cell and T-cell epitopes in the receceptor binding domain (RBD) sequences [...] Read more.
SARS-CoV-2 (Betacoronavirus pandemicum) is responsible for the disease identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as COVID-19. We designed “CHIVAX 2.1”, a multi-epitope vaccine, containing ten immunogenic peptides with conserved B-cell and T-cell epitopes in the receceptor binding domain (RBD) sequences of different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs). We evaluated the immune response of mice immunized with 20 or 60 µg of the chimeric protein with two different alum adjuvants (Alhydrogel® and Adju-Phos®), plus PHAD®, in a two-immunization regimen (0 and 21 days). Serum samples were collected on days 0, 21, 31, and 72 post first immunization, with antibody titers determined by indirect ELISA, while lymphoproliferation assays and cytokine production were evaluated by flow cytometry. The presence of neutralizing antibodies was assessed by surrogate neutralization assays. Higher titers of total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a antibodies, as well as increased proliferation rates of specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, were observed in mice immunized with 60 μg of protein plus Adju-Phos®/PHAD®. This formulation also generated the highest levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ, in addition to the presence of neutralizing antibodies against Delta and Omicron VoC. These findings indicate the potential of this chimeric multi-epitope vaccine with combined adjuvants as a promising platform against viral infections, eliciting a TH1 or TH1:TH2 balanced cell response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Pathogenesis and Immunity: 2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 4566 KiB  
Article
Immunity Induced by Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine: Breadth, Durability, Potency, and Specificity in a Healthcare Worker Cohort
by Ying Chen, Caiqin Hu, Zheng Wang, Junwei Su, Shuo Wang, Bin Li, Xiang Liu, Zhenzhen Yuan, Dan Li, Hong Wang, Biao Zhu and Yiming Shao
Pathogens 2023, 12(10), 1254; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12101254 - 18 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1771
Abstract
Vaccination has proven to be highly effective against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but the long-term immunogenicity and the functional preserved immune responses of vaccines are needed to inform evolving evidence-based guidelines for boosting schedules. We enrolled 205 healthcare workers into [...] Read more.
Vaccination has proven to be highly effective against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but the long-term immunogenicity and the functional preserved immune responses of vaccines are needed to inform evolving evidence-based guidelines for boosting schedules. We enrolled 205 healthcare workers into a cohort study; all had received three doses of BBIBP-CorV (China Sinopharm Bio-Beijing Company, Beijing, China) inactivated vaccine. We assessed SARS-CoV-2 specific binding antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, and peripheral T and B cell responses. We demonstrated that more robust antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 were elicited by booster immunization compared with primary vaccination. Neutralizing antibody titers to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 were also efficiently elevated post-homologous vaccine booster despite being in a lower titer compared with the prototype stain. In addition to S-specific humoral and cellular immunity, BBIBP-CorV also induced N-specific antibody and effector T cell responses. The third-dose vaccination led to further expansion of critical polyfunctional T cell responses, likely an essential element for vaccine protection. In particular, a functional role for Tfh cell subsets in immunity was suggested by the correlation between both CD4+ Tfh and CD8+ Tfh with total antibody, IgG, B cell responses, and neutralizing antibodies. Our study details the humoral and cellular responses generated by the BBIBP-CorV booster vaccination in a seven-month follow-up study. There is a clear immunologic boosting value of homologous inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine boosters, a consideration for future vaccine strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Pathogenesis and Immunity: 2nd Edition)
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Other

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8 pages, 752 KiB  
Brief Report
Lower Limb Paralysis Associated with Chikungunya in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Survey Report
by Mathy Matungala-Pafubel, Junior Bulabula-Penge, Meris Matondo-Kuamfumu, Samy Esala, François Edidi-Atani, Elisabeth Pukuta-Simbu, Paul Tshiminyi-Munkamba, Yannick Tutu Tshia N’kasar, Trésor Katanga, Etienne Ndomba-Mukanya, Delphine Mbonga-Mande, Lionel Baketana-Kinzonzi, Eddy Kinganda-Lusamaki, Daniel Mukadi-Bamuleka, Fabrice Mambu-Mbika, Placide Mbala-Kingebeni, Edith Nkwembe-Ngabana, Antoine Nkuba-Ndaye, Daniel Okitundu-Luwa and Steve Ahuka-Mundeke
Pathogens 2024, 13(3), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13030198 - 23 Feb 2024
Viewed by 2176
Abstract
Polio-associated paralysis is one of the diseases under national surveillance in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Although it has become relatively rare due to control measures, non-polio paralysis cases are still reported and constitute a real problem, especially for etiological diagnosis, [...] Read more.
Polio-associated paralysis is one of the diseases under national surveillance in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Although it has become relatively rare due to control measures, non-polio paralysis cases are still reported and constitute a real problem, especially for etiological diagnosis, which is necessary for better management and response. From September 2022 to April 2023, we investigated acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases in Kinshasa following an alert from the Provincial Division of Health. All suspected cases and their close contacts were investigated and sampled. Among the 57 sampled patients, 21 (36.8%) were suspects, and 36 (63.2%) were contacts. We performed several etiological tests available in the laboratory, targeting viruses, including Poliovirus, Influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2, Enterovirus, and arboviruses. No virus material was detected, but the serological test (ELISA) detected antibodies against Chikungunya Virus, i.e., 47.4% (27/57) for IgM and 22.8% (13/57) for IgG. Among suspected cases, we detected 33.3% (7/21) with anti-Chikungunya IgM and 14.3% (3/21) of anti-Chikungunya IgG. These results highlight the importance of enhancing the epidemiological surveillance of Chikungunya. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Pathogenesis and Immunity: 2nd Edition)
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