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Pathogens
Special Issues
Arboviruses Infections and Pathogenesis
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Arboviruses Infections and Pathogenesis

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2026) | Viewed by 5100

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Ma. Isabel Salazar Sánchez

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratorio Nacional de Vacunología y Virus Tropicales (LNVyVT), México City 11340, Mexico
Interests: dengue; immunopathogenesis; polymorphisms; virus vectors; reservoirs
Dr. Diana Alhelí Domínguez-Martínez

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Research Unit on Virology and Cancer, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
Interests: innate receptors; flavivirus; dengue viruses; arbovirus; host–pathogen interactions; B-lymphocytes

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Arboviruses are a group of viruses that are transmitted to vertebrate hosts by hematophagous arthropod vectors. These vectors are commonly mosquitoes, ticks, sandy flies, and other arthropods. Arboviruses, such as the dengue virus (DENV); yellow fever virus (YFV); Chikungunya virus (CHIKV); Zika virus (ZIKV); Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV); and Rift Valley fever virus, etc., can affect both humans and animals causing great concern for public health worldwide for potential emergent or re-emergent diseases, with epidemic outbreaks and the introduction of the endemic circulation of species previously confined to tropical and subtropical regions. Although many efforts have been made to improve our understanding of arbovirus infection, our current knowledge is still limited. A better understanding of arbovirus infections and pathogenesis would be of great significance for developing diagnostics, control and prevention, and the treatment of arboviral diseases.

This Special Issue will focus on and cover a wide range of topics about arboviruses ,including recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of arbovirus, its molecular interactions with host cells, and new developments in diagnostic methods and therapeutic strategies, research articles, and review articles related to the topic are welcome.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Prof. Dr. Ma. Isabel Salazar Sánchez
Dr. Diana Alhelí Domínguez-Martínez
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • arboviruses
  • arbovirus–host interactions
  • immune response against arbovirus
  • arboviral diseases
  • virulence
  • arthropod vectors
  • viral pathogenesis
  • dengue virus
  • antiviral drugs and vaccines
  • emergent or re-emergent diseases

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review, Other

19 pages, 8753 KB  
Article
Interferon-β Modulates Early Viral Replication Kinetics and Innate Responses to Non-Fatal Alphavirus Encephalomyelitis
by Benjamin H. Nguyen, Elise Stanley, Victoria K. Baxter and Diane E. Griffin
Pathogens 2026, 15(4), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens15040441 - 18 Apr 2026
Viewed by 468
Abstract
Alphaviruses are mosquito-borne viruses that can infect the central nervous system (CNS) and cause encephalomyelitis, which is a rare but dangerous complication from infection. In mice, this can be studied in a model of infection with Sindbis virus (SINV), which infects neurons and [...] Read more.
Alphaviruses are mosquito-borne viruses that can infect the central nervous system (CNS) and cause encephalomyelitis, which is a rare but dangerous complication from infection. In mice, this can be studied in a model of infection with Sindbis virus (SINV), which infects neurons and causes neurological disease. Due to the non-renewable nature of neurons, the immune response in the CNS is specialized to prevent neuronal damage or death, even if they are infected. Therefore, insights into the nuances of antiviral immunity in the CNS provide a better understanding of disease pathogenesis and mechanisms of recovery. Type I interferons (IFNs) are critically important for survival; they are an innate antiviral defense mechanism that consists mainly of IFNα and IFNβ. Although both use the same receptor, type-specific differences between IFNα and IFNβ have been described in other contexts. To this end, Ifnb−/− mice were used to elucidate the role of IFNβ in recovery from alphavirus encephalomyelitis. IFNβ-deficient mice have intact IFNα expression and downstream signaling, but symptomatic disease occurs earlier and is more severe. This is accompanied by increased virus replication in the early stages of infection. Microgliosis is reduced in Ifnb−/− mice compared to wildtype, but inflammatory cytokine/chemokine levels are higher and associated with alterations in monocyte and NK cell recruitment into the CNS. Ifnb−/− mice have no deficiencies in the expression of factors known to be required for viral clearance. Therefore, IFNβ modulates the early stages of the immune response and facilitates restriction of virus replication, contributing to delayed disease onset. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arboviruses Infections and Pathogenesis)
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16 pages, 1855 KB  
Article
Persistent and Long-Term Infectivity of Dengue Virus in Mosquito Cells Revealed Reduced Replication in Vector Host and Human Endothelial Cells
by Swarnendu Basak, Md Bayzid, Girish Neelakanta and Hameeda Sultana
Pathogens 2026, 15(2), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens15020202 - 11 Feb 2026
Viewed by 857
Abstract
Understanding the intrinsic potential of persistent dengue virus (DENV) replication and survival in vector host cells is critically important. In this study, we investigated to what extent DENV can replicate within the vector host Aedes albopictus C6/36 mosquito cells (cell line routinely used [...] Read more.
Understanding the intrinsic potential of persistent dengue virus (DENV) replication and survival in vector host cells is critically important. In this study, we investigated to what extent DENV can replicate within the vector host Aedes albopictus C6/36 mosquito cells (cell line routinely used for propagation of DENV in research laboratories). We detected DENV serotype 2 (DENV2) loads in cell culture supernatants collected at different days post infection (3, 19, 33, 60, 90, 120 and 175) and found the presence of capsid transcripts and protein levels in these virus supernatants. Tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50) assay revealed a gradual reduction in viral titers and infectivity from days 19 to 175 post DENV2 infection. Furthermore, infection kinetics with these virus supernatants collected at different days post DENV2 infection demonstrated declining viral replication in naïve C6/36 cells and human endothelial recipient cells. These results provided information on viral replication competence and the persistency of DENV2 infection from days 19 to 175 in mosquito cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from DENV2-infected C6/36 cell culture supernatants showed a progressive increase in EV concentration from day 33 to day 175. While DENV2 loads within these EVs declined over time, their ability to mediate infection in naïve C6/36 and endothelial cells remained constant. Notably, the viral membrane (M) protein was detected in EVs at days 3, 19, and 33 but was absent at later timepoints (days 60, 90, 120, and 175). The prM protein was not detected in any of the samples analyzed. In conclusion, DENV2 exhibits the capacity for persistent infection in mosquito cells, thereby potentially serving as a model for investigating the mechanisms that govern years of long-term and sustained viral infections within the vector host. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arboviruses Infections and Pathogenesis)
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16 pages, 1370 KB  
Article
Peptide MegaPools Approach to Evaluate the Dengue-Specific CD4 and CD8 T-Cell Response
by Marta Tiberi, Linda Petrone, Andrea Salmi, Valentina Vanini, Gilda Cuzzi, Alessandra D’Abramo, Patrizia De Marco, Alba Grifoni, Daniela Weiskopf, Alessandro Sette, Emanuele Nicastri and Delia Goletti
Pathogens 2026, 15(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens15010005 - 20 Dec 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1075
Abstract
Background: Being central players in the adaptive immunity, the study of T-cell responses is crucial in both natural infections and vaccine-induced immunity. In this study, we assessed the antigen-specific T-cell responses to dengue virus (DENV) to identify the most immunogenic antigen for evaluating [...] Read more.
Background: Being central players in the adaptive immunity, the study of T-cell responses is crucial in both natural infections and vaccine-induced immunity. In this study, we assessed the antigen-specific T-cell responses to dengue virus (DENV) to identify the most immunogenic antigen for evaluating dengue-specific T-cell responses. Methods: Patients with dengue disease and subjects vaccinated with the QDENGA (TAK-003) vaccine (before and three months after vaccination) were enrolled. The T-cell-specific response was measured by ELISPOT and Activation Induced Markers (AIM) assay following PBMC stimulation either with DENV1-4 CD4 and CD8 MegaPools (MP) or serotype-specific DENV peptide pools at different concentrations. Results: We found that both DENV1-4 CD4 MP (at 1 µg/mL) and CD8 MP (at 5 µg/mL), which encompass all four DENV serotypes, elicited specific T-cell responses in patients with dengue infection independent of the infecting serotype. In contrast, selected serotype-specific DENV peptide pools have a lower ability to induce a measurable T-cell response. Moreover, DENV1-4 CD4 and CD8 MPs, at the highest concentrations, are suitable candidates to evaluate the dengue-specific T-cell response in vaccinated subjects. Conclusions: These findings support the use of the MP approach to investigate dengue-specific T-cell response to monitor the response during the infection and after vaccine administration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arboviruses Infections and Pathogenesis)
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Review

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15 pages, 879 KB  
Review
Preclinical Models of Oropouche Virus Infection and Disease
by Daniel Morley, Emma Kennedy and Stuart Dowall
Pathogens 2025, 14(12), 1272; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14121272 - 11 Dec 2025
Viewed by 1016
Abstract
Oropouche virus (OROV) is an emerging and underreported arbovirus with dengue-like symptoms confounding diagnosis. OROV is also neuroinvasive, with a small number of cases presenting severe neurological symptoms. There have been recently reported deaths from confirmed cases of OROV and reported instances of [...] Read more.
Oropouche virus (OROV) is an emerging and underreported arbovirus with dengue-like symptoms confounding diagnosis. OROV is also neuroinvasive, with a small number of cases presenting severe neurological symptoms. There have been recently reported deaths from confirmed cases of OROV and reported instances of vertical transmission from mother to foetus, with confirmed cases in Brazil and a congenital anomaly, reportedly as a consequence of OROV infection in Cuba, with further cases under investigation. Whilst cases of OROV infection occur mainly in South America, many cases have been imported elsewhere, including the United States and Europe. Despite the emerging threat to public health, animal modelling to study OROV pathogenicity and immunity and to evaluate therapeutic candidates remains limited. For this review, we carried out a literature search through major research databases (PubMed and Scopus) up to September 2025 to capture the extent of in vivo model development for this pathogen. We identified only 17 relevant primary research articles within these criteria which detailed hamster, mouse and non-human primate (NHP) models. Here, we discuss the extent of in vivo model development for OROV. In summary, small and large animal models need to be assessed with recent clinical isolates and reassortants, asymptomatic disease presentation in the NHP model requires further study and the hamster model shows potential for use in pathogenicity and vaccine or antiviral efficacy studies. We also compile relevant metadata and discuss the need for an animal model that more closely resembles human disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arboviruses Infections and Pathogenesis)
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Other

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16 pages, 2421 KB  
Systematic Review
Arrhythmias in Dengue: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Darío S. López-Delgado, Mathias S. Renteros-Ramirez, Joshua Emmanuel Arteaga-Bolaños, Harold E. Vásquez-Ucros, Kevin Alexander Burbano-Castro, Valentina Reina-Melo, Jessica Niebles-Blanco, Nancy Calzada-Gonzales, Lysien I. Zambrano, Valmore Bermudez and Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
Pathogens 2026, 15(5), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens15050497 - 5 May 2026
Viewed by 607
Abstract
Background: Cardiac involvement in dengue has been increasingly recognized, yet the true burden and spectrum of arrhythmias remain uncertain due to heterogeneous and fragmented evidence. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the proportion of cardiac arrhythmias in patients with dengue [...] Read more.
Background: Cardiac involvement in dengue has been increasingly recognized, yet the true burden and spectrum of arrhythmias remain uncertain due to heterogeneous and fragmented evidence. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the proportion of cardiac arrhythmias in patients with dengue and to describe the distribution of major arrhythmia subtypes. Methods: We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, Global Index Medicus, and Google Scholar from inception to November 2025 without language restrictions. Observational studies reporting the number of dengue patients evaluated for arrhythmias and the number with at least one rhythm disturbance were included. Random-effects generalized linear mixed models with a logit transformation were used to estimate pooled proportion with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup analyses were performed by age group. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool, and certainty of evidence was evaluated with GRADE. Results: Thirty-five studies, including 6948 patients, were analyzed. The pooled proportion of any arrhythmia was 24.48% (95% CI 17.54–33.07), with a higher proportion in adults (30.00%) than in children (10.73%). Sinus bradycardia (11.84%) and sinus tachycardia (10.63%) were the most frequent abnormalities. Atrioventricular block was uncommon (1.33%). Between-study heterogeneity was high for most outcomes. No significant small-study effects were detected. Conclusions: Cardiac arrhythmias occur in approximately one in four patients with dengue, predominantly as sinus rate abnormalities. While often transient, these findings support the role of baseline and risk-based ECG monitoring, particularly in hospitalized adults and patients with severe disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arboviruses Infections and Pathogenesis)
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