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11 pages, 780 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intraspecific Variability of Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.)

by Sylwia Koczkodaj, Jarosław L. Przybył, Olga Kosakowska, Zenon Węglarz and Katarzyna B. Bączek

Molecules 2023, 28(3), 1505; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031505 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2971

Abstract

The purpose of the work was to determine the intraspecific variability of the stinging nettle, in respect of the mass of leaves and their chemical composition, including the content of phenolic compounds and assimilative pigments. The objects of the study were 10 populations [...] Read more.

The purpose of the work was to determine the intraspecific variability of the stinging nettle, in respect of the mass of leaves and their chemical composition, including the content of phenolic compounds and assimilative pigments. The objects of the study were 10 populations of nettle, originating from the eastern and southern part of Poland. The results obtained indicate a high level of variability between and within the populations investigated but not strictly related to their geographical locations. The mass of the leaves ranged from 0.19 to 0.28 kg dry weight (DW)/plant (Coefficient of variation (CV) = 16.33%). Using HPLC–DAD, four phenolic acids were detected, i.e., caffeoylmalic (570.97–1367.40 mg/100 g DW), chlorogenic (352.79–1070.83 mg/100 g DW), neochlorogenic (114.56–284.77 mg/100 g DW) and cichoric (58.31–189.52 mg/100 g DW) acids, with the last one differentiating populations to the highest degree (CV = 48.83%). All of the analyzed populations met the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph Eur 10th) concerning the minimum content of caffeoylmalic and chlorogenic acids in nettle leaves (not less than 0.3%). Within the flavonoid fraction, two compounds were identified, namely rutoside (917.05–1937.43 mg/100 g DW, CV = 21.32%) and hyperoside (42.01–289.45 mg/100 g DW; CV = 55.26%). The level of chlorophyll a ranged from 3.82 to 4.49 mg/g DW, chlorophyll b from 1.59 to 2.19 mg/g DW, while the content of carotenoids varied from 2.34 to 2.60 mg/100 g DW. Given all the traits investigated, the level of a population’s polymorphism (CV) was visibly higher within a population than between populations. Population no. 4 was distinguished by the highest mass of leaves, and the highest content of rutoside, while population no. 2 was distinguished by the highest content of hyperoside, caffeoylmalic and chlorogenic acid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 2796 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Activity of Isorhamnetin and Its Derivatives Isolated from Sea Buckthorn Berries, Measured in Whole Blood

by Anna Stochmal, Agata Rolnik, Bartosz Skalski, Jerzy Zuchowski and Beata Olas

Molecules 2022, 27(14), 4429; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144429 - 11 Jul 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2144

Abstract

Blood platelets play a crucial role in hemostasis, the process responsible for keeping blood flowing in the circulatory system. However, unnecessary platelet activation can lead to aggregation at the site of atherosclerotic plaque rapture and the formation of a thrombus, which promotes atherothrombotic [...] Read more.

Blood platelets play a crucial role in hemostasis, the process responsible for keeping blood flowing in the circulatory system. However, unnecessary platelet activation can lead to aggregation at the site of atherosclerotic plaque rapture and the formation of a thrombus, which promotes atherothrombotic diseases. Various dietary components, such as phenolic compounds, are known to demonstrate antiplatelet and anticoagulant properties, and it is possible that these could form an important element in the prophylaxis and therapy of cardiovascular diseases. Our present study examined the biological activity of isorhamnetin (1) and two isorhamnetin derivatives, (2): 3-O-beta-glucoside-7-O-alpha-rhamnoside and (3): 3-O-beta-glucoside-7-O-alpha-(3″′-isovaleryl)-rhamnoside, isolated from the phenolic fraction of sea buckthorn fruit, against human washed blood platelets and human whole blood in vitro. The anti-platelet and anticoagulant potential was determined using (A) flow cytometry, (B) the thrombus-formation analysis system (T-TAS) and (C) colorimetry. The results of the T-TAS test indicate that the AUC₁₀ (Area Under the Curve) of the tested phenolic compounds (compounds 1, 2 and 3; 50 µg/mL) was markedly reduced compared to the control values. Moreover, flavonol demonstrated anti-platelet potential, including anti-adhesive activity, with these effects being more intense in compound 2 than isorhamnetin. Different actions of flavonol on platelet activation may depend on their binding ability to various receptors on blood platelets. However, the mechanism of their anti-platelet potential requires further additional studies, including in vitro and in vivo experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 1143 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energetic Bio-Activation of Some Organic Molecules and Their Antioxidant Activity in the Pulp of the Moroccan Argan Tree «Argania spinosa L.»

by Ayoub Mourjane, Hafida Hanine, El Mustapha El Adnany, Mourad Ouhammou, Nadia Hidar, Bouchra Nabil, Ahcène Boumendjel, Khalid Bitar and Mostafa Mahrouz

Molecules 2022, 27(10), 3329; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103329 - 22 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2218

Abstract

Argania spinosa L. Skeels is an emblematic tree in Morocco, known worldwide for its medicinal and nutritional value. Its fruits contain kernels used to prepare an edible oil, the leaves are used to feed livestock, and its wood is used as fuel. If [...] Read more.

Argania spinosa L. Skeels is an emblematic tree in Morocco, known worldwide for its medicinal and nutritional value. Its fruits contain kernels used to prepare an edible oil, the leaves are used to feed livestock, and its wood is used as fuel. If the oil acquires high importance, the other components of the fruit of the argan are undervalued. Our objective is to invest the waste of the argan industry. Particularly, our study aimed to assess the effect of thermal activation of argan pulp on its therapeutic value, its phenolic profile and its functional and physicochemical properties. After heat treatment, the HPLC analysis for the average total phenolic content varied from 2% to 37%, depending on temperature. The antioxidant activity was increased with heat treatment. Higher values of antioxidant activity, polyphenol and pigment content were recorded at 70 °C. Functional properties analysis indicated that water solubility index and water absorption capacity were significantly affected by heat stress. Physicochemical analysis showed that moisture content, titratable acidity and soluble solids were affected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 1686 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenolic Compound Profile by UPLC-MS/MS and Encapsulation with Chitosan of Spondias mombin L. Fruit Peel Extract from Cerrado Hotspot—Brazil

by Giovanna Oliveira de Brito, Bruna Cabral Reis, Eduardo A. Ferreira, Nilton T. Vilela Junqueira, Lívia C. L. Sá-Barreto, Fulvio Mattivi, Urska Vrhovsek and Eliana Fortes Gris

Molecules 2022, 27(8), 2382; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27082382 - 7 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3051

Abstract

Taperebá (Spondias mombin L.) is a native species of the Brazilian Cerrado that has shown important characteristics such as a significant phenolic compound content and biological activities. The present study aimed to characterize the phenolic compound profile and antioxidant activity in taperebá [...] Read more.

Taperebá (Spondias mombin L.) is a native species of the Brazilian Cerrado that has shown important characteristics such as a significant phenolic compound content and biological activities. The present study aimed to characterize the phenolic compound profile and antioxidant activity in taperebá peel extract, as well as microencapsulating the extract with chitosan and evaluating the stability of the microparticles. The evaluation of the profile of phenolic compounds was carried out by UPLC-MS/MS. The in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS methods. The microparticles were obtained by spray drying and were submitted to a stability study under different temperatures. In general, the results showed a significant content of polyphenols and antioxidant activity. The results of UPLC-MS/MS demonstrated a significant content of polyphenols in taperebá peel, highlighting the high content of ellagic acid and quercetin compounds. There was significant retention of phenolic compounds when microencapsulated, demonstrating high retention at all evaluated temperatures. This study is the first to microencapsulate the extract of taperebá peel, in addition to identifying and quantifying some compounds in this fruit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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9 pages, 2743 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Facile Amidation of Non-Protected Hydroxycinnamic Acids for the Synthesis of Natural Phenol Amides

by Annemiek van Zadelhoff, Jean-Paul Vincken and Wouter J. C. de Bruijn

Molecules 2022, 27(7), 2203; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072203 - 28 Mar 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3535

Abstract

Phenol amides are bioactive compounds naturally present in many plants. This class of compounds is known for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. To better understand the reactivity and structure–bioactivity relationships of phenol amides, a large set of structurally diverse pure compounds are needed, [...] Read more.

Phenol amides are bioactive compounds naturally present in many plants. This class of compounds is known for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. To better understand the reactivity and structure–bioactivity relationships of phenol amides, a large set of structurally diverse pure compounds are needed, however purification from plants is inefficient and laborious. Existing syntheses require multiple steps, including protection of functional groups and are generally overly complicated and only suitable for specific combinations of hydroxycinnamic acid and amine. Thus, to facilitate further studies on these promising compounds, we aimed to develop a facile general synthetic route to obtain phenol amides with a wide structural diversity. The result is a protocol for straightforward one-pot synthesis of phenol amides at room temperature within 25 h using equimolar amounts of N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), amine, hydroxycinnamic acid, and sodium bicarbonate in aqueous acetone. Eight structurally diverse phenol amides were synthesized and fully chemically characterized. The facile synthetic route described in this work is suitable for a wide variety of biologically relevant phenol amides, consisting of different hydroxycinnamic acid subunits (coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and sinapic acid) and amine subunits (agmatine, anthranilic acid, putrescine, serotonin, tyramine, and tryptamine) with yields ranging between 14% and 24%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 1873 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dittrichia viscosa L. Leaves: A Valuable Source of Bioactive Compounds with Multiple Pharmacological Effects

by Reda Ben Mrid, Najat Bouchmaa, Imad Kabach, Zakia Zouaoui, Houda Chtibi, Mohammed El Maadoudi, Ayoub Kounnoun, Francesco Cacciola, Yassine Oulad El Majdoub, Luigi Mondello, Abdelmajid Zyad and Mohamed Nhiri

Molecules 2022, 27(7), 2108; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072108 - 24 Mar 2022

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3451

Abstract

This work focused on the leaves of Dittrichia viscosa, a plant used in Mediterranean folk medicine. Compared to water extract, the methanolic extract had higher antioxidant effects. Moreover, this extract showed potent in vitro inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase and showed [...] Read more.

This work focused on the leaves of Dittrichia viscosa, a plant used in Mediterranean folk medicine. Compared to water extract, the methanolic extract had higher antioxidant effects. Moreover, this extract showed potent in vitro inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase and showed an interesting antiglycation effect. Additionally, the evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of the methanolic extract against two human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468, was very promising, with no cytotoxicity towards normal cells (peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The antibacterial effect was also assessed and showed potent inhibitory activity against Proteus mirabilis and Bacillus subtilis. On the other hand, Dittrichia viscosa leaves were rich in macro-elements containing appropriate micro-elements and high levels of phenolics and flavonoids such as caffeic acid derivatives. Taken together, the results obtained in this study indicate that Dittrichia viscosa could constitute a valuable source of bioactive molecules and could be used either on the preventive side or for therapeutic applications without toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 4096 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Antioxidant Properties and Phenolics in Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.) Due to Heat Treatments

by Hana Franková, Janette Musilová, Július Árvay, Marek Šnirc, Ivona Jančo, Judita Lidiková and Alena Vollmannová

Molecules 2022, 27(6), 1884; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061884 - 14 Mar 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4272

Abstract

Processing is one of the most crucial factors affecting polyphenol content in foods. Therefore, the study is aimed at the evaluation of heat treatment effects (microwaving, steaming, baking, and boiling) on the content of chlorogenic acids, total polyphenols, and antioxidant activity of three [...] Read more.

Processing is one of the most crucial factors affecting polyphenol content in foods. Therefore, the study is aimed at the evaluation of heat treatment effects (microwaving, steaming, baking, and boiling) on the content of chlorogenic acids, total polyphenols, and antioxidant activity of three varieties of sweet potato with different flesh colors (Beauregard—orange-fleshed, O’Henry—white-fleshed, 414-purple—purple-fleshed). According to high performance liquid chromatography analysis, chlorogenic acid was the predominant chlorogenic acid in sweet potatoes. Obtained results also suggested the purple-fleshed variety (414-purple) had significantly (p < 0.05) higher total polyphenol content and thus the highest antioxidant activity. Heat treatment positively influenced the chlorogenic acid content, total polyphenols, and antioxidant activity of sweet potatoes. Among the used methods, steaming had the greatest effect on the chlorogenic acids and total polyphenols, while microwaved samples showed the highest antioxidant activity (DPPH). The content of chlorogenic acids and total polyphenols decreased in the order of steaming > baking > microwaving > boiling > raw. However, the individual varieties differed not only in the flesh color but also in the reaction to the used heat treatment methods. Spearman’s correlation coefficient showed a strong correlation between chlorogenic acid and antioxidant activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 2952 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Comparison of Phenolic Profile of Balsamic Vinegars Determined Using Liquid and Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry

by Michal Kašpar, Tomáš Bajer, Petra Bajerová and Petr Česla

Molecules 2022, 27(4), 1356; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041356 - 17 Feb 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4145

Abstract

Balsamic vinegar is one of the best known and most popular types of vinegar, and it is a rich source of polyphenolic compounds. The quality of balsamic vinegar as well as the content of phenolic substances vary depending on the production method. In [...] Read more.

Balsamic vinegar is one of the best known and most popular types of vinegar, and it is a rich source of polyphenolic compounds. The quality of balsamic vinegar as well as the content of phenolic substances vary depending on the production method. In the present work, we have developed a method for comprehensive characterization of the content of phenolic compounds in balsamic vinegars based on the combination of gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with mass spectrometric detection in single mode (MS) and tandem mode (MS/MS). In total, 14 samples of different types of balsamic vinegar were analyzed without difficulty in sample preparation. The separation conditions and detection parameters of HPLC-MS/MS were optimized and used for the determination of 29 phenolic compounds and 6 phenolic acids. The profile of phenolic compounds was completed by semi-quantitative analysis of volatile organic compounds using GC-MS after optimized headspace solid-phase microextraction. Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, and p-coumaric acid have been identified as the major phenolic compounds in balsamic vinegars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 1947 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gallic Acid Mitigates 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Formation while Enhancing or Preserving Browning and Antioxidant Activity Development in Glucose/Arginine and Sucrose/Arginine Maillard Model Systems

by Thaísa Abrantes, Nathália Moura-Nunes and Daniel Perrone

Molecules 2022, 27(3), 848; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030848 - 27 Jan 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2732

Abstract

The current trend of lowering 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) dietary exposure is challenging since its formation is parallel with the development of food color, flavor and aroma. We aimed to investigate the effect of gallic acid (GA) addition on 5-HMF formation, color development and antioxidant [...] Read more.

The current trend of lowering 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) dietary exposure is challenging since its formation is parallel with the development of food color, flavor and aroma. We aimed to investigate the effect of gallic acid (GA) addition on 5-HMF formation, color development and antioxidant activity (AA) in a series of Maillard Reaction (MR) model systems. The effects of GA addition on browning and AA development were not uniform for all model systems, but always occurred in the same direction, indicating that these phenomena were interconnected. GA mitigated 5-HMF development in four of the nine tested systems, possibly by preventing the oxidation of MR intermediates. Correlation analysis indicated that when GA addition mitigated 5-HMF formation, browning was either promoted or not affected. The proposed strategy was effective for glucose/arginine and sucrose/arginine systems, since GA mitigated 5-HMF formation (49% and 54%, respectively) in addition to increasing color development and antioxidant activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 2151 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Osteoporosis Effect of Perilla frutescens Leaf Hexane Fraction through Regulating Osteoclast and Osteoblast Differentiation

by Kanokkarn Phromnoi, Supachai Yodkeeree, Komsak Pintha, Sariya Mapoung, Maitree Suttajit, Chalermpong Saenjum and Pornngarm Dejkriengkraikul

Molecules 2022, 27(3), 824; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030824 - 26 Jan 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3802

Abstract

Osteoporosis is the result of an imbalance in the bone-remodeling process via an increase in osteoclastic activity and a decrease in osteoblastic activity. Our previous studies have shown that Perilla frutescens seed meal has anti-osteoclastogenic activity. However, the role of perilla leaf hexane [...] Read more.

Osteoporosis is the result of an imbalance in the bone-remodeling process via an increase in osteoclastic activity and a decrease in osteoblastic activity. Our previous studies have shown that Perilla frutescens seed meal has anti-osteoclastogenic activity. However, the role of perilla leaf hexane fraction (PLH) in osteoporosis has not yet been investigated and reported. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of PLH in osteoclast differentiation and osteogenic potential using cell-based experiments in vitro. From HPLC analysis, we found that PLH contained high luteolin and baicalein. PLH was shown to inhibit RANKL-induced ROS production and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multi-nucleated osteoclasts. Moreover, PLH significantly downregulated the RANKL-induced MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, leading to the attenuation of NFATc1 and MMP-9 expression. In contrast, PLH enhanced osteoblast function by regulating alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and restoring TNF-α-suppressed osteoblast proliferation and osteogenic potential. Thus, luteolin and baicalein-rich PLH inhibits osteoclast differentiation but promotes the function of osteoblasts. Collectively, our data provide new evidence that suggests that PLH may be a valuable anti-osteoporosis agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 2574 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutritional Analysis of Red-Purple and White-Fleshed Pitaya (Hylocereus) Species

by Şule Hilal Attar, Muhammet Ali Gündeşli, Ipek Urün, Salih Kafkas, Nesibe Ebru Kafkas, Sezai Ercisli, Chunfeng Ge, Jiri Mlcek and Anna Adamkova

Molecules 2022, 27(3), 808; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030808 - 26 Jan 2022

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 7513

Abstract

Pitaya is one of the most preferred and produced tropical fruit species recently introduced to the Mediterrranean region in Turkey. Due to its nutritional fruits with high economic value, the popularity of pitaya increases steadily in Turkey as an alternative crop. No detailed [...] Read more.

Pitaya is one of the most preferred and produced tropical fruit species recently introduced to the Mediterrranean region in Turkey. Due to its nutritional fruits with high economic value, the popularity of pitaya increases steadily in Turkey as an alternative crop. No detailed nutritional analysis has been undertaken in Turkey so far on fruits of the pitaya species. In this study, we determined and compared some nutritional parameters in fruit flesh of two pitaya (dragon fruit) species (Hylocereus polyrhizus: Siyam and Hylocereus undatus: Vietnam Jaina) grown in the Adana province located in the eastern Mediterranean region in Turkey. The individual sugars, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, phenolic compounds and volatiles were determined for the first time in Turkey on two pitaya species. The results showed that total phenol content and antioxidant capacity are notably higher in red-fleshed fruits than white-fleshed ones and the predominant phenolic compound in fruits of both species was quercetin. The total sugar content and most of the phenolic compounds in fruits of two pitaya species were similar. A total of 51 volatile compounds were detected by using two Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) fibers, coupled with Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques, and more volatile compounds were presented in the white-fleshed species. Total phenolic content (TPC) of the red-fleshed and white-fleshed pitaya species were 16.66 and 17.11 mg GAE/100 g FW (fresh weight). This study provides a first look at the biochemical comparison of red-fleshed and white-fleshed pitaya species introduced and cultivated in Turkey. The results also showed, for the first time, the biochemical content and the potential health benefit of Hylocereus grown in different agroecological conditions, providing important information for pitaya researchers and application perspective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 828 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition and Metabolomic Analysis of Amaranthus cruentus Grains Harvested at Different Stages

by Tlou Grace Manyelo, Nthabiseng Amenda Sebola, Zahra Mohammed Hassan, Jones Wilfred Ng’ambi, William James Weeks and Monnye Mabelebele

Molecules 2022, 27(3), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030623 - 19 Jan 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2500

Abstract

This study aimed at investigating the impact of early versus normal grain harvesting on the chemical composition and secondary metabolites of Amaranthus cruentus species grown in South Africa. Mature harvested grain had higher (p < 0.05) DM, CF, NDF and ADF content [...] Read more.

This study aimed at investigating the impact of early versus normal grain harvesting on the chemical composition and secondary metabolites of Amaranthus cruentus species grown in South Africa. Mature harvested grain had higher (p < 0.05) DM, CF, NDF and ADF content compared to prematurely harvested grain. There were no significant (p > 0.05) differences between CP, ADL and GE of premature and mature harvested grains. Mature harvesting resulted in higher grain Ca, P, Mg and K content. Essential amino acids spectrum and content remained similar regardless of maturity at harvest. The grains displayed an ample amount of unsaturated fatty acids; the highest percentage was linoleic acid: 38.75% and 39.74% in premature and mature grains, respectively. β-Tocotrienol was detected at 5.92 and 9.67 mg/kg in premature and mature grains, respectively. The lowest was δ-tocotrienol which was 0.01 and 0.54 mg/kg in premature and mature grains, respectively. Mature harvested grain had a higher secondary metabolite content compared to premature harvested grains. The results suggest that mature harvested Amaranthus cruentus grain contain more minerals and phytochemicals that have health benefits for human and livestock immunity and gut function, which ultimately improves performance. This study concludes that A. cruentus grown in South Africa is a potential alternative cereal to major conventional cereals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 3260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polyphenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity (ORAC, EPR and Cellular) of Different Extracts of Argylia radiata Vitroplants and Natural Roots

by Ady Giordano, Pablo Morales-Tapia, Mauricio Moncada-Basualto, Josué Pozo-Martínez, Claudio Olea-Azar, Aleksandra Nesic and Gustavo Cabrera-Barjas

Molecules 2022, 27(3), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030610 - 18 Jan 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3082

Abstract

Plant biochemistry studies have increased in recent years due to their potential to improve human health. Argylia radiata is an extremophile plant with an interesting polyphenolic profile. However, its biomass is scarce and occasionally available. Argylia in vitro biomass was obtained from tissue [...] Read more.

Plant biochemistry studies have increased in recent years due to their potential to improve human health. Argylia radiata is an extremophile plant with an interesting polyphenolic profile. However, its biomass is scarce and occasionally available. Argylia in vitro biomass was obtained from tissue culture and compared with in vivo roots regarding its polyphenolic and flavonoid content. Different solvents were used to prepare extracts from the in vitro tissue of callus and aerial plant organs and in vivo roots. UPLC-MS/MS was used to assess the chemical composition of each extract. ORAC-FL and scavenging of free radicals (DPPH and OH) methods were used to determine the antioxidant capacity of extracts. Furthermore, the biological activity of the extracts was established using the cellular antioxidant activity method. The vitroplants were a good source of polyphenols (25–68 mg GAE/100 g tissue FW), and methanol was the most efficient solvent. Eight polyphenolic compounds were identified, and their antioxidant properties were investigated by different chemical methods with EPR demonstrating its specific scavenging activity against free radicals. All extracts showed cellular dose-dependent antioxidant activity. The methanolic extract of vitroplants showed the highest cellular antioxidant activity (44.6% and 51%) at 1 and 10 µg/mL of extract, respectively. Vitroplants of A. radiata are proposed as a biotechnological product as a source of antioxidant compounds with multiple applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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10 pages, 2794 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Total Polyphenols of Anchusa italica Retz

by Mostafa El Khomsi, Hamada Imtara, Mohammed Kara, Anouar Hmamou, Amine Assouguem, Brahim Bourkhiss, Mahmoud Tarayrah, Mashail N. AlZain, Nurah M. Alzamel, Omar Noman and Driss Hmouni

Molecules 2022, 27(2), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020416 - 10 Jan 2022

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3407

Abstract

Anchusa italica Retz has been used for a long time in phytotherapy. The aim of the present study was to determine the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts from the leaves and roots of Anchusa italica Retz. We first determined the content of [...] Read more.

Anchusa italica Retz has been used for a long time in phytotherapy. The aim of the present study was to determine the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts from the leaves and roots of Anchusa italica Retz. We first determined the content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids using Folin–Ciocalteu reagents and aluminum chloride (AlCl₃). The antioxidant activity was determined using three methods: reducing power (FRAP), 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The antimicrobial activity was investigated against four strains of Escherichia coli, two strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, and one fungal strain of Candida albicans. The results showed that the root extract was rich in polyphenols (43.29 mg GAE/g extract), while the leave extract was rich in flavonoids (28.88 mg QE/g extract). The FRAP assay showed a strong iron reduction capacity for the root extract (IC₅₀ of 0.11 µg/mL) in comparison to ascorbic acid (IC₅₀ of 0.121 µg/mL). The DPPH test determined an IC₅₀ of 0.11 µg/mL for the root extract and an IC₅₀ of 0.14 µg/mL for the leaf extract. These values are low compared to those for ascorbic acid (IC₅₀ of 0.16 µg/mL) and BHT (IC₅₀ 0.20 µg/mL). The TAC values of the leaf and root extracts were 0.51 and 0.98 mg AAE/g extract, respectively. In vitro, the extract showed inhibitory activity against all strains studied, with diameters of zones of inhibition in the range of 11.00–16.00 mm for the root extract and 11.67–14.33 mm for the leaf extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration was recorded for the leaf extract against E. coli (ATB:57), corresponding to 5 mg/mL. Overall, this research indicates that the extracts of Anchusa italica Retz roots and leaves exert significant antioxidant and antibacterial activities, probably because of the high content of flavonoids and polyphenols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 3501 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Umbu Fruit Peel as Source of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and α-Amylase Inhibitor Compounds

by Leilson de Oliveira Ribeiro, Beatriz Pereira de Freitas, Carolline Margot Albanez Lorentino, Heloisa Freire Frota, André Luis Souza dos Santos, Davyson de Lima Moreira, Bruno Sérgio do Amaral, Eliane Przytyk Jung and Claudete Norie Kunigami

Molecules 2022, 27(2), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020410 - 9 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2790

Abstract

Herein, the extraction of bioactive compounds from umbu fruit peel was optimized using thermal-assisted solid–liquid extraction. In parallel, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and inhibitory effects against α-amylase of optimized extract were also evaluated. The combination of operational conditions including the temperature (32–74 °C), ethanol concentration [...] Read more.

Herein, the extraction of bioactive compounds from umbu fruit peel was optimized using thermal-assisted solid–liquid extraction. In parallel, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and inhibitory effects against α-amylase of optimized extract were also evaluated. The combination of operational conditions including the temperature (32–74 °C), ethanol concentration (13–97%), and solid/liquid ratio (1:10–1:60; w/v) was employed using a rotational central composite design for optimization. The extracts were evaluated for total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoid compounds (TFC) and antioxidant capacity by ABTS^•+, DPPH^• and FRAP assays. The bioactive profile of the optimized extract was obtained by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry in electrospray ionization in both negative and positive modes. The statistically evaluated results showed that the optimal operational conditions for the recovery of bioactive compounds from umbu fruit peel included 74 °C, 37% ethanol, and a solid–liquid ratio of 1:38. Under these conditions, the obtained values were 1985 mg GAE/100 g, 1364 mg RE/100 g, 122 µmol TE/g, 174 µmol/TE g and 468 µmol Fe²⁺/g for TPC, TFC, ABTS^•+, DPPH^•, and FRAP assays, respectively. In addition, the optimized extract was effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (MBC ranged from 0.060 to 0.24 mg GAE/mL), as well as it was effective to inhibit α-amylase (IC₅₀ value of 0.076 mg GAE/mL). The optimized extract showed to be mainly constituted by phenolic acids and flavonoids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 357 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physicochemical Characterization and Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Myrciaria Floribunda (H. West ex Willd.) O. Berg Accessions

by Yesenia Mendoza García, Ana Luiza Coeli Cruz Ramos, Afonso Henrique de Oliveira Júnior, Ana Cardoso Clemente Filha Ferreira de Paula, Angelita Cristine de Melo, Moacir Alves Andrino, Mauro Ramalho Silva, Rodinei Augusti, Raquel Linhares Bello de Araújo, Eurico Eduardo Pinto de Lemos and Júlio Onésio Ferreira Melo

Molecules 2021, 26(23), 7206; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237206 - 27 Nov 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2781

Abstract

Myrciaria floribunda, also known as rumberry, is a tree native to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, where its fruits have the potential for commercial use. This study evaluates the antioxidant potential, determines the phytochemical profile, and chemically characterizes the rumberry fruit. Accessions were [...] Read more.

Myrciaria floribunda, also known as rumberry, is a tree native to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, where its fruits have the potential for commercial use. This study evaluates the antioxidant potential, determines the phytochemical profile, and chemically characterizes the rumberry fruit. Accessions were sampled from the Rumberry Active Germplasm Bank of the Federal University of Alagoas, Brazil. Physical characteristics, chemical characteristics, and phenolic compound content were analyzed. Chemical profile characterization was carried out using PSMS. Accessions had an average weight of 0.86 g. Accession AC137 presented a higher pulp yield (1.12 g). AC132 and AC156 had larger fruits, AC137 showed greater firmness (5.93 N), and AC160 had a higher and total phenolic content ratio (279.01 ± 11.11). Orange-colored accessions scored higher in evaluated parameters, except for AC160 for phenolic content. Thirty-two compounds were identified on positive ionization mode and 42 compounds on negative ionization mode using PSMS. Flavonoids, followed by the derivatives of benzoic acid, sugars, and phenylpropanoids, were the most prominent. Myricitrin, quercitrin, and catechin stand out as flavonoids that have been reported in previous studies with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, in addition to health and therapeutical benefits, demonstrating the potential of the rumberry fruit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

15 pages, 1379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antiradical Properties of Some Phyto and Mammalian Lignans

by Leyla Polat Kose and İlhami Gulcin

Molecules 2021, 26(23), 7099; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237099 - 24 Nov 2021

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 2992

Abstract

In this study, the antioxidant and antiradical properties of some phyto lignans (nordihydroguaiaretic acid, secoisolariciresinol, secoisolariciresinol diglycoside, and α-(-)-conidendrin) and mammalian lignans (enterodiol and enterolactone) were examined by different antioxidant assays. For this purpose, radical scavenging activities of phyto and mammalian lignans were [...] Read more.

In this study, the antioxidant and antiradical properties of some phyto lignans (nordihydroguaiaretic acid, secoisolariciresinol, secoisolariciresinol diglycoside, and α-(-)-conidendrin) and mammalian lignans (enterodiol and enterolactone) were examined by different antioxidant assays. For this purpose, radical scavenging activities of phyto and mammalian lignans were realized by 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical (ABTS^•+) scavenging assay and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging assay. Additionally, the reducing ability of phyto and mammalian lignans were evaluated by cupric ions (Cu²⁺) reducing (CUPRAC) ability, and ferric ions (Fe³⁺) and [Fe³⁺-(TPTZ)2]³⁺ complex reducing (FRAP) abilities. Also, half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values were determined and reported for DPPH^• and ABTS^•+ scavenging influences of all of the lignan molecules. The absorbances of the lignans were found in the range of 0.150–2.320 for Fe³⁺ reducing, in the range of 0.040–2.090 for Cu²⁺ reducing, and in the range of 0.360–1.810 for the FRAP assay. On the other hand, the IC₅₀ values of phyto and mammalian lignans were determined in the ranges of 6.601–932.167 µg/mL for DPPH^• scavenging and 13.007–27.829 µg/mL for ABTS^•+ scavenging. In all of the used bioanalytical methods, phyto lignans, as secondary metabolites in plants, demonstrated considerably higher antioxidant activity compared to that of mammalian lignans. In addition, it was observed that enterodiol and enterolactone exhibited relatively weaker antioxidant activities when compared to phyto lignans or standard antioxidants, including butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), Trolox, and α-tocopherol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 9826 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying Chemical Composition, Safety and Bioactivity of Thai Rice Grass Extract Drink in Cells and Animals

by Suthaya Phimphilai, Pimpisid Koonyosying, Nuntouchaporn Hutachok, Tanyaluk Kampoun, Rufus Daw, Chaiyavat Chaiyasut, Vanli Prasartthong-osoth and Somdet Srichairatanakool

Molecules 2021, 26(22), 6887; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226887 - 15 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2462

Abstract

Rice grass has been reported to contain bioactive compounds that possess antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activities. We aimed to assess rice grass extract (RGE) drink by determining catechin content, free-radical scavenging and iron-binding properties, as well as toxicity in cells and animals. Young [...] Read more.

Rice grass has been reported to contain bioactive compounds that possess antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activities. We aimed to assess rice grass extract (RGE) drink by determining catechin content, free-radical scavenging and iron-binding properties, as well as toxicity in cells and animals. Young rice grass (Sukhothai-1 strain) was dried, extracted with hot water and lyophilized in a vacuum chamber. The resulting extract was reconstituted with deionized water (260 mg/40 mL) and served as Sukhothai-1 rice grass extract drink (ST1-RGE). HPLC results revealed at least eight phenolic compounds, for which the major catechins were catechin, epicatechin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) (2.71–3.57, 0.98–1.85 and 25.47–27.55 mg/40 mL serving, respectively). Elements (As, Cu, Pb, Sn and Zn) and aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1 and G2) contents did not exceed the relevant limits when compared with WHO guideline values. Importantly, ST1-RGE drink exerted radical-scavenging, iron-chelating and anti-lipid peroxidation properties in aqueous and biological environments in a concentration-dependent manner. The drink was not toxic to cells and animals. Thus, Sukhothai-1 rice grass product is an edible drink that is rich in catechins, particularly EGCG, and exhibited antioxidant, free radical scavenging and iron-binding/chelating properties. The product represents a functional drink that is capable of alleviating conditions of oxidative stress and iron overload. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 2802 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolomics and Physiological Insights into the Ability of Exogenously Applied Chlorogenic Acid and Hesperidin to Modulate Salt Stress in Lettuce Distinctively

by Leilei Zhang, Begoña Miras-Moreno, Evren Yildiztugay, Ceyda Ozfidan-Konakci, Busra Arikan, Fevzi Elbasan, Gunes Ak, Youssef Rouphael, Gokhan Zengin and Luigi Lucini

Molecules 2021, 26(20), 6291; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206291 - 18 Oct 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2755

Abstract

Recent studies in the agronomic field indicate that the exogenous application of polyphenols can provide tolerance against various stresses in plants. However, the molecular processes underlying stress mitigation remain unclear, and little is known about the impact of exogenously applied phenolics, especially in [...] Read more.

Recent studies in the agronomic field indicate that the exogenous application of polyphenols can provide tolerance against various stresses in plants. However, the molecular processes underlying stress mitigation remain unclear, and little is known about the impact of exogenously applied phenolics, especially in combination with salinity. In this work, the impacts of exogenously applied chlorogenic acid (CA), hesperidin (HES), and their combination (HES + CA) have been investigated in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) through untargeted metabolomics to evaluate mitigation effects against salinity. Growth parameters, physiological measurements, leaf relative water content, and osmotic potential as well as gas exchange parameters were also measured. As expected, salinity produced a significant decline in the physiological and biochemical parameters of lettuce. However, the treatments with exogenous phenolics, particularly HES and HES + CA, allowed lettuce to cope with salt stress condition. Interestingly, the treatments triggered a broad metabolic reprogramming that involved secondary metabolism and small molecules such as electron carriers, enzyme cofactors, and vitamins. Under salinity conditions, CA and HES + CA distinctively elicited secondary metabolism, nitrogen-containing compounds, osmoprotectants, and polyamines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 8692 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polyphenolic Extracts from Spent Coffee Grounds Prevent H₂O₂-Induced Oxidative Stress in Centropomus viridis Brain Cells

by Nayely Leyva-López, Melissa Peraza-Arias, Anaguiven Avalos-Soriano, Crisantema Hernández, Cynthia E. Lizárraga-Velázquez and J. Basilio Heredia

Molecules 2021, 26(20), 6195; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206195 - 14 Oct 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2270

Abstract

Oxidative stress in aquatic organisms might suppress the immune system and propagate infectious diseases. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of polyphenolic extracts from spent coffee grounds (SCG) against oxidative stress, induced by H₂O₂, in C. viridis [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress in aquatic organisms might suppress the immune system and propagate infectious diseases. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of polyphenolic extracts from spent coffee grounds (SCG) against oxidative stress, induced by H₂O₂, in C. viridis brain cells, through an in vitro model. Hydrophilic extracts from SCG are rich in quinic, ferulic and caffeic acids and showed antioxidant capacity in DPPH, ORAC and FRAP assays. Furthermore, pretreatment of C. viridis brain cells with the polyphenolic extracts from SCG (230 and 460 µg/mL) for 24 h prior to 100 µM H₂O₂ exposure (1 h) significantly increased antioxidant enzymes activity (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and reduced lipid peroxidation (measured by MDA levels). These results suggest that polyphenols found in SCG extracts exert an antioxidative protective effect against oxidative stress in C. viridis brain cells by stimulating the activity of SOD and CAT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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10 pages, 545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corn Husk Phenolics Modulate Hepatic Antioxidant Response in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Exposed to Hypoxia

by José Andrés Galeana-López, Cynthia E. Lizárraga-Velázquez, Crisantema Hernández, Nayely Leyva-López and J. Basilio Heredia

Molecules 2021, 26(20), 6161; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206161 - 12 Oct 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2042

Abstract

The hypoxia conditions in intensive farming systems generate oxidative stress related to oxidative damage and mortality of fish. Corn husk meal (CHM), as a source of antioxidants, might modulate the antioxidant response and prevent the damage elicited by hypoxia. This study evaluated CHM’s [...] Read more.

The hypoxia conditions in intensive farming systems generate oxidative stress related to oxidative damage and mortality of fish. Corn husk meal (CHM), as a source of antioxidants, might modulate the antioxidant response and prevent the damage elicited by hypoxia. This study evaluated CHM’s ability to modulate a hepatic response in Nile tilapia exposed to hypoxia. A control and a test diet supplemented with 25 g CHM/kg feed were formulated. Ninety Nile tilapias (5.09 ± 0.55 g initial weight) were fed for 36 days to evaluate growth, feed efficiency, and hepatic antioxidant response (CAT, catalase; SOD, superoxide dismutase, and GPx, glutathione peroxidase) in normal oxygen conditions (normoxia). After the feeding trial (36 days), fish were exposed to hypoxia (1.5 ± 0.2 mg/L dissolved oxygen), and the hepatic antioxidant response was determined. There was no significant effect of CHM on growth and feed efficiency. The CAT activity was significantly increased in tilapias exposed to hypoxia and fed the test diet compared to the control group exposed to hypoxia. The SOD and GPx activities were unchanged in tilapias in normoxia and hypoxia conditions. Results suggest that CHM dietary supplementation promotes the antioxidant response in Nile tilapia exposed to hypoxia through CAT modulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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23 pages, 5214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioactive Compounds from Ephedra fragilis: Extraction Optimization, Chemical Characterization, Antioxidant and AntiGlycation Activities

by Ismail Guenaou, Imane Nait Irahal, Ahmed Errami, Fatima Azzahra Lahlou, Fouzia Hmimid and Noureddine Bourhim

Molecules 2021, 26(19), 5998; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195998 - 2 Oct 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3804

Abstract

Response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box–Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize the extraction of bioactive compounds from Ephedra fragilis. The results suggested that extraction with 61.93% ethanol at 44.43 °C for 15.84 h was the best solution for this combination [...] Read more.

Response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box–Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize the extraction of bioactive compounds from Ephedra fragilis. The results suggested that extraction with 61.93% ethanol at 44.43 °C for 15.84 h was the best solution for this combination of variables. The crude ethanol extract (CEE) obtained under optimum extraction conditions was sequentially fractionated with solvents of increasing polarity. The content of total phenolic (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) as well as the antioxidant and antiglycation activities were measured. The phytochemical fingerprint profile of the fraction with the highest activity was characterized by using RP-HPLC. The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) had the highest TP and TF contents and exhibited the most potent antioxidant and antiglycation activities. The Pearson correlation analysis results showed that TP and TF contents were highly significantly correlated with the antioxidant and antiglycation activities. Totally, six compounds were identified in the EAF of E. fragilis, including four phenolic acids and two flavonoids. Additionally, molecular docking analysis also showed the possible connection between identified bioactive compounds and their mechanisms of action. Our results suggest new evidence on the antioxidant and antiglycation activities of E. fragilis bioactive compounds that may be applied in the treatment and prevention of aging and glycation-associated complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 1598 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Simple Method for Evaluating the Bioactive Phenolic Compounds’ Presence in Brazilian Craft Beers

by Marcelo Coelho Silva, Jeancarlo Pereira dos Anjos, Lilian Lefol Nani Guarieiro and Bruna A. Souza Machado

Molecules 2021, 26(16), 4716; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164716 - 4 Aug 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2464

Abstract

There are a significant number of analytical methodologies employing different techniques to determine phenolic compounds in beverages. However, these methods employ long sample preparation processes and great time consumption. The aim of this paper was the development of a simple method for evaluating [...] Read more.

There are a significant number of analytical methodologies employing different techniques to determine phenolic compounds in beverages. However, these methods employ long sample preparation processes and great time consumption. The aim of this paper was the development of a simple method for evaluating the phenolic compounds’ presence in Brazilian craft beers without a previous extraction step. Catechin, caffeic acid, epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, hydrated rutin, trans-ferulic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, and formononetin were analyzed in fifteen different craft beers. The method showed good linearity (R² ≥ 0.9966). The limit of detection ranged from 0.08 to 0.83 mg L⁻¹, and limits of quantification were between 0.27 and 2.78 mg L⁻¹. The method showed a satisfactory precision (RSD ≤ 16.2%). A good accuracy was obtained by the proposed method for all phenolic compounds in craft beer (68.6% ˂ accuracy ˂ 112%). Catechin showed higher concentrations (up to 124.8 mg L⁻¹) in the samples, followed by epicatechin (up to 51.1 mg L⁻¹) and caffeic acid (up to 8.13 mg L⁻¹). Rutin and formononetin were observed in all analyzed samples (0.52 mg L⁻¹ to 2.40 mg L⁻¹), and kaempferol was less present in the samples. The presence of plant origin products was determinant for the occurrence of the highest concentrations of phenolic compounds in Brazilian craft beers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Ripeness on the Phenolic Content, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Pumpkins (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne)

by Meriem Mokhtar, Sarah Bouamar, Arianna Di Lorenzo, Caterina Temporini, Maria Daglia and Ali Riazi

Molecules 2021, 26(12), 3623; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123623 - 13 Jun 2021

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 4517

Abstract

Cucurbita moschata Duchesne (Cucurbitaceae) is a plant food highly appreciated for the content of nutrients and bioactive compounds, including polyphenols and carotenoids, which contribute to its antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities. The purpose of this study was to identify phenolic acids and [...] Read more.

Cucurbita moschata Duchesne (Cucurbitaceae) is a plant food highly appreciated for the content of nutrients and bioactive compounds, including polyphenols and carotenoids, which contribute to its antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities. The purpose of this study was to identify phenolic acids and flavonoids of Cucurbita moschata Duchesne using high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–DAD–ESI-MS) at different ripening stages (young, mature, ripened) and determine its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. According to the results, phenolic acids and flavonoids were dependent on the maturity stage. The mature fruits contain the highest total phenolic and flavonoids contents (97.4 mg GAE. 100 g⁻¹ and 28.6 mg QE. 100 g⁻¹).A total of 33 compounds were identified. Syringic acid was the most abundant compound (37%), followed by cinnamic acid (12%) and protocatechuic acid (11%). Polyphenol extract of the mature fruits showed the highest antioxidant activity when measured by DPPH (0.065 μmol TE/g) and ABTS (0.074 μmol TE/g) assays. In the antimicrobial assay, the second stage of ripening had the highest antibacterial activity. Staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive strain with an inhibition zone of 12 mm and a MIC of 0.75 mg L⁻¹. The lowest inhibition zone was obtained with Salmonella typhimurium (5 mm), and the MIC value was 10 mg L⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 2209 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modelling and Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Black Quinoa by Response Surface Methodology

by Valentina Melini and Francesca Melini

Molecules 2021, 26(12), 3616; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123616 - 12 Jun 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3483

Abstract

Phenolic compounds are currently the most investigated class of functional components in quinoa. However, great variability in their content emerged, because of differences in sample intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics; processing-induced factors; as well as extraction procedures applied. This study aimed to optimize phenolic [...] Read more.

Phenolic compounds are currently the most investigated class of functional components in quinoa. However, great variability in their content emerged, because of differences in sample intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics; processing-induced factors; as well as extraction procedures applied. This study aimed to optimize phenolic compound extraction conditions in black quinoa seeds by Response Surface Methodology. An ultrasound-assisted extraction was performed with two different mixtures; and the effect of time; temperature; and sample-to-solvent ratio on total phenolic content (TPC) was investigated. Data were fitted to a second-order polynomial model. Multiple regression analysis and analysis of variance were used to determine the fitness of the model and optimal conditions for TPC. Three-dimensional surface plots were generated from the mathematical models. TPC at optimal conditions was 280.25 ± 3.94 mg of Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE) 100 g⁻¹ dm upon extraction with aqueous methanol/acetone, and 236.37 ± 5.26 mg GAE 100 g⁻¹ dm with aqueous ethanol mixture. The phenolic profile of extracts obtained at optimal conditions was also investigated by HPLC. The two extracting procedures did not show different specificities for phenolic compounds but differed in the extraction yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 1363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Egyptian Citrus Beebread

by Nesren Elsayed, Hatem Sharaf El-Din, Ammar B. Altemimi, Hanaa Y. Ahmed, Anubhav Pratap-Singh and Tarek Gamal Abedelmaksoud

Molecules 2021, 26(9), 2433; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092433 - 22 Apr 2021

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4013

Abstract

In this study, Egyptian beebread (EBB) was investigated for its nutritive value, chemical composition, antioxidant properties, antimicrobial and antitumor activities. Results indicated that EBB was a good source of protein (23.58 ± 0.183 g/100 g BB), total free sugar (20.266 ± 0.930) and [...] Read more.

In this study, Egyptian beebread (EBB) was investigated for its nutritive value, chemical composition, antioxidant properties, antimicrobial and antitumor activities. Results indicated that EBB was a good source of protein (23.58 ± 0.183 g/100 g BB), total free sugar (20.266 ± 0.930) and potassium (290.202 ± 2.645 mg/100 g). Additionally, 14 fatty acids were identified in EBB, wherein polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids represented 51.06% ± 0.09% and 9.86% ± 0.01%, respectively. The EBB extract exhibited almost 400% better antiradical activity than BHT, with IC₅₀ of EBB extract being 10.7 µg/mL compared to 39.5 µg/mL for BHT. EBB exhibited higher inhibitory activity than the reference compound against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, followed by Bacillus subtilis. No inhibitory activity was observed against Aspergillus Niger. Additionally, the highest inhibitory activity was recorded against Caco-2 cells, followed by PC3 and HepG-2 cancer cell lines with IC₅₀ values 262, 314 and 386 μg/mL, respectively. These findings establish the potential of EBB as an antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumor agent, with possible applications as natural food supplements and natural preservatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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27 pages, 1530 KiB

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Utilizing Nutritional and Polyphenolic Compounds in Underutilized Plant Seeds for Health Application

by Nur Syamimi Zaini, Roselina Karim, Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis and Norhasnida Zawawi

Molecules 2022, 27(20), 6813; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206813 - 12 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3302

Abstract

Plants represent a significant part of the human diet. Humans have utilized every part of plants for survival, and seeds are no exception. Seeds offer high protein, unsaturated fats, fibre, essential vitamins, and minerals for various food applications. They are also a promising [...] Read more.

Plants represent a significant part of the human diet. Humans have utilized every part of plants for survival, and seeds are no exception. Seeds offer high protein, unsaturated fats, fibre, essential vitamins, and minerals for various food applications. They are also a promising reservoir of bioactive compounds, where various phytochemicals, such as polyphenolic compounds, capable of maintaining and improving well-being, are present in abundant quantities. Plants from Malvaceae and Cannabaceae families are known for their fibre-rich stems that benefit humankind by serving numerous purposes. For many centuries they have been exploited extensively for various commercial and industrial uses. Their seeds, which are often regarded as a by-product of fibre processing, have been scientifically discovered to have an essential role in combating hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, cancer, and oxidative stress. Maximizing the use of these agricultural wastes can be a promising approach to creating a more sustainable world, in accordance with the concept of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds-2nd Edition)

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