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Minerals
Special Issues
Circular Economy of Remining Secondary Raw Materials
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Circular Economy of Remining Secondary Raw Materials

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 May 2025 | Viewed by 3783

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Alexandra Guedes

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Guest Editor
Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto and Instituto de Ciências da Terra, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
Interests: mineral analytical techniques; mineralogy of fly ash and bottom ash; ore deposits
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Bruno Valentim

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Guest Editor
Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto and Instituto de Ciências da Terra, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
Interests: organic petrology; ashes; spent LIB; circularity; combustion residues recycling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Rui Jorge Coleho de Sousa

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Guest Editor
Departamento de Engenharia de Minas e Geo-Ambiente, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
Interests: mineral processing; batteries recycling

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Large volumes of tailings from mineral processing and ashes from thermoelectric incineration processes are generated globally every year. These materials have in common their low particle size, and their remining is directly performed from landfills. Mine tailings may be rich in critical or strategic materials that were ignored, while ashes concentrate elements after the combustion of the organic matter. Therefore, the knowledge of the mineralogy and geochemistry of these materials is essential for their valorization and for contributing towards a Circular Economy. This Special Issue represents a cross-disciplinary appeal covering all aspects of remining secondary raw materials, including their characterization, recovery, and utilization.

We invite researchers to contribute to this Special Issue: “Circular Economy of Remining Secondary Raw Materials”.

Dr. Alexandra Guedes
Dr. Bruno Valentim
Dr. Rui Jorge Coleho de Sousa
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • waste rock
  • tailings
  • ashes
  • mineralogy
  • geochemistry
  • separation methods
  • toxic elements
  • radioactive elements
  • critical elements
  • strategic elements

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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28 pages, 2282 KiB  
Article
Variation in the Composition of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Ash
by Bruno Valentim, Alexandra Guedes, Iwona Kuźniarska-Biernacka, Joana Dias and Georgeta Predeanu
Minerals 2024, 14(11), 1146; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14111146 - 12 Nov 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1056
Abstract
Unlike municipal solid waste bottom ash (MSWBA), fly ash (MSWFA) is landfilled due to its toxicity. However, MSWFA may also be a source of elements. Ash samples collected from a Portuguese MSW incinerator from different locations and over six months were analyzed. Their [...] Read more.
Unlike municipal solid waste bottom ash (MSWBA), fly ash (MSWFA) is landfilled due to its toxicity. However, MSWFA may also be a source of elements. Ash samples collected from a Portuguese MSW incinerator from different locations and over six months were analyzed. Their geochemical composition was normalized to the upper continental crust (UCC) and compared since metal enrichment may be used as an indicator for potential recovery. The potential recovery economic viability was also assessed for metals K, Sb, Cu, Pb, and Zn, considering the ore cut-off grade and minimum industrial grade (MIG) from Chinese geological and mineral industry standards. Compared to the global samples, only the Baghouse 1 FA size fraction’s coarse fraction showed a slight enrichment (1- to 5-fold) in Bi, Nb, and Zr. After wet sieving, most trace elements were enriched in all fractions, but Sb, Bi, Pb, Zn, Ag, As, Cd, Sn, Se, and Hg were depleted in the coarse fractions and enriched in the fine ones. For Baghouse 1 samples collected over 6 months, the normalization to the UCC showed enrichment of Zn and Pb between 10× and 50×, Zr, Cu, In, and Se between 50× and 100×, and Ag, Mn, Cd, Sb, and Bi at more than 100×. Over six months, the Baghouse 1 FA soluble fraction ranged between 21 wt.% and 30 wt.%, and its precipitates comprised 27% CaO, 6% Na2O, and 9% K2O. The K concentration in the MSWFA was above the cut-off and the MIG, and K could be concentrated in precipitates via simple washing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy of Remining Secondary Raw Materials)
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Review

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19 pages, 4803 KiB  
Review
Mineralogy of Zinc and Lead Metallurgical Slags in Terms of Their Impact on the Environment: A Review
by Katarzyna Nowińska and Magdalena Kokowska-Pawłowska
Minerals 2024, 14(9), 852; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090852 - 23 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1905
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study of the mineralogical and chemical composition of zinc and lead metallurgical slags. These slags contain numerous elements, including toxic metals, which form conglomerates or multiphase intergrowths. The phase composition of slags is one of the [...] Read more.
This paper presents the results of a study of the mineralogical and chemical composition of zinc and lead metallurgical slags. These slags contain numerous elements, including toxic metals, which form conglomerates or multiphase intergrowths. The phase composition of slags is one of the main factors that determine their behaviour in weathering environments, that is, their ability to release metals when exposed to atmospheric factors. In this paper, the release of elements from slags and their mobility in a hypergenic environment is determined based on the results of leachability tests and on geochemical modelling, thus assessing the environmental impact of landfilled slags. The elements released from slags in the largest quantities are zinc and lead. Zn is leached out over a long period of time. It was found that after 12 years, the concentration of Zn in the eluate exceeds by 40 times the permissible value of 200 mg/kg for hazardous waste. The degree of leaching of lead from slags as a function of time (after 12 years), despite its significant solubility in water, is much lower than the degree of leaching of zinc. The most mobile phase components of slags in the studied hypergenic environment are the lead phases (anglesite and galena) and, to a lesser extent, the zinc phases (sphalerite and willemite). Anglesite and galena in almost the entire Eh-pH range, along with admixtures of elements, decompose into ionic forms: PbCl42−, Pb2+, and PbOH+. Sphalerite in the soil and water environment (oxidizing and acidic conditions) will decompose into the mobile ionic form Zn2+. Willemite, which is resistant to weathering, will undergo similar decomposition. It can therefore be assumed that the carriers of toxic metals are primarily lead sulphides and sulphates, zinc sulphides, and, less frequently, zinc, lead, and iron oxides. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy of Remining Secondary Raw Materials)
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