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Micromachines
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Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Second Edition
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Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Second Edition

A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X). This special issue belongs to the section "A：Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 December 2024 | Viewed by 6023

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Muhammad Ali Butt

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
Interests: integrated photonics; plasmonics; fiber-optic sensors; metasurfaces; wearable sensors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Sotirios Baskoutas

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, 265 04 Patras, Greece
Interests: semiconductor nanostructures; optical properties; energy transfer; sensors; carbon dots from biowaste
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Photonics refers to the study and application of the physical science of light. Photonic devices are components for creating, manipulating, or detecting light. Examples include laser diodes, light-emitting diodes, switches, solar and photovoltaic cells, displays, and optical amplifiers. Moreover, optoelectronics is a rapidly developing technological discipline that involves the utilization of electronic devices to source, detect, and manipulate light. These devices can be a component of numerous applications, including military services, automatic access control systems, telecommunications, medical equipment, and more. Since this discipline is so wide, the spectrum of devices that come under optoelectronics is enormous, including image pick-up devices, LEDs and elements, information displays, optical storage, remote sensing systems, and optical communication systems. In this Special Issue, reviews and novel research papers on the topic are welcome, as are interdisciplinary works.

Dr. Muhammad Ali Butt
Prof. Dr. Sotirios Baskoutas
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Micromachines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • optical waveguide devices
  • photonic sensors
  • photodiodes
  • solar cells
  • lasers
  • optical switches
  • logic gates
  • light-emitting diodes
  • plasmonics
  • metamaterials
  • photonic crystals

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 4854 KiB  
Article
Efficient Second-Harmonic Generation in Adapted-Width Waveguides Based on Periodically Poled Thin-Film Lithium Niobate
by Junjie He, Lian Liu, Mianjie Lin, Houhong Chen and Fei Ma
Micromachines 2024, 15(9), 1145; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15091145 - 12 Sep 2024
Viewed by 391
Abstract
Frequency conversion process based on periodically poled thin-film lithium niobate (PPTFLN) has been widely recognized as an important component for quantum information and photonic signal processing. Benefiting from the tight confinement of optical modes, the normalized conversion efficiency (NCE) of nanophotonic waveguides is [...] Read more.
Frequency conversion process based on periodically poled thin-film lithium niobate (PPTFLN) has been widely recognized as an important component for quantum information and photonic signal processing. Benefiting from the tight confinement of optical modes, the normalized conversion efficiency (NCE) of nanophotonic waveguides is improved by orders of magnitude compared to their bulk counterparts. However, the power conversion efficiency of these devices is limited by inherent nanoscale inhomogeneity of thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN), leading to undesirable phase errors. In this paper, we theoretically present a novel approach to solve this problem. Based on dispersion engineering, we aim at adjusting the waveguide structure, making local waveguide width adjustment at positions of different thicknesses, thus eliminating the phase errors. The adapted waveguide width design is applied for etched and loaded waveguides based on PPTFLN, achieving the ultrahigh power conversion efficiency of second harmonic generation (SHG) up to 2.1 × 104%W−1 and 6936%W−1, respectively, which surpasses the power conversion efficiency of other related works. Our approach just needs standard periodic poling with a single period, significantly reducing the complexity of electrode fabrication and the difficulty of poling, and allows for the placing of multiple waveguides, without individual poling designs for each waveguide. With the advantages of simplicity, high production, and meeting current micro–nano fabrication technology, our work may open a new way for achieving highly efficient second-order nonlinear optical processes based on PPTFLN. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Second Edition)
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10 pages, 2650 KiB  
Article
High-Sensitivity Curvature Fiber Sensor Based on Miniature Two-Path Mach–Zehnder Interferometer
by Yue Wu, Yu Liu, Haoran Zhuang, Juan Cao, Yongjie Yang, Xiaojun Zhu, Dan Sun, Yuechun Shi and Rumao Tao
Micromachines 2024, 15(8), 963; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15080963 - 28 Jul 2024
Viewed by 487
Abstract
This paper introduces a new high-sensitivity curvature fiber sensor based on a miniature two-path Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MTP-MZI). The sensor is fabricated by coupling and fusing the multimode fiber (MMF) with the single-mode fiber (SMF) using arc fusion technology (AFT), resulting in a centimeter-level [...] Read more.
This paper introduces a new high-sensitivity curvature fiber sensor based on a miniature two-path Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MTP-MZI). The sensor is fabricated by coupling and fusing the multimode fiber (MMF) with the single-mode fiber (SMF) using arc fusion technology (AFT), resulting in a centimeter-level two-path MZI structure. The sensor represents an innovative approach to MZI coupling technology, which reduces device size, simplifies manufacturing, and lowers costs. In curvature-sensing experiments, the MTP-MZI sensor achieves a maximum curvature sensitivity of −96.70 dB/m−1 in the curvature range of 0.0418 m−1 to 0.0888 m−1, which is an extremely high sensitivity among intensity-modulated curvature sensors. Additionally, temperature-sensing measurements of the MTP-MZI sensor show a maximum temperature sensitivity of 212 pm/°C in the range of 30 °C to 70 °C, which is low temperature sensitivity and solves the cross-sensitivity problem. Thanks to the miniature two-path structure of the MTP-MZI, it provides a new perspective for developing multidimensional and multiparameter measurement methods in MZI fiber sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Second Edition)
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14 pages, 5102 KiB  
Article
Curcumin-Assisted Synthesis of MoS2 Nanoparticles as an Electron Transport Material in Perovskite Solar Cells
by Vajjiravel Murugesan and Balamurugan Rathinam
Micromachines 2024, 15(7), 840; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070840 - 28 Jun 2024
Viewed by 628
Abstract
Recently, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDs), such as molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) and molybdenum selenide (MoSe2), have been presented as effective materials for extracting the generated holes from perovskite layers. Thus, the work function of MoS2 can [...] Read more.
Recently, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDs), such as molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) and molybdenum selenide (MoSe2), have been presented as effective materials for extracting the generated holes from perovskite layers. Thus, the work function of MoS2 can be tuned in a wide range from 3.5 to 4.8 eV by adjusting the number of layers, chemical composition, elemental doping, surface functionalization, and surface states, depending on the synthetic approach. In this proposed work, we attempt to synthesize MoS2 nanoparticles (NPs) from bulk MoS2 using two steps: (1) initial exfoliation of bulk MoS2 into few-layer MoS2 by using curcumin-cholesteryl-derived organogels (BCC-ED) and curcumin solution in ethylene diamine (C-ED) under sonication; (2) ultrasonication of the subsequently obtained few-layer MoS2 at 60–80 °C, followed by washing of the above chemicals. The initial treatment with the BCC-ED/C-ED undergoes exfoliation of bulk MoS2 resulted in few-layer MoS2, as evidenced by the morphological analysis using SEM. Further thinning or reduction of the size of the few-layer MoS2 by prolonged ultrasonication at 60–80 °C, followed by repeated washing with DMF, resulted in uniform nanoparticles (MoS2 NPs) with a size of ~10 nm, as evidenced by morphological analysis. Since BCC-ED and C-ED produced similar results, C-ED was utilized for further production of NPs over BCC-ED owing to the ease of removal of curcumin from the MoS2 NPs. Utilization of the above synthesized MoS2 NPs as an ETL layer in the cell structure FTO/ETL/perovskite absorber/spiro-OMeTAD/Ag enhanced the efficiency significantly. The results showed that MoS2 NPs as an ETL exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PEC) of 11.46%, a short-circuit current density of 18.65 mA/cm2, an open-circuit voltage of 1.05 V, and a fill factor of 58.66%, at the relative humidity of 70 ± 10% (open-air conditions) than that of the ED-treated MoS2 devices without curcumin. These results suggest that the synergistic effect of both curcumin and ED plays a critical role in obtaining high-quality MoS2 NPs, beneficial for efficient charge transport, lowering the crystal defect density/trap sites and reducing the charge recombination rate, thus, significantly enhancing the efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Second Edition)
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16 pages, 8977 KiB  
Article
Extending the Depth of Focus of an Infrared Microscope Using a Binary Axicon Fabricated on Barium Fluoride
by Molong Han, Daniel Smith, Tauno Kahro, Dominyka Stonytė, Aarne Kasikov, Darius Gailevičius, Vipin Tiwari, Agnes Pristy Ignatius Xavier, Shivasubramanian Gopinath, Soon Hock Ng, Aravind Simon John Francis Rajeswary, Aile Tamm, Kaupo Kukli, Keith Bambery, Jitraporn Vongsvivut, Saulius Juodkazis and Vijayakumar Anand
Micromachines 2024, 15(4), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15040537 - 17 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1110
Abstract
Axial resolution is one of the most important characteristics of a microscope. In all microscopes, a high axial resolution is desired in order to discriminate information efficiently along the longitudinal direction. However, when studying thick samples that do not contain laterally overlapping information, [...] Read more.
Axial resolution is one of the most important characteristics of a microscope. In all microscopes, a high axial resolution is desired in order to discriminate information efficiently along the longitudinal direction. However, when studying thick samples that do not contain laterally overlapping information, a low axial resolution is desirable, as information from multiple planes can be recorded simultaneously from a single camera shot instead of plane-by-plane mechanical refocusing. In this study, we increased the focal depth of an infrared microscope non-invasively by introducing a binary axicon fabricated on a barium fluoride substrate close to the sample. Preliminary results of imaging the thick and sparse silk fibers showed an improved focal depth with a slight decrease in lateral resolution and an increase in background noise. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Second Edition)
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14 pages, 9014 KiB  
Article
Micro-Ring Resonator-Based Tunable Vortex Beam Emitter
by Liaisan I. Bakirova, Grigory S. Voronkov, Vladimir S. Lyubopytov, Muhammad A. Butt, Svetlana N. Khonina, Ivan V. Stepanov, Elizaveta P. Grakhova and Ruslan V. Kutluyarov
Micromachines 2024, 15(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15010034 - 23 Dec 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1532
Abstract
Light beams bearing orbital angular momentum (OAM) are used in various scientific and engineering applications, such as microscopy, laser material processing, and optical tweezers. Precise topological charge control is crucial for efficiently using vortex beams in different fields, such as information encoding in [...] Read more.
Light beams bearing orbital angular momentum (OAM) are used in various scientific and engineering applications, such as microscopy, laser material processing, and optical tweezers. Precise topological charge control is crucial for efficiently using vortex beams in different fields, such as information encoding in optical communications and sensor systems. This work presents a novel method for optimizing an emitting micro-ring resonator (MRR) for emitting vortex beams with variable orders of OAM. The MRR consists of a ring waveguide with periodic structures side-coupled to a bus waveguide. The resonator is tunable due to the phase change material Sb2Se3 deposited on the ring. This material can change from amorphous to crystalline while changing its refractive index. In the amorphous phase, it is 3.285 + 0i, while in the transition to the crystalline phase, it reaches 4.050 + 0i at emission wavelength 1550 nm. We used this property to control the vortex beam topological charge. In our study, we optimized the distance between the bus waveguide and the ring waveguide, the bending angle, and the width of the bus waveguide. The optimality criterion was chosen to maximize the flux density of the radiated energy emitted by the resonator. The numerical simulation results proved our method. The proposed approach can be used to optimize optical beam emitters carrying OAM for various applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Second Edition)
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Review

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20 pages, 2240 KiB  
Review
The Role of Optimal Electron Transfer Layers for Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells—A Systematic Review
by Ramkumar Vanaraj, Vajjiravel Murugesan and Balamurugan Rathinam
Micromachines 2024, 15(7), 859; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070859 - 30 Jun 2024
Viewed by 936
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which are constructed using organic–inorganic combination resources, represent an upcoming technology that offers a competitor to silicon-based solar cells. Electron transport materials (ETMs), which are essential to PSCs, are attracting a lot of interest. In this section, we begin [...] Read more.
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which are constructed using organic–inorganic combination resources, represent an upcoming technology that offers a competitor to silicon-based solar cells. Electron transport materials (ETMs), which are essential to PSCs, are attracting a lot of interest. In this section, we begin by discussing the development of the PSC framework, which would form the foundation for the requirements of the ETM. Because of their exceptional electronic characteristics and low manufacturing costs, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a promising proposal for future generations of thin-film solar energy. However, PSCs with a compact layer (CL) exhibit subpar long-term reliability and efficacy. The quality of the substrate beneath a layer of perovskite has a major impact on how quickly it grows. Therefore, there has been interest in substrate modification using electron transfer layers to create very stable and efficient PSCs. This paper examines the systemic alteration of electron transport layers (ETLs) based on electron transfer layers that are employed in PSCs. Also covered are the functions of ETLs in the creation of reliable and efficient PSCs. Achieving larger-sized particles, greater crystallization, and a more homogenous morphology within perovskite films, all of which are correlated with a more stable PSC performance, will be guided by this review when they are developed further. To increase PSCs’ sustainability and enable them to produce clean energy at levels previously unheard of, the difficulties and potential paths for future research with compact ETLs are also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Second Edition)
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