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Metals
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Synthesis, Process, Structure, and Properties of Titanium-Based Alloys
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Synthesis, Process, Structure, and Properties of Titanium-Based Alloys

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Biobased and Biodegradable Metals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2021) | Viewed by 13033

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Junpin Lin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100000, China
Interests: structural–functional intermetallics, including TiAl alloys, high Si electrical steel, new advanced porous intermetallics; additive manufacturing (3D printing) for advanced materials; severe deformation and structure control for hard-deformed materials

Special Issue Information

Titanium-based alloys have been widely used due to their low density, good mechanical properties, excellent corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. However, Ti-based alloys are naturally difficult to process into metallurgical bonds and process into wrought alloy components. This Special Issue aims to present the latest research related to the synthesis, process, relationship between composition, microstructure and mechanical properties for Ti-based alloys, especially new alloys (e.g., Ti–Al intermetallic compound, Ti-based composite), as well as advanced techniques for improving the properties and reducing the cost, e.g., additive manufacturing (AM), low cost powder metallurgy technology.

Prof. Dr. Junpin Lin
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Titanium-Based Alloys
  • Synthesis
  • Process
  • Microstructure
  • Mechanical Properties
  • Ti–Al Intermetallic Compound
  • Ti-Based Composite

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 2079 KiB  
Article
Experimental Measurement of Vacuum Evaporation of Aluminum in Ti-Al, V-Al, Ti6Al4V Alloys by Electron Beam
by Dawei Wang, Zhiguo Liu and Wenrui Liu
Metals 2021, 11(11), 1688; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11111688 - 23 Oct 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2088
Abstract
Titanium alloys have been widely used in aerospace engineering due to their excellent mechanical properties, especially their strength-to-weight ratio. In addition, Ti6Al4V (TC4) alloy is the most widely used among α+β alloys. The main three elements of TC4 alloy are titanium (Ti), aluminum [...] Read more.
Titanium alloys have been widely used in aerospace engineering due to their excellent mechanical properties, especially their strength-to-weight ratio. In addition, Ti6Al4V (TC4) alloy is the most widely used among α+β alloys. The main three elements of TC4 alloy are titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al) and vanadium (V). Since the boiling point of aluminum is much lower than the melting point of the other two elements, the consistency of TC4 alloy during smelting, additive manufacturing and surface treatment is difficult to control. Therefore, in order to study the difficult problem of composition control in TC4 alloy production, we measured the vacuum evaporation of Al, Ti and V in Ti-Al, V-Al and TC4 alloys, and tracked the changes of molten pool temperature, heating time and weight. According to the results, the Al started to evaporate near 1300 ± 10 °C in vacuum and totally evaporated after 225 s heating to 1484 °C at 10−2 Pa. However, V and Ti barely evaporated below 2000 °C. The Al in Ti-Al alloy started to evaporate at 1753 ± 10 °C and lost 20.6 wt.% aluminum during 500 s at 1750~1957 °C. The Al in V-Al alloy started to evaporate at 1913 ± 10 °C and lost 26.4 wt.% aluminum during 543s at 1893~2050 °C. The Al in TC4 alloy started to evaporate at 1879 ± 10 °C and lost 79.6 wt. % aluminum after 113 s at 1879~1989 °C. The results indicate that smelting TC4 alloy with Ti-Al and V-Al alloys by EBM below 1900 °C improves the consistency and performance. Additionally, the lowest loss of Al occurred in the additive manufacturing of TC4 alloy below 1900 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Process, Structure, and Properties of Titanium-Based Alloys)
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19 pages, 9087 KiB  
Article
The High-Temperature Deformation Behavior of As-Cast Ti90 Titanium Alloy
by Ke Wang, Yongqing Zhao, Weiju Jia, Silan Li and Chengliang Mao
Metals 2021, 11(10), 1630; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11101630 - 14 Oct 2021
Viewed by 1267
Abstract
Isothermal compressions of as-cast near-α Ti90 titanium alloy were carried out on a Gleeble-3800 simulator in the temperature range of 860–1040 °C and strain rates of 0.001–10 s−1. The deformation behavior of the alloy was characterized based on the analyses of [...] Read more.
Isothermal compressions of as-cast near-α Ti90 titanium alloy were carried out on a Gleeble-3800 simulator in the temperature range of 860–1040 °C and strain rates of 0.001–10 s−1. The deformation behavior of the alloy was characterized based on the analyses of flow curves, the constructions of Arrhenius constitutive equations and the processing map. The microstructure evolution of the alloy was analyzed using the optical microscopic (OM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques. The results show that the kinking and dynamic globularization of α lamellae is the dominant mechanism of flow softening in the α + β two-phase region, while the dynamic recovery (DRV) of β phase is the main softening mechanism in the β single-phase region. The dynamic globularization of α lamellae is mainly caused by the wedging of β phase into α laths and the shearing of α laths due to imposed shear strain. The activation of prismatic and pyramidal slip is found to be easier than that of basic slip during the deformation in the α + β two-phase region. In addition, the Schmid factor of equiaxial α is different from that of lamellar α, which also varies with the angle between its geometric orientation and compression direction (CD). Based on the processing map, the low η region within the temperature range of 860–918 °C with a strain rate range of 0.318–10 s−1 should be avoided to prevent the occurrence of deformation instability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Process, Structure, and Properties of Titanium-Based Alloys)
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10 pages, 4326 KiB  
Article
Element Distribution and Its Induced Peritectic Reaction during Solidification of Ti-Al-Nb Alloys
by Xiangjun Xu, Junpin Lin, Chao Xiang and Yongfeng Liang
Metals 2021, 11(9), 1386; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11091386 - 31 Aug 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1911
Abstract
The element distribution and the microstructures of directionally solidified ingots of Ti-45Al-8Nb and Ti-46Al-8Nb alloys were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) equipped with wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscope (WDS). At high solidification rates, e.g., more than 50 μm/s, the [...] Read more.
The element distribution and the microstructures of directionally solidified ingots of Ti-45Al-8Nb and Ti-46Al-8Nb alloys were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) equipped with wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscope (WDS). At high solidification rates, e.g., more than 50 μm/s, the ingot solidified in columnar β dendrites, while at low solidification rates, e.g., less than 30 μm/s, the solidification path changed from initial β solidification to L + β→α peritectic solidification, forming cellular dendrites with the β phase matrix surrounded by the α phase. The difference of Ti content in dendritic arms and interdendritic regions was not pronounced. The composition segregation was mainly caused by the mutual conversion of Al and Nb contents. Therefore, it was difficult to distinguish the variation of Ti in microstructure by EPMA-WDS map and line profiles. The composition of the peritectic α phase was different from that of the α phase transformed directly from the β phase. The Al content of the former was about 1 at% higher than that of the latter, while the Nb content was about 1 at% lower. The change of solidification path in the final solidified part resulted from the more severe segregation caused by slow solidification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Process, Structure, and Properties of Titanium-Based Alloys)
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11 pages, 6417 KiB  
Article
Practical Use of Hot-Forged-Type Ti-42Al-5Mn and Various Recent Improvements
by Toshimitsu Tetsui
Metals 2021, 11(9), 1361; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11091361 - 30 Aug 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2013
Abstract
The use of a hot-forged TiAl alloy enables the fabrication of large parts that are difficult to manufacture by casting or isothermal forging. Ti-42Al-5Mn (at%) is the world’s first TiAl alloy in this category and has been used to manufacture practical large-scale structural [...] Read more.
The use of a hot-forged TiAl alloy enables the fabrication of large parts that are difficult to manufacture by casting or isothermal forging. Ti-42Al-5Mn (at%) is the world’s first TiAl alloy in this category and has been used to manufacture practical large-scale structural defense components since around 2010. This paper discusses the developmental status and practical applications of this alloy. In addition, recent developments in process stabilization and improvements in material properties, which have been issues for the practical use of this TiAl alloy in the past, are also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Process, Structure, and Properties of Titanium-Based Alloys)
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12 pages, 6284 KiB  
Article
Effect of Nano-Y2O3 Addition on Microstructure and Tensile Properties of High-Nb TiAl Alloy Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering
by Yingchao Guo, Yongfeng Liang, Junpin Lin and Fei Yang
Metals 2021, 11(7), 1048; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11071048 - 30 Jun 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1705
Abstract
Nano-Y2O3 reinforced Ti-47.7Al-7.1Nb-(V, Cr) alloy was fabricated by a powder metallurgy route using spark plasma sintering (SPS), and the influence of nano-Y2O3 contents on the microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated systematically. The results revealed that the [...] Read more.
Nano-Y2O3 reinforced Ti-47.7Al-7.1Nb-(V, Cr) alloy was fabricated by a powder metallurgy route using spark plasma sintering (SPS), and the influence of nano-Y2O3 contents on the microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated systematically. The results revealed that the ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the alloy were 570 ± 28 MPa and 1.7 ± 0.6% at 800 °C, 460 ± 23 MPa and 6.1 ± 0.4% at 900 °C with no nano-Y2O3, 662 ± 24 MPa and 5.5 ± 0.5% at 800 °C, and 466 ± 25 MPa and 16.5 ± 0.8% at 900 °C with 0.05 at% nano-Y2O3 addition, respectively. Due to the fine-grain strengthening and the second-phase strengthening, both tensile strength and elongation of the high-Nb TiAl alloy were enhanced with the addition of nano-Y2O3. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Process, Structure, and Properties of Titanium-Based Alloys)
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13 pages, 4594 KiB  
Article
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High Relative Density γ-TiAl Alloy Using Irregular Pre-Alloyed Powder
by Mengjie Yan, Fang Yang, Boxin Lu, Cunguang Chen, Yanli Sui and Zhimeng Guo
Metals 2021, 11(4), 635; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11040635 - 13 Apr 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2111
Abstract
Preparing high relative density γ-TiAl alloy by pressure-less sintering at low-cost has always been a challenge. Therefore, a new kind of non-spherical pre-alloyed TiAl powder was prepared by the reaction of TiH2 powder and Al powder at 800 °C to fabricate high-density [...] Read more.
Preparing high relative density γ-TiAl alloy by pressure-less sintering at low-cost has always been a challenge. Therefore, a new kind of non-spherical pre-alloyed TiAl powder was prepared by the reaction of TiH2 powder and Al powder at 800 °C to fabricate high-density Ti-48Al alloy via pressure-less sintering. The oxygen content was controlled to below 1800 ppm by using coarse Al powder (~120 μm). The sintered densities ranged from 92.1% to 97.5% with sintering temperature varying from 1300 °C to 1450 °C. The microstructure of the sintered compact was greatly influenced by the sintering temperature. The as-sintered samples had a near-γ structure at 1350 °C, a duplex structure at 1400 °C, and a nearly lamellar structure at 1450 °C. To achieve full densification, non-capsule hot isostatic pressing was performed on the 1350 °C and 1400 °C sintered samples. As a result, high compressive strengths of 2241 MPa and 1931MPa were obtained, which were higher than the existing Ti-48Al alloys. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Process, Structure, and Properties of Titanium-Based Alloys)
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