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Metals
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Metal Forming and Additive Manufacturing
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Metal Forming and Additive Manufacturing

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Additive Manufacturing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2025 | Viewed by 1031

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Liangyun Lan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
Interests: phase transformation; mechanical properties; additive manufacturing; welding; forming; fatigue; crack; microstructure optimization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Traditional plastic forming techniques, such as forging, rolling, and extrusion, play a vital role in improving the mechanical properties of metallic materials. With the development of advanced materials design, an abundance of a new generation of materials, including high-entropy alloys and advanced high-strength automotive steel, have emerged. More attention should be directed towards their formability as well as the new phenomena associated with the forming process. Their relationship with process parameters, microstructures and mechanical properties is also attarcting more academic interest.

Additive manufacturing is an innovative technique that has incentivized many researchers to study the physical, metallurgical and thermomechanical events during additive manufacturing. Some significant attempts have been made to couple this technique with the traditional forming processs to optimize the overall performance of additive manufactured components. All these aspects constitute the scope of this Special Issue, and we welcome articles that are related to these topics.

Dr. Liangyun Lan
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • metallic materials
  • plastic forming
  • high-enthopy alloy
  • advanced high-strength steel
  • superalloy
  • additive manufacturing

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

24 pages, 11312 KiB  
Article
Effect of Thermomechanical Processing on Porosity Evolution and Mechanical Properties of L-PBF AISI 316L Stainless Steel
by Patrik Petroušek, Róbert Kočiško, Andrea Kasperkevičová, Dávid Csík and Róbert Džunda
Metals 2025, 15(7), 789; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15070789 - 12 Jul 2025
Viewed by 206
Abstract
Thermomechanical processing has a significant impact on the porosity and mechanical properties of AISI 316L stainless steel produced by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF). This work evaluated the effect of three heat treatment conditions: as-built (HT0), annealed at 650 °C for 3 h [...] Read more.
Thermomechanical processing has a significant impact on the porosity and mechanical properties of AISI 316L stainless steel produced by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF). This work evaluated the effect of three heat treatment conditions: as-built (HT0), annealed at 650 °C for 3 h with air cooling (HT1), and annealed at 1050 °C for 1 h followed by water quenching (HT2), combined with cold and hot rolling at different strain levels. The most pronounced improvement was observed after 20% hot rolling followed by water quenching (HR + WQ), which reduced porosity to 0.05% and yielded the most spherical pores, with a circularity factor (fcircle) of 0.90 and an aspect ratio (AsR) of 1.57. At elevated temperatures, the matrix becomes more pliable, which promotes pore closure and helps reduce stress concentrations. On the other hand, applying heat treatment without causing deformation resulted in the pores growing and increasing porosity in the build direction. The fractography supported these findings, showing a transition from brittle to more ductile fracture surfaces. Heat treatment combined with plastic deformation effectively reduced internal defects and improved both structural integrity and strength. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Forming and Additive Manufacturing)
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26 pages, 4251 KiB  
Article
Cellular Automaton Simulation Model for Predicting the Microstructure Evolution of an Additively Manufactured X30Mn21 Austenitic Advanced High-Strength Steel
by Ashutosh Singh, Christian Haase and Luis A. Barrales-Mora
Metals 2025, 15(7), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15070770 - 8 Jul 2025
Viewed by 299
Abstract
Additive manufacturing techniques, such as laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M), have now gained high industrial and academic interest. Despite its design flexibility and the ability to fabricate intricate components, LPBF has not yet reached its full potential, partly due to the [...] Read more.
Additive manufacturing techniques, such as laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M), have now gained high industrial and academic interest. Despite its design flexibility and the ability to fabricate intricate components, LPBF has not yet reached its full potential, partly due to the challenges associated with microstructure control. The precise manipulation of the microstructure in LPBF is a formidable yet highly rewarding endeavor, offering the capability to engineer components at a local level. This work introduces an innovative parallelized Cellular Automaton (CA) framework for modeling the evolution of the microstructure during the LPBF process. LPBF involves remelting and subsequent nucleation followed by crystal growth during solidification, which complicates and burdens microstructure simulations. In this research, a novel approach to nucleation seeding and crystal growth is implemented, focusing exclusively on the final stages of melting and solidification, enhancing the computational efficiency by 30%. This approach streamlines the simulation process, making it more efficient and effective. The developed model was employed to simulate the microstructure of an austenitic advanced high-strength steel (AHSS). The model was validated by comparing the simulation results qualitatively and quantitatively with the experimental data obtained under the same process parameters. The predicted microstructure closely aligned with the experimental findings. Simulations were also conducted at varying resolutions of CA cells, enabling a comprehensive study of their impact on microstructure evolution. Furthermore, the computational efficiency was critically evaluated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Forming and Additive Manufacturing)
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12 pages, 3788 KiB  
Article
The Combination of Direct Aging and Cryogenic Treatment Effectively Enhances the Mechanical Properties of 18Ni300 by Selective Laser Melting
by Yaling Zhang, Xia Chen, Bo Qu, Yao Tao, Wei Zeng and Bin Chen
Metals 2025, 15(7), 766; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15070766 - 8 Jul 2025
Viewed by 235
Abstract
This study systematically explores the synergistic effects of direct aging treatment (480 °C for 6 h) combined with cryogenic treatment (−196 °C for 8 h) on the mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of 18Ni300 maraging steel fabricated via selective laser melting (SLM). Three [...] Read more.
This study systematically explores the synergistic effects of direct aging treatment (480 °C for 6 h) combined with cryogenic treatment (−196 °C for 8 h) on the mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of 18Ni300 maraging steel fabricated via selective laser melting (SLM). Three conditions were investigated: as-built, direct aging (AT6), and direct aging plus cryogenic treatment (AT6C8). Microstructural characterization was performed using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), while the mechanical properties were evaluated via microhardness and tensile testing. The results show that the AT6C8 sample achieved the highest microhardness (635 HV0.5) and tensile strength (2180 MPa), significantly exceeding the as-built (311 HV0.5, 1182 MPa) and AT6 (580 HV0.5, 2012 MPa) samples. Cryogenic treatment induced a notable phase transformation from retained austenite (γ phase) to martensite (α phase), with the peak relative intensity ratio ranging from 1.42 (AT6) to 1.58 (AT6C8) in the XRD results. TEM observations revealed that cryogenic treatment refined lath martensite from 0.75 μm (AT6) to 0.24 μm (AT6C8) and transformed reversed austenite into thin linear structures at the martensite boundaries. The combination of direct aging and cryogenic treatment effectively enhances the mechanical properties of SLM-fabricated 18Ni300 maraging steel through martensite transformation, microstructural refinement, and increased dislocation density. This approach addresses the challenge of balancing strength improvement and residual stress relaxation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Forming and Additive Manufacturing)
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