Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steels in Natural and Industrial Environments—3rd Edition

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Corrosion and Protection".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2026 | Viewed by 1119

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Department of Chemical Engineering and Mining Processing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile
Interests: electrochemistry and corrosion; water treatment; circular economy and renewable energy
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Carbon steels are iron–carbon alloys containing up to 2% carbon with manganese, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus as main impurities, and they are usually soft and have low strength. However, because of their low cost and high ductility, which impart excellent machining and welding properties, they are the most common metallic materials used in structures and metallic parts exposed to a wide variety of conditions.

Carbon steel degradation upon exposure to natural environments—either water bodies or atmospheric—is a major issue with regard to the cost of metallic corrosion in all sectors of engineering. The corrosion of steel is a very complex issue affected by many factors, and consequently, no general solution exists for this problem. It is imperative to maintain continuous development regarding specific conditions where steel corrosion takes place. This Special Issue, entitled “Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steels in Natural and Industrial Environments”, addresses all relevant aspects of carbon steel corrosion, including basic corrosion mechanisms in atmospheric conditions (natural or contaminated) or aqueous media (fresh, seawater, and saline waters), kinetic studies under quiescent and hydrodynamic conditions, different forms of corrosion, instrumental analysis for corrosion product characterization, surface morphology corrosion rate determination, biocorrosion characterization, and industrial applications under exceptional conditions where carbon steel exhibits high corrosion resistance. Articles regarding corrosion prevention are also welcome, particularly corrosion inhibition by natural products, cathodic protection in the form of either impressed currents or sacrificial anodes, and results from long-lasting corrosion studies regarding different corrosion prevention techniques for carbon steel structures in rural areas, industrial infrastructure, and pilot experiments.

Dr. Luis Cáceres
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • carbon steel
  • atmospheric corrosion
  • corrosion kinetics
  • galvanic corrosion
  • biocorrosion
  • corrosion inhibitors
  • cathodic protection
  • anodic protection

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 5998 KB  
Article
Study on Corrosion Characteristics of HR3C in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
by Kai Yan, Kui Liang, Shuli Zhang, Shaohai Ma and Zhongliang Zhu
Metals 2026, 16(4), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/met16040360 - 24 Mar 2026
Viewed by 250
Abstract
Analyses of the oxidation characteristics of HR3C austenitic steel exposed to supercritical carbon dioxide were carried out at temperatures ranging from 600 to 650 °C under 25 MPa. It was observed that the weight gain increased with increases in temperature and time. The [...] Read more.
Analyses of the oxidation characteristics of HR3C austenitic steel exposed to supercritical carbon dioxide were carried out at temperatures ranging from 600 to 650 °C under 25 MPa. It was observed that the weight gain increased with increases in temperature and time. The oxide morphology and phase were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Furthermore, the three-dimensional morphology and chemical composition of the surface oxide were inspected using a secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS). The majority of the oxide formed on HR3C at 600–650 °C was Cr2O3. Carbon enrichment occurs on the surface of the oxide scale and the oxide–substrate interface due to a carbonization reaction. The corrosion mechanism is also discussed in this paper. Full article
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20 pages, 6996 KB  
Article
Influence of Surface Finishing on the Corrosion and Wear Behaviour of AISI 304 and AISI 436 Stainless Steels
by Silvia Gómez, Ismael Lamas, Alejandro Pereira and M. Consuelo Pérez
Metals 2025, 15(12), 1390; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15121390 - 18 Dec 2025
Viewed by 581
Abstract
The pitting corrosion resistance and the tribological behaviour of a ferritic stainless steel with high Mo content (AISI 436) and a commonly employed austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304) are compared. Special attention was paid to the role of Mo in improving corrosion resistance [...] Read more.
The pitting corrosion resistance and the tribological behaviour of a ferritic stainless steel with high Mo content (AISI 436) and a commonly employed austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304) are compared. Special attention was paid to the role of Mo in improving corrosion resistance of ferritic stainless steels. Since the surface condition is an important parameter related to the onset of pitting corrosion in the presence of chlorides, three different surface finishes were tested for both steels. Two commercial finishing grades and laboratory polishing down to 1 µm were compared. Moreover, the influence of surface condition on the tribological properties for both steels was also evaluated. The study demonstrates that surface finishing plays a decisive role in both the electrochemical and mechanical response of stainless steels. A comprehensive microstructural and tribological analysis reveals not only how commercial finishing treatments modify passive film behaviour, but also how they affect friction stability and wear mechanisms. Special emphasis is placed on the synergistic effect between molybdenum content, passive film integrity and manufacturing processes. The obtained results provide valuable insight for industrial applications where durability against chloride exposure and abrasion is critical. Full article
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