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Metabolites
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Resting Metabolic Rate of Individuals
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Resting Metabolic Rate of Individuals

A special issue of Metabolites (ISSN 2218-1989).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 17238

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Juan M. A. Alcantara

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity” Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain
2. Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain (IS-FOOD), IdisNA, Department of Health Sciences, Campus de Arrosadía, Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
Interests: basal metabolism; resting metabolic rate; indirect calorimetry; metabolic cart; gas exchange; energy expenditure
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Resting metabolic rate is commonly defined as the energy needed for maintaining body homeostasis in an awake person, in the “metabolic resting state”, and in thermoneutrality. The resting metabolic rate generally represents the minimum energy expenditure in an awake person while resting, and usually accounts for 60–70% of the 24 h energy expenditure. Importantly, a low resting metabolic rate (i.e., a low resting energy expenditure) is, in simple terms, considered an indicator of potential weight gain (or weight re-gain) in the future.

However, many challenges remain in the study of resting metabolic rate and its relationship with health-related outcomes. In fact, accurate, reproducible and representative assessments of resting metabolic rate in healthy and non-healthy subjects are vital for both researchers and clinicians. Thus, new studies and approaches are needed to incorporate existing and new knowledge on resting metabolism.

This Special Issue of Metabolites will be dedicated to in-depth applications of resting metabolic rate assessments to the metabolism field, as well as the related methodological perspectives. The topics that will be covered by this Special Issue include, but are not limited to, the relationship between resting metabolic rate and health-related markers and methodology aspects to improve the resting metabolic rate assessments (e.g., methods for gas exchange data selection and/or analysis). Manuscripts dealing with other challenging issues are also highly desired.

Dr. Juan M.A. Alcantara
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metabolites is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • basal metabolic rate
  • resting metabolic rate
  • indirect calorimetry
  • metabolic cart
  • energy expenditure
  • BMR
  • RMR
  • EE

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 198 KiB  
Editorial
Resting Metabolic Rate of Individuals
by Abel Plaza-Florido and Juan M. A. Alcantara
Metabolites 2023, 13(8), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13080926 - 8 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1238
Abstract
The resting metabolic rate (RMR) represents the energy required to sustain normal body functions and homeostasis in an awake individual under ambient thermoneutral conditions and during rest [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resting Metabolic Rate of Individuals)

Research

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12 pages, 1383 KiB  
Article
Predictive Equations Overestimate Resting Metabolic Rate in Young Chilean Women with Excess Body Fat
by Eduard Maury-Sintjago, Alejandra Rodríguez-Fernández and Marcela Ruíz-De la Fuente
Metabolites 2023, 13(2), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13020188 - 27 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1900
Abstract
Underestimating/overestimating resting metabolic rate (RMR) affects energy prescription. The objective was to compare RMR by indirect calorimetry (RMR IC) and RMR estimated by predictive equations in women with excess body fat. This was an analytical cross-sectional study with 41 women aged 18–28 with [...] Read more.
Underestimating/overestimating resting metabolic rate (RMR) affects energy prescription. The objective was to compare RMR by indirect calorimetry (RMR IC) and RMR estimated by predictive equations in women with excess body fat. This was an analytical cross-sectional study with 41 women aged 18–28 with overnutrition according to body composition. The RMR IC was measured and RMR estimated using the FAO/WHO/UNU (1985), FAO/WHO/UNU (2004), Harris–Benedict, and Mifflin–St Jeor equations. The percentage of adequacy (90–110%), overestimation (>110%), and underestimation (<90%) were evaluated for RMR IC. Data were described by percentiles because of non-normal distribution according to the Shapiro–Wilk test. The Kruskal–Wallis test and Bland–Altman analysis were applied at a significance level of α < 0.05. The RMR IC was 1192 and 1183 calories/day (p = 0.429) in women with obesity and overweight, respectively. The FAO/WHO/UNU (1985), FAO/WHO/UNU (2004), Harris–Benedict, and Mifflin–St Jeor equations overestimated the RMR IC by 283.2, 311.2, 292.7, and 203.0 calories/day and by 296.7, 413.8, 280.0, and 176.6 calories/day for women with overweight and obesity (p < 0.001), respectively. The Harris–Benedict adjusted weight (0.5) equation underestimated RMR IC by 254.7 calories/day. The predictive equations overestimated RMR IC in women with excess body fat. The Mifflin–St Jeor equation showed less overestimation and better adequacy, but was not exempt from inaccuracy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resting Metabolic Rate of Individuals)
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16 pages, 1265 KiB  
Article
Associations between Intra-Assessment Resting Metabolic Rate Variability and Health-Related Factors
by Juan M. A. Alcantara, Francisco J. Osuna-Prieto and Abel Plaza-Florido
Metabolites 2022, 12(12), 1218; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121218 - 4 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1927
Abstract
In humans, the variation in resting metabolic rate (RMR) might be associated with health-related factors, as suggested by previous studies. This study explored whether the intra-assessment RMR variability (expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV; %)) is similar in men and women and [...] Read more.
In humans, the variation in resting metabolic rate (RMR) might be associated with health-related factors, as suggested by previous studies. This study explored whether the intra-assessment RMR variability (expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV; %)) is similar in men and women and if it is similarly associated with diverse health-related factors. The RMR of 107 young, and relatively healthy adults, was assessed using indirect calorimetry. Then, the CV for volumes of oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and resting energy expenditure (REE) were computed as indicators of intra-assessment RMR variability. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness (peak VO2 uptake), circulating cardiometabolic risk factors, and heart rate and its variability (HR and HRV) were assessed. Men presented higher CVs for VO2, VCO2, and REE (all p ≤ 0.001) compared to women. Furthermore, in men, the intra-assessment RER variability was associated with vagal-related HRV parameters and with mean HR (standardized β = −0.36, −0.38, and 0.41, respectively; all p < 0.04). In contrast, no associations were observed in women. In conclusion, men exhibited higher variability (CVs for VO2, VCO2, and REE) compared to women. The CV for RER could be a potential marker of cardiometabolic risk in young men. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resting Metabolic Rate of Individuals)
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12 pages, 590 KiB  
Article
Effect of Exercise on the Resting Metabolic Rate and Substrate Utilization in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Results of a Pilot Study
by Eleftheria Taousani, Dimitra Savvaki, Efrosini Tsirou, Maria G. Grammatikopoulou, Basil C. Tarlatzis, Dimitrios Vavilis and Dimitrios G. Goulis
Metabolites 2022, 12(10), 998; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12100998 - 20 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2069
Abstract
Regular physical activity during pregnancy has a positive effect on the mother and fetus. However, there is scarce data regarding the effect of exercise in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The aim of the present parallel, non-randomized, open-label, pilot, clinical study [...] Read more.
Regular physical activity during pregnancy has a positive effect on the mother and fetus. However, there is scarce data regarding the effect of exercise in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The aim of the present parallel, non-randomized, open-label, pilot, clinical study was to examine the effect of two exercise programs on the resting metabolic rate (RMR) and substrate utilization in pregnancies complicated by GDM, compared with usual care (advice for the performance of exercise). Forty-three pregnant women diagnosed with GDM between the 24th and 28th gestational week, volunteered to participate. Three groups were formed: Usual care (n = 17), Walking (n = 14), and Mixed Exercise (n = 12). The Usual care group was given advice on maintaining habitual daily activities without any additional exercise. The Walking group exercised regularly by walking, in addition to the habitual daily activities. Finally, the Mixed Exercise group participated in a program combining aerobics and strength exercises. Training intensity was monitored continuously using lightweight, wearable monitoring devices. The Walking and Mixed Exercise groups participated in the training programs after being diagnosed with GDM and maintained them until the last week of gestation. RMR and substrate utilization were analyzed using indirect calorimetry for all participants twice: between 27th and 28th gestational week and as close as possible before delivery. No differences were observed between groups regarding body composition, age, and medical or obstetrical parameters before or after the exercise programs. RMR was increased after the completion of the exercise interventions in both the Walking (p = 0.001) and the Mixed Exercise arms (p = 0.002). In contrast, substrate utilization remained indifferent. In conclusion, regular exercise of moderate intensity (either walking, or a combination of aerobic and strength training) increases RMR in women with GDM compared to the lack of systematic exercise. However, based on the present, pilot data, these exercise regimes do not appear to alter resting substrate utilization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resting Metabolic Rate of Individuals)
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13 pages, 1131 KiB  
Article
Acute Effects of Whole-Body Electromyostimulation on Energy Expenditure at Resting and during Uphill Walking in Healthy Young Men
by Unai A. Perez-De-Arrilucea-Le-Floc’h, Manuel Dote-Montero, Abraham Carle-Calo, Guillermo Sánchez-Delgado, Jonatan R. Ruiz and Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete
Metabolites 2022, 12(9), 781; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12090781 - 24 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2054
Abstract
The effects of the different electrical frequencies of whole-body electrical stimulation (WB-EMS) on energy expenditure (EE) and the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) remain poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the effects of different WB-EMS electrical frequencies on EE and the RER during [...] Read more.
The effects of the different electrical frequencies of whole-body electrical stimulation (WB-EMS) on energy expenditure (EE) and the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) remain poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the effects of different WB-EMS electrical frequencies on EE and the RER during supine resting and uphill walking. A total of 10 healthy and recreationally active men (21.6 ± 3.3 years old) participated in the present study. Participants completed two testing sessions in a randomized order. In each session, a variety of impulse frequencies (1 hertz (Hz), 2 Hz, 4 Hz, 6 Hz, 8 Hz, and 10 Hz) were applied in a randomized order, allowing a 10 min passive recovery between them. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were measured to calculate EE and the RER. All frequencies increased EE at rest (all p ≤ 0.001), with 4 Hz being the frequency producing the highest increase (Δ = 8.89 ± 1.49 kcal/min), as did 6 Hz (Δ = 8.05 ± 1.52 kcal/min) and 8 Hz (Δ = 7.04 ± 2.16 kcal/min). An increment in the RER at rest was observed with 4 Hz, 6 Hz, 8 Hz and 10 Hz (all p ≤ 0.016), but not with 1 Hz and 2 Hz (p ≥ 0.923). During uphill walking, the frequency that elicited the highest increase in EE was 6 Hz (Δ = 4.87 ± 0.84 kcal/min) compared to the unstimulated condition. None of the impulse frequencies altered the RER during uphill walking. WB-EMS increases EE in healthy young men both during resting and uphill walking. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resting Metabolic Rate of Individuals)
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8 pages, 524 KiB  
Article
The Impact of the Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components on Resting Energy Expenditure
by Mario Soares, Yun Zhao, Emily Calton, Kaveri Pathak, Wendy Chan She Ping-Delfos, Nicola Cummings and Patience Nsatimba
Metabolites 2022, 12(8), 722; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12080722 - 5 Aug 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2408
Abstract
We determined whether metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the increasing number of its components influenced the resting energy expenditure (REE). Data on adult men (n = 72, 40%) and women (n = 108, 60%) from European (n = 154, 86%) and [...] Read more.
We determined whether metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the increasing number of its components influenced the resting energy expenditure (REE). Data on adult men (n = 72, 40%) and women (n = 108, 60%) from European (n = 154, 86%) and Sub-Saharan African (n = 26, 14%) ancestry were used. Ninety-five (53%) participants had MetS (MetS+), while 85 (47%) were without MetS (MetS−). REE was determined through indirect calorimetry, body composition by DEXA, and clinical biochemistry by standard laboratory techniques. MetS+ had a significantly higher REE (mean ± se: MetS+: 5995 ± 87.3 vs. MetS−: 5760 ± 86.3 kJ/d, p = 0.025) when adjusted for age, gender, fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), ethnicity, season, 25OHD, insulin sensitivity, and time of data collection. Within each MetS status group, an increase in the number of components (C) resulted in a stepwise increase in REE. Relative to zero components, those with 1C had adjusted REE higher by +526 ± 248.1 kJ/d (p = 0.037), while 2C were higher than 1C by +298 ± 140.8 kJ/d (p = 0.037). Similarly, relative to 3C, those with 4C had REE higher by +242 ± 120.7 kJ/d (p = 0.049). The higher REE of 5C over 4C by 132 ± 174.5 kJ/d did not achieve statistical significance. MetS was associated with a significantly higher REE. This greater energetic cost varied directly with the numbers of its components but was most evident in those not diagnosed with the syndrome. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resting Metabolic Rate of Individuals)
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Review

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18 pages, 1187 KiB  
Review
Body Weight and Metabolic Rate Changes in Narcolepsy: Current Knowledge and Future Directions
by Hamza O. Dhafar and Ahmed S. BaHammam
Metabolites 2022, 12(11), 1120; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12111120 - 16 Nov 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4083
Abstract
Narcolepsy is a known auto-immune disease that presents mainly in the teenage years with irresistible sleep attacks. Patients with narcolepsy, especially NT1, have been found to have a high prevalence of obesity and other metabolic derangements. This narrative review aimed to address the [...] Read more.
Narcolepsy is a known auto-immune disease that presents mainly in the teenage years with irresistible sleep attacks. Patients with narcolepsy, especially NT1, have been found to have a high prevalence of obesity and other metabolic derangements. This narrative review aimed to address the relationship between narcolepsy and changes in weight and metabolic rate, and discuss potential mechanisms for weight gain and metabolic changes and future research agendas on this topic. This article will provide a balanced, up-to-date critical review of the current literature, and delineate areas for future research, in order to understand the pathophysiological metabolic changes in narcolepsy. Articles using predefined keywords were searched for in PubMed and Google Scholar databases, with predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Compared to controls, patients with narcolepsy are more likely to be obese and have higher BMIs and waist circumferences. According to recent research, weight gain in narcolepsy patients may be higher during the disease’s outset. The precise mechanisms causing this weight gain remains unknown. The available information, albeit limited, does not support differences in basal or resting metabolic rates between patients with narcolepsy and controls, other than during the time of disease onset. The evidence supporting the role of orexin in weight gain in humans with narcolepsy is still controversial, in the literature. Furthermore, the available data did not show any appreciable alterations in the levels of CSF melanin-concentrating hormone, plasma and CSF leptin, or serum growth hormone, in relation to weight gain. Other mechanisms have been proposed, including a reduction in sympathetic tone, hormonal changes, changes in eating behavior and physical activity, and genetic predisposition. The association between increased body mass index and narcolepsy is well-recognized; however, the relationship between narcolepsy and other metabolic measures, such as body fat/muscle distribution and metabolic rate independent of BMI, is not well documented, and the available evidence is inconsistent. Future longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes are needed to assess BMR in patients with narcolepsy under a standard protocol at the outset of narcolepsy, with regular follow-up. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resting Metabolic Rate of Individuals)
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