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Short and Ultra-Short Laser Materials Processing – Advantages and Applications
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Short and Ultra-Short Laser Materials Processing – Advantages and Applications

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 November 2023) | Viewed by 10164

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Anton Rudenko

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0094, USA
Interests: laser-matter interactions; ultrashort laser; nanostructuring; nanophotonics; nonlinear optics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Short and ultra-short lasers have been widely used as the advanced tools for precise and efficient fabrication of micro/nanostructures with unique optical, thermo-mechanical (wettability, tribology, thermal resistance, etc.) and chemical properties, surface microprocessing (including laser welding, cutting, drilling, laser shock peening, laser polishing, and color marking), and micromachining in transparent bulk materials (writing of optical waveguides, Bragg gratings, microfluidic channels, polarization-sensitive elements and optical data storage). The understanding of the involved multi-physical processes from energy deposition, material electronic excitation, heating to laser-induced phase transitions and modifications in different solid materials (metals, semiconductors, glasses, crystals, and polymers) is crucial both from the fundamental point of view and in order to find optimal laser parameters advantageous for specific industrial applications.

It is my pleasure to invite you and your colleagues to submit your manuscripts for this Special Issue focused on the numerous fundamental and practical aspects of materials processing by short and ultra-short lasers for novel emerging applications.

In this Special Issue, original research articles, communications, and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but not limited to) the following subjects:

  • Nano-/microprocessing of solid materials by short and ultra-short lasers;
  • Micromachining in transparent bulk materials;
  • Laser-induced melting and ablation of solid targets;
  • Laser-induced nanoparticle production and synthesis;
  • Nano-/microstructuring of dielectric, semiconductor, and metallic surfaces;
  • Optical, thermo-mechanical, and chemical properties of laser-processed materials;
  • Theoretical and computational modeling of laser-induced modifications.

Looking forward to receiving your contributions,

Dr. Anton Rudenko
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • short and ultra-short laser processing
  • nanostructuring
  • micromachining
  • laser ablation
  • nanomaterials
  • nanoparticle synthesis
  • laser-matter interactions

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 6912 KiB  
Article
Thermodynamical Analysis of the Formation of α-Si Ring Structures on Silicon Surface
by Vygandas Jarutis, Domas Paipulas and Vytautas Jukna
Materials 2023, 16(6), 2205; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062205 - 09 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 989
Abstract
Superficial modifications on silicon wafers produced by single-shot focused femtosecond laser irradiation having a 1030 nm wavelength and 300 fs pulse duration were experimentally and theoretically analyzed. The laser fluence window when the amorphous silicon phase develops, resulting in a ring-like modification shape, [...] Read more.
Superficial modifications on silicon wafers produced by single-shot focused femtosecond laser irradiation having a 1030 nm wavelength and 300 fs pulse duration were experimentally and theoretically analyzed. The laser fluence window when the amorphous silicon phase develops, resulting in a ring-like modification shape, was experimentally estimated to be between 0.26 J/cm2 and 0.40 J/cm2 and was independent of the silicon dopant type and laser focusing conditions; however, the window was narrower when compared to results reported for shorter pulse durations. In addition, we present a simplified numerical model that can explain and predict the formation of these patterns based on the caloric coefficients of silicon and the energy distribution of the deposited material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Short and Ultra-Short Laser Materials Processing – Advantages and Applications)
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13 pages, 9557 KiB  
Article
Study on the Origin and Evolution of Femtosecond Laser-Induced Surface Structures: LIPSS, Quasi-Periodic Grooves, and Aperiodic Micro-Ridges
by Asghar Ali, Piotr Piatkowski and Ali S. Alnaser
Materials 2023, 16(6), 2184; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062184 - 09 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1402
Abstract
We investigate the evolution mechanisms of the laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) and quasi-periodic grooves that are formed on the surface of monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si) when exposed to femtosecond laser radiation of different pulse duration, state of polarization, and fluence. The conditions required [...] Read more.
We investigate the evolution mechanisms of the laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) and quasi-periodic grooves that are formed on the surface of monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si) when exposed to femtosecond laser radiation of different pulse duration, state of polarization, and fluence. The conditions required for producing LIPSS-free complex micro-ridge patterns are elaborated. The LIPSS evolution mechanism is explained in terms of scattering/interference-based phenomena. To establish the basis for our interpretation, single femtosecond pulses of different pulse durations are irradiated on mono-Si. The absence/appearance of LIPSS rudiments is explained in the context of spectral bandwidth and the associated effects on the intensity of the central wavelength. Shorter fs pulses of a wider bandwidth are employed to induce LIPSS-free micro-ridge patterns. It is demonstrated that the resultant micro-ridge patterns depend on the laser fluence distribution and can be manipulated through laser polarization. The curved morphology of LIPSS rudiments and the evolution mechanism of low- and high-spatial frequency LIPSS, i.e., LSFL and HSFL, are discussed. Finally, it is demonstrated that the consolidated quasi-periodic grooves result from HSFL welding together groups of LSFL. Although our findings are based on fs laser interaction with mono-Si, the results can also be applied to many other materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Short and Ultra-Short Laser Materials Processing – Advantages and Applications)
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14 pages, 3579 KiB  
Article
Si-Cr Nano-Alloys Fabricated by Direct Femtosecond Laser Writing
by Jovan Maksimovic, Haoran Mu, Molong Han, Daniel Smith, Tomas Katkus, Vijayakumar Anand, Yoshiaki Nishijima, Soon Hock Ng and Saulius Juodkazis
Materials 2023, 16(5), 1917; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16051917 - 25 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1237
Abstract
Ultra-short 230 fs laser pulses of 515 nm wavelength were tightly focused into 700 nm focal spots and utilised in opening ∼400 nm nano-holes in a Cr etch mask that was tens-of-nm thick. The ablation threshold was found to be 2.3 nJ/pulse, double [...] Read more.
Ultra-short 230 fs laser pulses of 515 nm wavelength were tightly focused into 700 nm focal spots and utilised in opening ∼400 nm nano-holes in a Cr etch mask that was tens-of-nm thick. The ablation threshold was found to be 2.3 nJ/pulse, double that of plain silicon. Nano-holes irradiated with pulse energies below this threshold produced nano-disks, while higher energies produced nano-rings. Both these structures were not removed by either Cr or Si etch solutions. Subtle sub-1 nJ pulse energy control was harnessed to pattern large surface areas with controlled nano-alloying of Si and Cr. This work demonstrates vacuum-free large area patterning of nanolayers by alloying them at distinct locations with sub-diffraction resolution. Such metal masks with nano-hole opening can be used for formation of random patterns of nano-needles with sub-100 nm separation when applied to dry etching of Si. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Short and Ultra-Short Laser Materials Processing – Advantages and Applications)
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0 pages, 7320 KiB  
Article
A Two-Step Femtosecond Laser-Based Deposition of Robust Corrosion-Resistant Molybdenum Oxide Coating
by Asghar Ali, Piotr Piatkowski, Tahir Nawaz, Shahbaz Ahmad, Taleb Ibrahim, Mustafa Khamis and Ali S. Alnaser
Materials 2023, 16(3), 909; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16030909 - 18 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1750
Abstract
A two-step femtosecond-pulsed laser deposition (fs-PLD) process is reported for the rapid development of uniform, poreless, crack-free, and well-adhering amorphous coatings of source materials with a high melting point. The first step comprises a high-rate raw deposition of the source material via fs-PLD, [...] Read more.
A two-step femtosecond-pulsed laser deposition (fs-PLD) process is reported for the rapid development of uniform, poreless, crack-free, and well-adhering amorphous coatings of source materials with a high melting point. The first step comprises a high-rate raw deposition of the source material via fs-PLD, followed by a second step of scanning the raw sample with fs laser pulses of optimized fluence and scan parameters. The technique is applied to develop substoichiometric molybdenum oxide (MoOx, x < 3) coatings on mild steel. The thickness of the layer was ~4.25 μm with roughness around 0.27 μm. Comprehensive surface characterization reveals highly uniform and relatively moderate roughness coatings, implying the potential of these films as robust corrosion-resistant coats. Corrosion measurements in an aqueous NaCl environment revealed that the coated mild steel samples possess an average corrosion inhibition efficiency of around 95% relative to polished mild steel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Short and Ultra-Short Laser Materials Processing – Advantages and Applications)
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8 pages, 9958 KiB  
Article
Ultrafast Cylindrical Vector Beams for Improved Energy Feedthrough and Low Roughness Surface Ablation of Metals
by David Pallarés-Aldeiturriaga, Alain Abou Khalil, Jean-Philippe Colombier, Razvan Stoian and Xxx Sedao
Materials 2023, 16(1), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010176 - 25 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1054
Abstract
The use of ultrafast cylindrical vector vortex beams in laser–matter interactions permits new ablation features to be harnessed from inhomogeneous distributions of polarization and beam geometry. As a consequence, the ablation process can yield higher ablation efficiency compared with conventional Gaussian beams. These [...] Read more.
The use of ultrafast cylindrical vector vortex beams in laser–matter interactions permits new ablation features to be harnessed from inhomogeneous distributions of polarization and beam geometry. As a consequence, the ablation process can yield higher ablation efficiency compared with conventional Gaussian beams. These beams prevent surface quality degradation during the ablative processes. When processing stainless steel and titanium, the average surface roughness obtained by deploying the cylindrical vector is up to 94% lower than the Gaussian case, and the processing efficiency is 80% higher. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Short and Ultra-Short Laser Materials Processing – Advantages and Applications)
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13 pages, 2985 KiB  
Article
Microparticles of High Entropy Alloys Made by Laser-Induced Forward Transfer
by Molong Han, Ashok Meghwal, Soon Hock Ng, Daniel Smith, Haoran Mu, Tomas Katkus, De Ming Zhu, Reiza Mukhlis, Jitraporn Vongsvivut, Christopher C. Berndt, Andrew S. M. Ang and Saulius Juodkazis
Materials 2022, 15(22), 8063; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15228063 - 15 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1369
Abstract
The controlled deposition of CoCrFeNiMo0.2 high-entropy alloy (HEA) microparticles was achieved by using laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT). Ultra-short laser pulses of 230 fs of 515 nm wavelength were tightly focused into ∼2.4 μm focal spots on the ∼50-nm thick plasma-sputtered films of [...] Read more.
The controlled deposition of CoCrFeNiMo0.2 high-entropy alloy (HEA) microparticles was achieved by using laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT). Ultra-short laser pulses of 230 fs of 515 nm wavelength were tightly focused into ∼2.4 μm focal spots on the ∼50-nm thick plasma-sputtered films of CoCrFeNiMo0.2. The morphology of HEA microparticles can be controlled at different fluences. The HEA films were transferred onto glass substrates by magnetron sputtering in a vacuum (10−8 atm) from the thermal spray-coated substrates. The absorption coefficient of CoCrFeNiMo0.2α≈6×105 cm−1 was determined at 600-nm wavelength. The real and imaginary parts of the refractive index (n+iκ) of HEA were determined from reflectance and transmittance by using nanofilms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Short and Ultra-Short Laser Materials Processing – Advantages and Applications)
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17 pages, 4261 KiB  
Article
Influence of Heat Accumulation on Morphology Debris Deposition and Wetting of LIPSS on Steel upon High Repetition Rate Femtosecond Pulses Irradiation
by Camilo Florian, Yasser Fuentes-Edfuf, Evangelos Skoulas, Emmanuel Stratakis, Santiago Sanchez-Cortes, Javier Solis and Jan Siegel
Materials 2022, 15(21), 7468; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217468 - 25 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1135
Abstract
The fabrication of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) over extended areas at high processing speeds requires the use of high repetition rate femtosecond lasers. It is known that industrially relevant materials such as steel experience heat accumulation when irradiated at repetition rates above [...] Read more.
The fabrication of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) over extended areas at high processing speeds requires the use of high repetition rate femtosecond lasers. It is known that industrially relevant materials such as steel experience heat accumulation when irradiated at repetition rates above some hundreds of kHz, and significant debris redeposition can take place. However, there are few studies on how the laser repetition rate influences both the debris deposition and the final LIPSS morphology. In this work, we present a study of fs laser-induced fabrication of low spatial frequency LIPSS (LSFL), with pulse repetition rates ranging from 10 kHz to 2 MHz on commercially available steel. The morphology of the laser-structured areas as well as the redeposited debris was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and µ-Raman spectroscopy. To identify repetition rate ranges where heat accumulation is present during the irradiations, we developed a simple heat accumulation model that solves the heat equation in 1 dimension implementing a Forward differencing in Time and Central differencing in Space (FTCS) scheme. Contact angle measurements with water demonstrated the influence of heat accumulation and debris on the functional wetting behavior. The findings are directly relevant for the processing of metals using high repetition rate femtosecond lasers, enabling the identification of optimum conditions in terms of desired morphology, functionality, and throughput. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Short and Ultra-Short Laser Materials Processing – Advantages and Applications)
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