Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
5.2
3.4
Journals
Materials
Special Issues
Manufacturing Technology, Materials and Methods
materials-logo
Submit to Materials Review for Materials Propose a Special Issue

Journal Menu

► Journal Menu

Journal Browser

► Journal Browser
share announcement

Manufacturing Technology, Materials and Methods

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Manufacturing Processes and Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 August 2023) | Viewed by 25276

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Antun Stoić

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Mechanical Engineering Faculty, University of Slavonski Brod, 35000 Slavonski Brod, Croatia
Interests: machining technologies; machine tools; process monitoring; cutting tools and accessories, machinability
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Rafał Gołębski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Technology and Automation, Częstochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
Interests: manufacturing technology; machining; CNC machine tools; gears technology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Manufacturing technologies accompany human beings in many spheres of life. The aim of continuous improvement of products manufactured with various technologies is to achieve production sustainability and cost-effective manufacturing. Knowledge about the processes, materials, and technologies used, as well as the evaluation of the phenomena arising in the process and their impact on the technology approach used is an important feature in the entire production chain.

This Special Issue of Materials deals with analyses applied in various manufacturing technologies, studies of the phenomena accompanying manufacturing processes, as well the use of engineering tools in manufacturing processes.

Your contributions could be of great importance for understanding and solving challenges facing exerts and researchers daily. Manuscripts should be related to the machining of metals and alloys, cold metal processing, welding, production and analysis of polymers and composites, issues related to the research of tools and tooling systems, topics related to surface engineering, coordinate measuring, reverse engineering, as well as accompanying phenomena manufacturing processes such as friction and wear.

It is our pleasure to invite you to submit a manuscript for this Special Issue of the Materials. Articles, reviews, and communications are also all welcome.

Prof. Dr. Antun Stoić
Dr. Rafał Gołębski
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • machining of metals and alloys
  • cold metal processing
  • polymers and composites processing
  • welding
  • tools and tooling systems
  • surface engineering
  • coordinate measuring
  • wear and friction
  • reverse engineering

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (16 papers)

Download All Papers
Order results
Result details
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

Jump to: Review

14 pages, 4745 KiB  
Article
Influence of the Resin System and Sand Type on the Infiltration of 3D-Printed Sand Tools
by Patricia Erhard, Iman Taha and Daniel Günther
Materials 2023, 16(16), 5549; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16165549 - 9 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1026
Abstract
Binder jetting is a highly productive additive manufacturing (AM) method for porous parts. Due to its cost-effectiveness, it is used for large components and quantities ranging from prototyping to series production. Post-processing steps like sintering or infiltration are common in several applications to [...] Read more.
Binder jetting is a highly productive additive manufacturing (AM) method for porous parts. Due to its cost-effectiveness, it is used for large components and quantities ranging from prototyping to series production. Post-processing steps like sintering or infiltration are common in several applications to achieve high density and strength. This work investigates how 3D-printed sand molds can be infiltrated with epoxy resins without vacuum assistance to produce high-strength molds for thermoforming applications. Specimens 3D-printed from different sand types are infiltrated with resins of different viscosity and analyzed for infiltration velocity and depth. The infiltration velocities corresponded well with the correlation described in Washburn’s equation: The resins’ viscosities and the saturation level were decisive. Amongst the investigated sand types commonly used in foundries, sand type GS19 was found most suitable for infiltration. However, the sand type proved to be a less relevant influencing factor than the resins’ viscosities and quantities applied. Infiltration of topology-optimized 3D-printed sand tools up to a wall thickness of 20 mm for thermoforming applications was found to be feasible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing Technology, Materials and Methods)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 5376 KiB  
Article
Application of Metal Shielding Materials to Protect Buildings Occupants from Exposure to the Electromagnetic Fields
by Ervin Lumnitzer, Elena Lukac Jurgovska, Miriam Andrejiova and Ruzena Kralikova
Materials 2023, 16(15), 5438; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16155438 - 3 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 774
Abstract
In recent decades, the background level of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) has increased extremely. One of the decisive factors influencing this increase is the increase in the quality, volume, and speed of voice and data services of mobile operators. This paper deals with the [...] Read more.
In recent decades, the background level of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) has increased extremely. One of the decisive factors influencing this increase is the increase in the quality, volume, and speed of voice and data services of mobile operators. This paper deals with the protection of the internal environment from the negative effects of EMFs through elements made of metal materials that absorb this radiation. For the purposes of this research, a series of measurements were carried out on individual days of the week and hours during the day. The results of the measurements were evaluated by the ANOVA method. The aim was to obtain a summary overview of the effects of electromagnetic fields and propose measures for their elimination in the interior. Therefore, measurements of electromagnetic fields were also carried out using shielding elements made of various metal materials, and a comparison of their shielding efficiency was subsequently made. Applications of shading blinds with the highest shading efficiency were recommended to increase safety, protect people’s health from its effects, and prevent electromagnetic fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing Technology, Materials and Methods)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 6319 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Cutting Fluid Incidence Angle Direction in Turning Grade 5 ELI Titanium Alloy under High-Pressure Cooling Conditions
by Grzegorz Struzikiewicz
Materials 2023, 16(15), 5371; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16155371 - 31 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 599
Abstract
The use of high-pressure cooling (HPC) in machining can increase the efficiency and improve process stability through more effective breaking and chip evacuation. Turning tests of the Grade 5 ELI titanium alloy were carried out using cemented carbide tools and taking into account [...] Read more.
The use of high-pressure cooling (HPC) in machining can increase the efficiency and improve process stability through more effective breaking and chip evacuation. Turning tests of the Grade 5 ELI titanium alloy were carried out using cemented carbide tools and taking into account the direction of feeding of the cutting liquid. Measurements of the components of the total cutting force were carried out for feeds in the range f = <0.08; 0.13> mm/rev and two angular settings (i.e., angle α = <30°; 90°> and β = <0°; 60°>) of the nozzle. The chip breakage coefficient was determined. It was shown that the cutting force values depended on the feed value, and the angle of feeding of the cutting fluid did not significantly affect the values of the cutting forces. Despite the different forms of chips obtained, the applied method of searching for the best conditions was unsuccessful and no significant effect on the values of the chip breaking coefficient Cch was observed. To determine the best nozzle setting, it is useful to determine the working area of the chip breaker. Due to the shape of the chip, the optimal angular setting for the nozzle that supplied the cutting fluid was α = 60° and β = 30°. In addition, it was observed that the angle of incidence of the cutting fluid jet could affect the chip formation process and support the chip cracking process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing Technology, Materials and Methods)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 5715 KiB  
Article
Development of an Instantaneous Loading Impact Test System for Containment of a Nuclear Power Plant during Aircraft Impact on Steel Bar Joints
by Wanxu Zhu, Shiyuan Liang, Kefei Jia, Quanxi Shen and Dongwen Wu
Materials 2023, 16(10), 3892; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16103892 - 22 May 2023
Viewed by 1521
Abstract
As major projects such as nuclear power plants continuously increase, it is inevitable that loopholes will arise in safety precautions. Airplane anchoring structures, comprising steel joints and acting as a key component of such a major project, directly affect the safety of the [...] Read more.
As major projects such as nuclear power plants continuously increase, it is inevitable that loopholes will arise in safety precautions. Airplane anchoring structures, comprising steel joints and acting as a key component of such a major project, directly affect the safety of the project due to their resistance to the instant impact of an airplane. Existing impact testing machines have the limitations of being unable to balance impact velocity and impact force, as well as having inadequate control of impact velocity; they cannot meet the requirements of impact testing for steel mechanical connections in nuclear power plants. This paper discusses the hydraulic-based principle of the impact test system, adopts the hydraulic control mode, and uses the accumulator as the power source to develop an instant loading test system suitable for the entire series of steel joints and small-scale cable impact tests. The system is equipped with a 2000 kN static-pressure-supported high-speed servo linear actuator, a 2 × 22 kW oil pump motor group, a 2.2 kW high-pressure oil pump motor group, and a 9000 L/min nitrogen-charging accumulator group, which can test the impact of large-tonnage instant tensile loading. The maximum impact force of the system is 2000 kN, and the maximum impact rate is 1.5 m/s. Through the impact testing of mechanical connecting components using the developed impact test system, it was found that the strain rate of the specimen before failure was not less than 1 s−1, meeting the requirements of the technical specifications for nuclear power plants. By adjusting the working pressure of the accumulator group, the impact rate could be controlled effectively, thus providing a strong experimental platform for research in the field of engineering for preventing emergencies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing Technology, Materials and Methods)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 9999 KiB  
Article
Tool Wear Mechanism and Grinding Performance for Different Cooling-Lubrication Modes in Grinding of Nickel-Based Superalloys
by Chunyou Liang, Yadong Gong, Linhu Zhou, Yang Qi, Huan Zhang and Jibin Zhao
Materials 2023, 16(9), 3545; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093545 - 5 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1674
Abstract
Tool wear introduced during grinding nickel-based superalloys was identified as a significant factor affecting the production quality of aero-engine industries concerning high service performance and high precision. Moreover, uncertainties derived from the various cooling-lubrication modes used in grinding operations complicated the assessment of [...] Read more.
Tool wear introduced during grinding nickel-based superalloys was identified as a significant factor affecting the production quality of aero-engine industries concerning high service performance and high precision. Moreover, uncertainties derived from the various cooling-lubrication modes used in grinding operations complicated the assessment of grinding preformation. Therefore, this work investigated the tool wear mechanisms in grinding nickel-based superalloys that adopted five cooling-lubrication modes and investigated how the wear behaviors affected grinding performance. Results showed that chip-deposits covered some areas on the tool surface under dry grinding and accelerated the tool failure, which produced the highest values of tangential force, 7.46 N, and normal force, 14.1 N. Wedge-shape fractures induced by indentation fatigue were found to be the predominant wear mechanism when grinding nickel-based superalloys under flood cooling mode. The application of minimum quantity lubrication-palm oil (MQL-PO), MQL-multilayer graphene (MQL-MG), and MQL-Al2O3 nanoparticles (MQL-Al2O3) formed lubricity oil-film on the tool surface, which improved the capacity of lubrication in the tool–workpiece contact zone and provided 37%, 30%, and 52% higher coefficient of friction than dry mode, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate that lubricated oil-film produced by MQL modes reduces the possibility of fractures of cubic boron nitride (CBN) grits to some extent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing Technology, Materials and Methods)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 6200 KiB  
Article
Modelling of the Face-Milling Process by Toroidal Cutter
by Marcin Płodzień, Łukasz Żyłka and Antun Stoić
Materials 2023, 16(7), 2829; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072829 - 2 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1238
Abstract
When face milling using a toroidal cutter, with a change in the depth of the cut, the entering angle varies as well. An experimental test of the influence of cutting parameters, such as the depth of the cut and the feed per tooth [...] Read more.
When face milling using a toroidal cutter, with a change in the depth of the cut, the entering angle varies as well. An experimental test of the influence of cutting parameters, such as the depth of the cut and the feed per tooth on the cutting force components and surface roughness parameters, was conducted. The experimental test was carried out using a DMU 100 monoBLOCK CNC machine with registration of cutting force components and surface roughness parameters Ra, Rz, and RSm. FEM analysis of the face-milling process was also carried out and compared with the experimental results. The average deviation of the FEM values for cutting force components does not exceed 12%. Experimental models were established for each force component. It was shown that the depth of the cut has the strongest influence on each force component. The feed per tooth has a little impact on the cutting force. The obtained model of the feed force component is the most complex, and the model of the Fa component is only linear. The influence of the ap parameter on the surface roughness parameters is nonlinear and nonmonotonic. In the range of approx. ap = 2 mm, there is a maximum surface roughness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing Technology, Materials and Methods)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 5849 KiB  
Article
Determination of Optimal Line-Heating Conditions for Flatness Control of Wind Tower Blocks Using Strain as Direct Boundary Method
by Hee-Chan Yoon, Hun-Bong Lim, Hong-Jun Noh, Young-Hwan Han, Jae-Chul Lee and Hyun-Ik Yang
Materials 2022, 15(22), 7962; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15227962 - 10 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1544
Abstract
The wind tower block is welded with the flange to assemble the wind tower. The inherent strain due to local heating and cooling of the weld affects the flatness of the flange. Therefore, line heating is performed to satisfy the design criteria of [...] Read more.
The wind tower block is welded with the flange to assemble the wind tower. The inherent strain due to local heating and cooling of the weld affects the flatness of the flange. Therefore, line heating is performed to satisfy the design criteria of the flange flatness, but the work variables depend on the operator’s empirical judgment. This study proposed a method to determine the optimum linear heating conditions to control the welded flatness of wind tower blocks and flanges. A proposed method uses the inherent strain method, a simple analysis method, and the optimization is performed based on the deformation superposition method. The changes in flange flatness due to welding and single-point heating were calculated. Then, the flatness change due to single-point heating is superimposed with a scale factor, which represents the magnitude of line heating, and is added to the flatness change due to welding. Using the optimization procedure, the line heating conditions used to derive the flatness that satisfies the design criteria were derived and applied to the analytical model for verification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing Technology, Materials and Methods)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 21692 KiB  
Article
Technology of Manufacturing of ZC Cylindrical Worm
by Piotr Boral and Rafał Gołębski
Materials 2022, 15(18), 6412; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15186412 - 15 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1551
Abstract
Cylindrical worms are generally machined by the hobbing method using rotary tools, and they are formed in the finishing pass at the full profile height. In this case, the profile of the tool-action surface determines the profile of the machined surface, and for [...] Read more.
Cylindrical worms are generally machined by the hobbing method using rotary tools, and they are formed in the finishing pass at the full profile height. In this case, the profile of the tool-action surface determines the profile of the machined surface, and for technological reasons, a rectilinear (less frequently circular) axial profile of the tool-action surface is generally assumed. In the currently known technology, machining takes place on special machine tools, and on tools that are specially prepared for a specific outline. The research objective of the article is to present the possibility of creating a helical surface with a circular concave profile on a CNC lathe with a universal tool: a ball-end mill cutter. In the case of the proposed processing method, the surface of the worm is shaped with a spherical-end mill cutter in many passes, and its shape depends on the setting of the tool. This machining method must be performed on CNC machines, and the tool is not geometrically related to the shape of the machined profile. The paper presents the mathematical apparatus for generating a concave helical surface. Based on the calculations, the worm was processed with a spherical-end mill on a CLX350 V4 DMG MORI turning machining center. The surface-quality analysis was carried out on a contact profilographometer, while the dimensional accuracy was verified on a coordinate-measuring machine, and the maximum tolerance field of the measurement was 13 μm. On the basis of the measurements made, the accuracy of the worm outline is consistent with the theoretical assumptions. Using the presented method of machining, we can shape helical surfaces with an assumed profile in the axial section on a CNC machine tool with the use of universal tools. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing Technology, Materials and Methods)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 7004 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Properties Enhancement of Dissimilar AA6061-T6 and AA7075-T651 Friction Stir Welds Coupled with Deep Rolling Process
by Pisit Kaewkham, Wasawat Nakkiew and Adirek Baisukhan
Materials 2022, 15(18), 6275; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15186275 - 9 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1282
Abstract
The main purpose of this research was to enhance the mechanical properties of friction stir welds (FSW) in the dissimilar aluminum alloys 6061-T6 and 7075-T651. The welded workpiece has tensile residual stress due to the influence of the thermal conductivity of dissimilar materials, [...] Read more.
The main purpose of this research was to enhance the mechanical properties of friction stir welds (FSW) in the dissimilar aluminum alloys 6061-T6 and 7075-T651. The welded workpiece has tensile residual stress due to the influence of the thermal conductivity of dissimilar materials, resulting in crack initiation and less fatigue strength. The experiment started from the FSW process using the 2k full factorial with the response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) to investigate three factors. The experiment found that the optimal rotation speed and feed rate values were 979 and 65 mm/min, respectively. Then, the post-weld heat treatment process (PWHT) was applied. Following this, the 2k full factorial was used to investigate four factors involved in the deep rolling process (DR). The experiment found that the optimal deep rolling pressure and deep rolling offset values were 300 bar and 0.2 mm, respectively. Moreover, mechanical property testing was performed with a sequence of four design types of workpieces: FSW, FSW-PWHT, FSW-DR, and FSW-PWHT-DR. It was found that the FSW-PWHT-DR workpiece had an increase in tensile strength of up to 26.29% and increase in fatigue life of up to 129.47% when compared with the FSW workpieces, as well as a maximum compressive residual stress of −414 MPa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing Technology, Materials and Methods)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 36257 KiB  
Article
Cutting of Diamond Substrate Using Fixed Diamond Grain Saw Wire
by Osamu Kamiya, Mamoru Takahashi, Yasuyuki Miyano, Shinichi Ito, Masanobu Nakatsu, Hiroyuki Mizuma, Yuichi Iwama, Kenji Murata, Junpei Nanao, Makoto Kawano, Arata Maisawa and Takashi Kazumi
Materials 2022, 15(16), 5524; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165524 - 11 Aug 2022
Viewed by 1449
Abstract
This study demonstrates that a single-crystal diamond substrate can be cut along designed lines using the diamond-saw-wire cutting method. We developed an original saw-wire fixed diamond-grain using a bronze solder with a high melting temperature. We created a unique product machine system with [...] Read more.
This study demonstrates that a single-crystal diamond substrate can be cut along designed lines using the diamond-saw-wire cutting method. We developed an original saw-wire fixed diamond-grain using a bronze solder with a high melting temperature. We created a unique product machine system with a high vacuum furnace and a bronze solder that contains a metallic compound. The diamond cutting mechanism employed in this study is based on the mild wear phenomenon, owing to the friction between the diamond surfaces. A linear relationship between the cutting length and wire feed distance was observed. The relationship can be approximated as y = 0.3622x, where y (μm) is the cutting depth and x (km) is the wire feed distance. The life of the saw-wire was longer than that of the 6000 km wire feed distance and was tested by reciprocating an 8-m short wire at a speed, tension, and cutting force of 150 m/min, 1 N, and 0.2 N, respectively. A single crystal diamond substrate could be cut along the designed line, which was more than 2 mm long. The cutting speed was maintained constant at 0.36 μm/km. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing Technology, Materials and Methods)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 33875 KiB  
Article
Study on Characteristics for Reaming Titanium Alloy Ti6Al4V with Two Kinds of Cemented-Carbide Groove Reamers
by Yongqiang Zhang, Yongguo Wang and Zhanlong Han
Materials 2022, 15(14), 5027; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15145027 - 19 Jul 2022
Viewed by 1339
Abstract
Titanium alloys have been extensively used in practical machining owing to their outstanding mechanical properties, high specific strength and low thermal deformation. In this study, the cutting experiments are carried out on Ti6Al4V material with right-hand and straight cemented-carbide groove reamers. The experimental [...] Read more.
Titanium alloys have been extensively used in practical machining owing to their outstanding mechanical properties, high specific strength and low thermal deformation. In this study, the cutting experiments are carried out on Ti6Al4V material with right-hand and straight cemented-carbide groove reamers. The experimental results show that the cutting force with the right-hand reamer is smaller compared to straight groove reamer due to the groove structure. The main tool wear forms are micro-chipping, adhesive wear, abrasive wear, and coating falling off on the right-hand reamer, while there is a built-up edge and serious damage failure on the cutting edge of the straight groove reamer. Notch wear and pitting on the surface of the hole wall are mainly caused by chip adhesion and tool wear. The surface-roughness value is the lowest as the cutting speed is 60 m/min and the feed rate is 0.4 mm/rev. The holes machined by the right-hand reamer have a low hole diameter deviation with various cutting parameters. The geometric accuracy of cylindricity is higher as the feed rate is 0.4 mm/rev and the cutting speed is 40 m/min for both kinds of reamers, and the cylindricity is better with the right-hand reamer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing Technology, Materials and Methods)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 3154 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Technological Heredity in the Production of Rolling Bearing Rings Made of AISI 52100 Steel Based on Waviness Measurements
by Paweł Zmarzły
Materials 2022, 15(11), 3959; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113959 - 2 Jun 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1541
Abstract
The production of rolling bearings is a complicated process that requires the use of many operations. The manufactured elements of rolling bearings should be of high quality while minimizing production costs. Despite many research studies related to the analysis of technological processes, there [...] Read more.
The production of rolling bearings is a complicated process that requires the use of many operations. The manufactured elements of rolling bearings should be of high quality while minimizing production costs. Despite many research studies related to the analysis of technological processes, there is still a lack of research and tools allowing us to satisfactorily assess the relationships between individual operations of the rolling bearing ring process of production and the quality. To perform such an assessment, one can use the concept of technological heredity phenomenon analysis. As the surface waviness of the bearing race is of key importance, the present paper aims at evaluating how the individual technological operations of the rolling bearing ring production process affect the formation of their surface waviness. The surface waviness of the bearing race was measured in both directions (two sections), i.e., along the circumference using the Talyrond 365 measurement system and across the circumference of the race using Talysurf PGI. The production of 6308-2z rolling bearings made of AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute) 52100 bearing steel was analyzed. The occurrence of the phenomenon of technological heredity in the production of rolling bearings was observed. The research results indicate that the turning operation reduces the surface waviness of the bearing rings obtained after forging, while the heat treatment causes a slight increase in surface waviness. On the other hand, grinding operation significantly reduces the waviness, with this reduction being greater for the outer ring. Furthermore, the research has shown that the waviness of the surface is an inheritance factor caused by individual operations of the rolling bearing rings manufacturing process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing Technology, Materials and Methods)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

22 pages, 4808 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Boride Layers on C70W2 Steel Using a New Approach to Characterization of Boride Layers
by Andrijana Milinović, Josip Stojšić, Ivica Kladarić and Božidar Matijević
Materials 2022, 15(11), 3891; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113891 - 30 May 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1426
Abstract
In this study, boride layers on C70W2 steel, obtained by boronizing at temperatures ranging from 870 to 970 °C and durations from 4 to 8 h, were investigated. The characterization of the layers was carried out using a new approach based on the [...] Read more.
In this study, boride layers on C70W2 steel, obtained by boronizing at temperatures ranging from 870 to 970 °C and durations from 4 to 8 h, were investigated. The characterization of the layers was carried out using a new approach based on the change in the volume fraction of the boride phase. Analysis of the change in volume fraction showed that an increase in temperature and duration resulted in thicker layers, with temperature having a greater influence. Based on the volume fraction of the boride phase, the layer is divided into compact and toothed parts. With increasing temperature, the thicknesses of both parts of the layer increased. The thickness of the toothed part was the highest after 6 h of boronizing and further prolongation of boronizing led to a decrease in the thickness. Regression equations were estimated for the prediction of the volume fraction of the boride phase, the thickness of the compact part, and that of the toothed part of the boride layer as a function of the boronizing parameters. This study has shown that characterization based on the volume fraction of the boride phase offers advantages over the conventional method based on the average thickness of the layer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing Technology, Materials and Methods)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 11627 KiB  
Article
Influence of the Tool Cutting Edge Helix Angle on the Surface Roughness after Finish Milling of Magnesium Alloys
by Ireneusz Zagórski, Anna Szczepaniak, Monika Kulisz and Jarosław Korpysa
Materials 2022, 15(9), 3184; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093184 - 28 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1534
Abstract
This paper shows the surface quality results after finishing milling of AZ91D and AZ31 magnesium alloys. The study was performed for variable technological parameters: cutting speed, feed per tooth, axial depth of cut and radial depth of cut. The tools used in the [...] Read more.
This paper shows the surface quality results after finishing milling of AZ91D and AZ31 magnesium alloys. The study was performed for variable technological parameters: cutting speed, feed per tooth, axial depth of cut and radial depth of cut. The tools used in the study were two carbide cutters with a different tool cutting edge helix angle. The measurement of the research results presented the surface roughness parameters was made on the lateral faces and the end faces of the specimens. Statistical analysis and simulations using artificial neural networks were carried out with the Statistica software. The normality of the distribution was examined, and the hypotheses of the equality of mean values and variance were verified. For the AZ91D magnesium alloy on the lateral and the end faces (Ra, Rz parameters), simulations were carried out. Two types of ANN were used: MLP (Multi-layered perceptron) and RBF (Radial Basis Function). To increase the machining stability and to obtain a high surface finish, the more suitable tool for finishing milling is the tool with a helix angle of λs = 20°. Artificial neural networks have been shown to be a good tool for predicting surface roughness parameters of magnesium alloys after finishing milling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing Technology, Materials and Methods)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 6718 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Synchropulsed MIG Welding Process Parameters for Welding of AW 5083 Sheets
by Leon Maglić, Dejan Marić, Tomislav Šolić and Ivan Samardžić
Materials 2022, 15(9), 3078; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093078 - 23 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1603
Abstract
Metal inert gas (MIG) welding is one of the processes most commonly used for joining metals, especially for joining aluminum and its alloys. The application of a pulsed current in an electric arc allows better controllability of the molten droplets and the arc [...] Read more.
Metal inert gas (MIG) welding is one of the processes most commonly used for joining metals, especially for joining aluminum and its alloys. The application of a pulsed current in an electric arc allows better controllability of the molten droplets and the arc transition, which subsequently leads to welds with characteristic flaky joints of better quality. In this paper, the optimization of parameters for welding aluminum alloys using the synchropulse welding process is investigated. By observing the input variables that have the greatest influence on the change in appearance of the welding current characteristics (delta wire feed from 0.1 to 6.0 m/min, frequency F from 0.5 to 3 Hz, duty cycle from 10% to 90%), it is possible to perform an optimization to achieve the desired output values. The output variables of the experiments are defined as insufficient/excessive throat thickness (mm), depth of penetration (mm), and weld width (mm); and for the desired quality of the welded joint the most acceptable range of its values is selected, the numerical optimization implementation. The experiment has shown that the delta wire feed has the greatest effect on the observed properties, while the influence of frequency F and duty cycle is somewhat smaller, but the factors responsible for the observed output properties are still significant. From all this, it is possible to select specific values of these input variables to define the best possible observed properties and to determine the characteristics of the defined mathematical models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing Technology, Materials and Methods)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research

29 pages, 5391 KiB  
Review
Advanced Injection Molding Methods: Review
by Mateusz Czepiel, Magdalena Bańkosz and Agnieszka Sobczak-Kupiec
Materials 2023, 16(17), 5802; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16175802 - 24 Aug 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3658
Abstract
Injection molding is a method commonly used to manufacture plastic products. This technology makes it possible to obtain products of specially designed shape and size. In addition, the developed mold allows for repeated and repeatable production of selected plastic parts. Over the years, [...] Read more.
Injection molding is a method commonly used to manufacture plastic products. This technology makes it possible to obtain products of specially designed shape and size. In addition, the developed mold allows for repeated and repeatable production of selected plastic parts. Over the years, this technology grew in importance, and nowadays, products produced by injection molding are used in almost every field of industry. This paper is a review and provides information on recent research reports in the field of modern injection molding techniques. Selected plastics most commonly processed by this technique are discussed. Next, the chosen types of this technique are presented, along with a discussion of the parameters that affect performance and process flow. Depending on the proposed method, the influence of various factors on the quality and yield of the obtained products was analyzed. Nowadays, the link between these two properties is extremely important. The work presented in the article refers to research aimed at modifying injection molding methods enabling high product quality with high productivity at the same time. An important role is also played by lowering production costs and reducing the negative impact on the environment. The review discusses modern injection molding technologies, the development of which is constantly progressing. Finally, the impact of the technology on the ecological environment is discussed and the perspectives of the process were presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing Technology, Materials and Methods)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
 
Displaying articles 1-16
Back to TopTop