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A special issue of Machines (ISSN 2075-1702). This special issue belongs to the section "Electrical Machines and Drives".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2022) | Viewed by 25263

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Hady H. Fayek

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Guest Editor

Electromechanics Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
Interests: smart grids; 100% renewable energy systems; power system control; microgrids and water energy food nexus
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Christoph M. Hackl

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Guest Editor

Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Munich University of Applied Sciences (MUAS), 80335 Munich, Germany
Interests: modeling; control; efficiency enhancements; fault detection and condition monitoring of mechatronic and renewable energy systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The current industrial revolution requires a high level of control and efficiency in electrical machines. Additionally, the electrification of many types of equipment and machines such as vehicles requires very high power electronics capabilities. In light of the two aforementioned facts, IEEE Industrial Electronics Egypt, Guadalajara, and its joint Austria chapter are organizing a conference to study the advances in electrical machines, drives, and vehicles. In relation to the conference, we are also organizing a Special Issue targeting cutting-edge research on this topical issue.

Topics may include, but are not limited to, the following themes:

Power management in electrical machines;
Modern electrical drives;
Power electronics and control in electric vehicles;
Optimization in electric vehicles operation;
IoT in EV applications;
Modern control of electrical machines;
Electrical machines and power electronics advances in renewable energy systems;
Digital twin of complex machines and drives systems;
Novel power electronics applications in motors operations and industry;
Role of modern electric drives in 4th and 5th industry revolutions.

Dr. Hady H. Fayek
Prof. Dr. Christoph M. Hackl
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Machines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Electrical machines
Electrical drives
Electric vehicles
Power electronics applications

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 7449 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Speed Tracking for IFOC Induction Motor Speed Control Using Hybrid Sensorless Speed Estimator Based on Flux Error for Electric Vehicles Application

by Muhamad Syazmie Sepeeh, Shamsul Aizam Zulkifli, Sy Yi Sim, Huang-Jen Chiu and Mohd Zamri Che Wanik

Machines 2022, 10(11), 1089; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10111089 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1343

Abstract

This paper presents hybrid sensorless speed tracking by an indirect field-oriented control (IFOC) for an induction motor (IM). The sensorless model is based on an improved virtual estimation topology model to predict the virtual speed and flux of the IM using stator current components. The hybrid sensorless model, defined as a modification of voltage with a rotor flux-oriented current model, was also implemented with proportional-integral (PI) control for comparison with the conventional voltage model (CVM). The suggested adaptive mechanism for PI control in the hybrid estimator was able to compensate for the back-EMF error from the rotor flux-oriented current model into the voltage model and change the air gap flux of the IM. An accurate rotor flux position was estimated and used to estimate the speed with low speed error. This IFOC model, with various speed change references, was tested in a simulation environment by using the MATLAB/Simulink program. The proposed hybrid estimator was tested in two different EV operations, which were reverse and forward operations. The effectiveness of the proposed estimator was analyzed for its transient and steady-state performances based on settling time, recovery time and the overshoot and speed error percentages. All the results were in good agreement in terms of the stability of the speed and current controller with minimum speed error obtained, where the average errors were 0.08% and 0.16% for high speed and lower speed, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Machines, Drives and Vehicles)

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17 pages, 9907 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Current Harmonic Suppression of BLDC Motor Utilizing Frequency Adaptive Repetitive Controller

by Tianqing Yuan and Yupeng Zhang

Machines 2022, 10(11), 1071; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10111071 - 12 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1434

Abstract

Compared to the proportional-integral strategy, the repetitive control strategy possesses high suppression ability for the alternating current (AC) harmonics of control signals. Thus, RC controllers are widely used in closed-loop control systems to suppress the periodic harmonics. In order to further improve the brushless DC (BLDC) motor operation performance, a frequency adaptive repetitive controller (FARC) is proposed, and then a novel current loop scheme that concatenation of proportional-integral controller (PIC) and FARC controller is established in this paper. Firstly, due to the real sampling number of the delay element in the BLDC, the motor control system may not be an integer, the designing process of the FARC parameters was studied, and an adaptive internal model controller and a novel decomposition rule for FARC were designed based on Lagrange interpolation theory. Secondly, the PIC parameters were analyzed through three-dimensional and two-dimensional images of the frequency characteristics. Furthermore, a composite controller that added a forward channel in the novel current loop was proposed, and the stability of the control system used the composite controller was analyzed through Lyapunov theory. It should be noted that the analysis of FARC mainly focused on the simplified structure and the parameter optimization, which is usually ignored in the previous studies. Finally, the BLDC motor control system model was established through Matlab/Simulink software, and the operation performances of the BLDC motor control system utilizing different current loop controllers were studied. The simulation results show that the proposed FARC can reduce current distortion and torque ripples, thus, the BLDC motor operation performances can be improved effectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Machines, Drives and Vehicles)

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17 pages, 13083 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficiency Analysis of Axial Flux SynRM in Variable Speed Applications

by Mehmet Akar, Mustafa Eker, Mustafa Özsoy and Harun Serhat Gerçekçioğlu

Machines 2022, 10(10), 838; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10100838 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2418

Abstract

Electrical machines find their place in every field, such as industrial, transportation, home, and commercial sectors. The suitability of the electrical machine for the area in which it will be used is important in terms of energy efficiency. The selection of the motor to be used for variable speed applications such as electric vehicles is also very important. Torque and power are the determining factors in the required speed/torque or speed/power combination for electric vehicles. For this reason, the efficiency map of the motor to be used in electric vehicles should be known in detail. In this study, due to its advantages such as its lighter structure, absence of magnet, and rotor winding loss, among others, the Axial Flux Synchronous Reluctance Motor (AF-SynRM) was preferred, and it was aimed at creating an efficiency map. The motor parameters for the determined speed/torque combinations were first obtained with FEM. Then, the FEM results were experimentally verified. In order to make the obtained results more meaningful, the experimental results were compared with radial flux motors with the same output power. In addition, using FEM, von Mises stress analysis and displacement analysis were performed on the motor shaft under overload conditions to observe the mechanical effects on the moving parts of the AF-SynRM. Furthermore, mechanical load analysis on the bearings was also performed. The results show that AF-SynRM can be preferred as an alternative to other motor types, especially for applications requiring variable speed, such as electric vehicles. The study has created the efficiency map of the AF-SynRM topology for the first time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Machines, Drives and Vehicles)

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23 pages, 4337 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis and Mitigation of AC Losses in High Performance Propulsion Motors

by Ahmed Hebala, Stefano Nuzzo, Peter H. Connor, Giuseppe Volpe, Chris Gerada and Michael Galea

Machines 2022, 10(9), 780; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10090780 - 07 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2054

Abstract

In this paper, the AC copper losses in classical random windings are investigated and mitigated using several techniques across a range of permanent magnet synchronous motor designs. At high operating frequencies, AC copper losses can represent a substantial share of the total loss in electrical machines, thus, reducing the machine’s overall performance, and increasing the thermal loading. Recently, different approaches for modelling AC copper losses have been proposed. This paper utilises simulation software to quantify the expected AC losses in six different propulsion motor designs. The motor designs are then modified to reduce the AC winding losses through the implementation of five different methods. Using two-dimensional finite element analysis, the magnetisation direction, magnet to airgap ratio, copper stranding, magnetic wedges and the motor slot openings are modified to reduce AC losses. The paper considers distributed, fractional, slot and concentrated windings, and the results show promising reductions across these different winding configurations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Machines, Drives and Vehicles)

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15 pages, 4120 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Suppressing Quadrature Error and Harmonics in Resolver Signals via Disturbance-Compensated PLL

by Rui Wang and Zhong Wu

Machines 2022, 10(8), 709; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10080709 - 18 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1460

Abstract

The aim of this study was to obtain accurate angular positions and velocities from resolver signals; resolver-to-digital conversion (RDC) often adopts a phase-locked loop (PLL) as a demodulation algorithm. However, resolver signals often come with quadrature errors and harmonics, which lead to a severe reduction in PLL accuracy. The conventional PLL does not consider the impact of the quadrature error, and the bandwidth of the PLL is much larger than the fundamental frequency of resolver signals for pursuing a low dynamic error. These reasons render the retention of resolver harmonics in the demodulation results. In this paper, a disturbance-compensated PLL (DC-PLL) is proposed, which consists of a phase detector for suppressing quadrature error and harmonics (SQEH-PD) and a second-order observer. Firstly, since the quadrature error does not change with the angle velocity, the pre-estimated quadrature error is used in the SQEH-PD to compensate for the quadrature error in resolver signals. Secondly, although the frequency of the harmonics changes with the velocity, the amplitudes of the harmonics do not change. Therefore, the pre-estimated amplitudes of harmonics and estimated angular position are used in the SQEH-PD to compensate for the harmonics in resolver signals. Thirdly, a second-order observer is designed to estimate the angular position and velocity by regulating the phase detector error. Compared with the conventional PLL, the proposed DC-PLL has a stronger anti-disturbance ability against the quadrature error and harmonics by configurating the phase detector error and the estimated position error, which have a linear relation. Simulation and experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Machines, Drives and Vehicles)

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26 pages, 13328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Switched Reluctance Motor Design for a Mid-Drive E-Bike Application

by Mladen V. Terzić and Dragan S. Mihić

Machines 2022, 10(8), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10080642 - 02 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2976

Abstract

The popularity of electric bicycles (e-bikes) among urban commuters and cyclists is constantly increasing because e-bikes provide an efficient, more powerful, and a low-cost mode of transportation. Since the main issue is to increase the power density of the drive system, a permanent magnet (PM) machine is the preferred choice. In mid-drive systems, higher speed motors are commonly used, which provides the opportunity to use switched reluctance machines (SRM), because they can provide better performance when designed for higher speeds. Moreover, the simple, robust, and low-cost structure of SRM makes it a favorable option for e-bike drive systems. In this paper, an SRM design for an e-bike mid-drive system is investigated. Several 3-phase configurations with higher number of rotor poles than the stator poles are considered: 6/10, 6/14, and 12/16, as well as the conventional 12/8 SRM, for the sake of comparison. Main dimensions and requirements are defined from Shimano Steps mid-drive PM machine, whose characteristics are taken as the design goal. According to the results, the best configuration is selected and further optimized, leading to the final design for which a prototype is built and tested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Machines, Drives and Vehicles)

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19 pages, 9429 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Rotor Position Observer Design Based on Error Harmonic Elimination

by Haiying Lv, Lei Zhang, Chunya Yao, Qiang Sun, Jingjuan Du and Xueyong Chen

Machines 2022, 10(8), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10080633 - 30 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1754

Abstract

An improved rotor position observer based on sliding mode control was proposed to eliminate estimation error and harmonic ripples for PMSM sensorless control. A multi-proportional resonant filter was designed instead of a low-pass filter to filter out the specific harmonics of back EMF. The improved filter can solve the phase delay problem caused by a low-pass filter, eliminate the rotor angle compensator, simplify the system structure, and effectively suppress the system chattering. Then, a fractional normalized phase-locked loop was adopted to calculate the speed and rotor position, further eliminating the influence of noise. Compared with the traditional sliding mode control and the improved sliding mode control, the improved sliding mode observer can effectively suppress the back EMF chattering and reduce the speed estimation error. The correctness and effectiveness of the proposed improved sliding mode observer were verified through the simulation model and experimental platform of PMSM sensorless control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Machines, Drives and Vehicles)

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14 pages, 3775 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On-Line Detection of Demagnetization for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor via Flux Observer

by Liqian Cao and Zhong Wu

Machines 2022, 10(5), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10050354 - 09 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2268

Abstract

Demagnetization in permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), caused by high temperature or inverse magnetic field, may increase loss and torque ripple, and even degrade the system stability in severe cases. On-line detection can identify the incipient demagnetization of permanent magnets (PMs), as well as providing reference for subsequent fault-tolerant control, so as to avoid further demagnetization. Therefore, an on-line demagnetization detection method is proposed in this paper by using flux observer. First, an observer is established in the three-phase stationary reference frame by taking the stator currents and the amplitudes of the fundamental and harmonic components of flux as state variables. Then, three demagnetization indexes are presented to evaluate the properties of PMs based on the observed flux information. The proposed method can directly track the amplitude of harmonic flux and evaluate the severity of the demagnetization more comprehensively. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Machines, Drives and Vehicles)

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23 pages, 4768 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Capacitor Clamped Coupled Inductor Bi-Directional DC-DC Converter with Smooth Starting

by Kalamchety Srinivasa Ravi Kumar, Alagappan Pandian, Vedula Venkata Sastry and Dogga Raveendhra

Machines 2022, 10(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10010047 - 08 Jan 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2417

Abstract

In this paper, a new type of capacitor clamped coupled inductor bidirectional DC–DC converter is proposed, which offers high voltage gain with smooth starting current transients, as well as reduced stresses on the capacitor. Steady state operation, mathematical modelling, and state space modelling for the proposed converter are presented in detail. A simplified single voltage clamped circuit is developed to mitigate the voltage spikes caused due to the coupled inductor by recovering the leakage energy effectively. Moreover, the clamping capacitor helps in reducing the ripples in output voltage, which in effect significantly reduces the stress on the switch and offers less ripple content at the load terminals. Simulation of the proposed converter is carried out using Simulink/MATLAB for the conversion of 24V DC to 200V DC. For this conversion, simulation results have proven that there is reduction of 13.64% of capacitor voltage stresses. Further, under line varying conditions, converter responses have proven that there is a 119% and 25.25% reduction in input current and output voltage transients, respectively. Similarly, 25.25% and 76.5% transient reductions of input current are observed for line and control parameter variations. The hardware investigation of the converter was carried out with a 100 W, 24 V/200 V setup. The converter achieved efficiency of 93.8%. The observations supplement the simulation results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Machines, Drives and Vehicles)

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16 pages, 4518 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance of Multifunctional Smart PV-Based Domestic Distributed Generator in Dual-Mode Operation

by Kumar Chandrasekaran, Jasper John Sahayam, Sundarsingh Jebaseelan Somasundaram David Thanasingh, Sripriya Ramalingam, Hady H. Fayek, Nagananthini Ravichandran and Eugen Rusu

Machines 2021, 9(12), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120356 - 15 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2095

Abstract

This article briefs about a smart multifunctional single-phase inverter control for a domestic solar photo voltaic (PV)-based distributed generation that can work in both a grid-connected mode and an islanded mode by making the inverter mimic the operation of a synchronous generator. The control objectives were threefold: to provide the required active and reactive power for normal operating conditions and under varying operating conditions, to maintain the rated voltage and the rated frequency for the islanded mode, and to switch between the two modes of operation with the least amount of disturbance for the system while behaving as a virtual synchronous generator (VSG). The control structure is divided into three major loops: the outermost loop responsible for power control, the middle loop responsible for voltage control, and the innermost loop responsible for current control. The proposed control methodology incorporates the functionalities of the grid-connected and the islanded-mode control into a single complex structure and thus provides support to the grid under abnormal conditions while providing good-quality power to consumers under grid failure. The efficacy of the system is good. The operation under various modes were simulated in MATLAB Simulink, and the proportional integral (PI) controllers used for current controllers were tuned using particle swarm optimization (PSO). It can be concluded that the control structure becoming complex is benefitted by the added advantages of the smart PV system. The smart domestic PV system helps the prosumer to actively provide frequency support and voltage support, adding frequency support to the existing multifunctional PV systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Machines, Drives and Vehicles)

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12 pages, 2321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of the Equivalent Circuit Parameters of Induction Motors by Laboratory Test

by Moshe Averbukh and Efim Lockshin

Machines 2021, 9(12), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120340 - 08 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2953

Abstract

The determination of equivalent circuit parameters for AC induction motors represents an important task in an electrical machine laboratory. Frequently used open-circuit and short current tests answer these requirements. However, the results have a low accuracy. This becomes especially obvious when the equivalent circuit is applied for the motor current and power prediction. The main obstacles in this circumstance lie in the difficulty of providing a pristine open-circuit test, the lack of which causes errors in parameter estimation. A much more accurate approach can be carried out with a test including several output points with measurements of the motor torque, velocity, current, and power magnitudes. Nevertheless, a relatively simple and accurate method to ensure determining parameters for such tests does not exist. This article tries to provide such a method by an approach based on Kloss’s simplified equation and the Thevenin theorem. The significant novelty of the method is the specially selected synergetic interaction between the analytical and numerical approaches, which give a relatively simple algorithm with a good accuracy and a convergence of the parameters’ estimation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Machines, Drives and Vehicles)

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