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Limnological Review
Volume 25
Issue 3
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Limnol. Rev., Volume 25, Issue 3 (September 2025) – 6 articles

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22 pages, 3797 KiB  
Review
Paleolimnological Approaches to Track Anthropogenic Eutrophication in Lacustrine Systems Across the American Continent: A Review
by Cinthya Soledad Manjarrez-Rangel, Silvana Raquel Halac, Luciana Del Valle Mengo, Eduardo Luis Piovano and Gabriela Ana Zanor
Limnol. Rev. 2025, 25(3), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev25030033 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 226
Abstract
Eutrophication has intensified in lacustrine systems across the American continent, which has been primarily driven by human activities such as intensive agriculture, wastewater discharge, and land-use change. This phenomenon adversely affects water quality, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning. However, studies addressing the historical evolution [...] Read more.
Eutrophication has intensified in lacustrine systems across the American continent, which has been primarily driven by human activities such as intensive agriculture, wastewater discharge, and land-use change. This phenomenon adversely affects water quality, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning. However, studies addressing the historical evolution of trophic states in lakes and reservoirs remain limited—particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. In this context, sedimentary records serve as invaluable archives for reconstructing the environmental history of water bodies. Paleolimnological approaches enable the development of robust chronologies to further analyze physical, geochemical, and biological proxies to infer long-term changes in primary productivity and trophic status. This review synthesizes the main methodologies used in paleolimnological research focused on trophic state reconstruction with particular attention to the utility of proxies such as fossil pigments, diatoms, chironomids, and elemental geochemistry. It further underscores the need to broaden spatial research coverage, fostering interdisciplinary integration and the use of emerging tools such as sedimentary DNA among others. High-resolution temporal records are critical for disentangling natural variability from anthropogenically induced changes, providing essential evidence to inform science-based lake management and restoration strategies under anthropogenic and climate pressures. Full article
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14 pages, 1209 KiB  
Article
Generation of Nitrous Oxide by Aerobic Denitrifiers Isolated from an Urban Wetland in Bogotá, Colombia
by Maribeb Castro-González and Verónica Molina
Limnol. Rev. 2025, 25(3), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev25030032 - 15 Jul 2025
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Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the nitrous oxide production potential of denitrifying bacterial strains isolated from sediments of the urban wetland Santa María del Lago under anaerobic and aerobic conditions to determine their potential role in mitigating anthropogenic N2O emissions, which [...] Read more.
In this study, we evaluated the nitrous oxide production potential of denitrifying bacterial strains isolated from sediments of the urban wetland Santa María del Lago under anaerobic and aerobic conditions to determine their potential role in mitigating anthropogenic N2O emissions, which have increased by approximately 40% since 1980, and if these emissions could be related to the absence of the nitrous oxide reductase gene (nosZ). The results demonstrated that denitrifying bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus were able to generate nitrous oxide in high concentrations under both aerobic (up to 83 nM/h) and anaerobic (up to 3865.5 nM/h) conditions in cultures with optimal concentrations of nitrate and carbon. The amplification of the nosZ gene as marker of denitrifying microorganisms showed that only 50% of strains possess this gene, and its presence did not correlate with nitrous oxide reduction under anoxic conditions. Interestingly, one strain was able to reduce nitrous oxide in the presence of air, which is promising for its potential use in aerobic bioremediation systems that require microorganisms with a high affinity for this greenhouse gas to reduce emissions into the atmosphere. Full article
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11 pages, 1969 KiB  
Article
Two New Strains of Microcystis Cyanobacteria from Lake Baikal, Russia: Ecology and Toxigenic Potential
by Ekaterina Sorokovikova, Irina Tikhonova, Galina Fedorova, Nadezhda Chebunina, Anton Kuzmin, Maria Suslova, Yanzhima Naidanova, Sergey Potapov, Andrey Krasnopeev, Anna Gladkikh and Olga Belykh
Limnol. Rev. 2025, 25(3), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev25030031 - 10 Jul 2025
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Abstract
Microcystis, a potentially toxigenic cyanobacterium known to form extensive blooms in eutrophic lakes globally, was investigated in the cold oligotrophic Lake Baikal. We report the isolation of two Microcystis strains, Microcystis aeruginosa and M. novacekii, and document the presence of the [...] Read more.
Microcystis, a potentially toxigenic cyanobacterium known to form extensive blooms in eutrophic lakes globally, was investigated in the cold oligotrophic Lake Baikal. We report the isolation of two Microcystis strains, Microcystis aeruginosa and M. novacekii, and document the presence of the latter species in Lake Baikal for the first time. In M. aeruginosa strain BN23, we detected the microcystin synthetase gene mcyE. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the presence of two microcystin variants in BN23, with microcystin-LR, a highly potent toxin, being the dominant form. The concentration of MC-LR reached 540 µg/g dry weight. In contrast, M. novacekii strain BT23 lacked both microcystin synthesis genes and detectable toxins. The habitat waters were characterized as oligotrophic with minor elements of mesotrophy, exhibiting low phytoplankton biomass dominated by the chrysophyte Dinobryon cylindricum (76–77% of biomass), with cyanobacteria contributing 8–10%. The contribution of Microcystis spp. to the total phytoplankton biomass could not be quantified as they were exclusively found in net samples. The water temperature at both sampling stations was ~19 °C, which is considerably lower than optimal for Microcystis spp. and potentially conducive to enhanced microcystin production in toxigenic genotypes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in the Trophic State of Freshwater Ecosystems)
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15 pages, 528 KiB  
Review
Water Monitoring Practices 2.0—Water Fleas as Key Species in Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment
by Anne Leung, Emma Rowan, Flavia Melati Chiappara and Konstantinos Grintzalis
Limnol. Rev. 2025, 25(3), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev25030030 - 2 Jul 2025
Viewed by 252
Abstract
Humanity faces the great challenges arising from pollution and climate change which evidently lead to the irreversible effects observed on the planet. It is now more important than ever to monitor and safeguard the ecosystem as it has been highlighted by governments and [...] Read more.
Humanity faces the great challenges arising from pollution and climate change which evidently lead to the irreversible effects observed on the planet. It is now more important than ever to monitor and safeguard the ecosystem as it has been highlighted by governments and scientists. Conventional approaches for water pollution rely on the detection of chemicals in the environment. However, these descriptive observations when compared against water quality standards used as metrics for pollution are unable to predict pollution early or capture the extent of its impact. This weakness is reflected in the legislation and the thresholds for emerging pollutants such as pharmaceuticals and nanomaterials. To bridge the gap and to understand the underlying mechanisms for toxicity, research in the field of molecular ecotoxicology shifts more and more towards the integration of model systems, in silico approaches and molecular information as endpoints. Focusing on the freshwater ecosystem, daphnids are key species employed in risk assessment which are characterised as highly responsive to pollutants and physical stressors. The translation of molecular information describing the physiology of these organisms provides novel and sensitive metrics for pollution assessment. Full article
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23 pages, 7993 KiB  
Article
A New Machine Learning Algorithm to Simulate the Outlet Flow in a Reservoir, Based on a Water Balance Model
by Marco Antonio Cordero Mancilla, Wilmer Moncada and Vinie Lee Silva Alvarado
Limnol. Rev. 2025, 25(3), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev25030029 - 1 Jul 2025
Viewed by 387
Abstract
Predicting water losses and final storage in reservoirs has become increasingly relevant in the efficient control and optimization of water provided to agriculture, livestock, industry, and domestic consumption, aiming to mitigate the risks associated with flash floods and water crises. This research aims [...] Read more.
Predicting water losses and final storage in reservoirs has become increasingly relevant in the efficient control and optimization of water provided to agriculture, livestock, industry, and domestic consumption, aiming to mitigate the risks associated with flash floods and water crises. This research aims to develop a new Machine Learning (ML) algorithm based on a water balance model to simulate the outflow in the Cuchoquesera reservoir in the Ayacucho region. The method uses TensorFlow (TF), a powerful interface for graphing and time series forecasting, for data analysis of hydrometeorological parameters (HMP), inflow (QE_obs), and outflow (QS_obs) of the reservoir. The ML water balance model is fed, trained, and calibrated with daily HMP, QE_obs, and QS_obs data from the Sunilla station. The results provide monthly forecasts of the simulated outflow (QS_sim), which are validated with QS_obs values, with significant validation indicators: NSE (0.87), NSE-Ln (0.83), Pearson (0.94), R2 (0.87), RMSE (0.24), Bias (0.99), RVB (0.01), NPE (0.01), and PBIAS (0.14), with QS_obs being slightly higher than QS_sim. Therefore, it is important to highlight that water losses due to evaporation and infiltration increased significantly between 2019 and 2023. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hot Spots and Topics in Limnology)
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19 pages, 3257 KiB  
Article
Total Phosphorus Loadings and Corrective Actions Needed to Restore Water Quality in a Eutrophic Urban Lake in Minnesota, USA: A Case Study
by Neal D. Mundahl and John Howard
Limnol. Rev. 2025, 25(3), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev25030028 - 1 Jul 2025
Viewed by 198
Abstract
Lake Winona, a 129 ha eutrophic urban lake comprised of two interconnected basins, exceeds state water quality standards for total phosphorus. Historical lake nutrient data and traditional watershed modeling for the lake’s two basins highlighted multiple major pathways (e.g., municipal stormwater discharges, watershed [...] Read more.
Lake Winona, a 129 ha eutrophic urban lake comprised of two interconnected basins, exceeds state water quality standards for total phosphorus. Historical lake nutrient data and traditional watershed modeling for the lake’s two basins highlighted multiple major pathways (e.g., municipal stormwater discharges, watershed runoff, internal loading, and wetland discharges) for total phosphorus (P) loading, with >900 kg P/year estimated entering the water columns of each basin. Updated data sources and newer watershed modeling resulted in significantly different (both higher and lower) P loading estimates for the various P sources, especially watershed runoff and internal loading. Overall, basin-specific loading estimates using the updated model were significantly lower (28–40%) than previous estimates: 680 and 546 kg P/year mobilized in the western and eastern basins, respectively. To achieve state water quality standards (<60 ppm P for the western basin, <40 ppm for the eastern basin), watershed and internal P loading each would need to be reduced by approximately 120 kg P/year across the two basins. Reductions could be achieved by a combination of alum treatments to reduce internal loading, removal of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to prevent interference with alum treatments and nutrient releases via excretion and defecation, and six engineered structures to intercept P before it enters the lake. The different P reduction projects would cost USD 119 to 7920/kg P removed, totaling USD 5.2 million, or USD 40,310/hectare of lake surface area. Full article
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