Post-Concussion Syndrome and Functional Neurological Disorder

A special issue of Life (ISSN 2075-1729). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Research".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2026) | Viewed by 3786

Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, NHS Trust, Leeds LS97TF, UK
Interests: concussion; mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI); post-concussion syndrome (PCS); repetitive head injury; sports-related concussion; military-related concussion; biomechanics of concussion; neuroinflammation; axonal injury; metabolic crisis; neurovascular dysfunction; biomarkers; blood biomarkers; CSF biomarkers; imaging biomarkers; clinical assessment; neuroimaging; MRI; DTI; fMRI; MEG; electrophysiology; EEG; QEEG; evoked potentials; neurocognitive testing; digital diagnostics; eye-tracking; multidisciplinary rehabilitation; physical therapy; vestibular rehabilitation; cognitive rehabilitation; occupational therapy; speech and language therapy; pharmacological interventions; non-invasive brain stimulation; TMS; tDCS; pediatric concussion; adolescent athletes; female athletes; military personnel; veterans; older adults; return-to-play; return-to-learn; return-to-work; recovery trajectories; risk factors for prolonged symptoms; chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE); digital health tools; tele-rehabilitatio
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and functional neurological disorder (FND) represent two highly disabling yet often misunderstood conditions at the interface of neurology, psychiatry, and rehabilitative medicine. PCS arises following mild traumatic brain injury and is characterized by persistent symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, fatigue, and cognitive complaints. FND, on the other hand, is diagnosed on the basis of positive clinical signs and includes presentations such as functional motor symptoms, dissociative seizures, and functional cognitive disorder.

Despite their different diagnostic frameworks, PCS and FND share overlapping features: symptom persistence, cognitive and psychological comorbidities, and management challenges. Recent advances in neuroimaging, biomarkers, and rehabilitation strategies offer new opportunities for understanding the underlying mechanisms and improving patient outcomes.

This Special Issue will bring together clinical, neurobiological, and therapeutic perspectives on PCS and FND. We welcome contributions including original research, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and narrative reviews on topics such as the following:

  • Pathophysiology and mechanisms (neurobiological, cognitive);
  • Advances in diagnosis and clinical assessment;
  • Neuroimaging and biomarker development;
  • The overlap between PCS, FND, and related conditions;
  • Rehabilitation strategies, digital health, and novel interventions.

We invite clinicians, neuroscientists, psychologists, and rehabilitation specialists to contribute to this Special Issue, advancing both our scientific understanding and our clinical approaches to these complex disorders.

Dr. Ioannis Asterios Mavroudis
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • post-concussion syndrome
  • functional neurological disorder
  • mild traumatic brain injury
  • cognitive dysfunction 
  • neuroimaging
  • biomarkers
  • neurorehabilitation

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Review

18 pages, 3919 KB  
Review
Functional Neurological Symptoms After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Scoping Review and Framework for Differentiating Functional and Organic Post-Concussion Presentations
by Ioannis Mavroudis, Foivos Petridis, Alin Ciobîcă, Manuela Padurariu, Sotirios Papagiannopoulos and Dimitrios Kazis
Life 2026, 16(6), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16060926 - 1 Jun 2026
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Abstract
Persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS) following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) are common and frequently disabling. However, symptom persistence is often poorly correlated with injury severity or structural brain abnormalities. Increasing clinical and research evidence suggests substantial overlap between PPCS and functional neurological disorder [...] Read more.
Persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS) following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) are common and frequently disabling. However, symptom persistence is often poorly correlated with injury severity or structural brain abnormalities. Increasing clinical and research evidence suggests substantial overlap between PPCS and functional neurological disorder (FND), yet this interface remains poorly synthesised and conceptually unresolved. To systematically review and synthesise the evidence linking mTBI with functional neurological symptoms, and to refine existing conceptual models by proposing a clinically useful framework for differentiating functional and organic contributions to persistent post-concussion presentations. A scoping review with narrative synthesis were conducted. Database searches yielded 120 records; after duplicate removal and abstract screening, 57 studies underwent full-text review. Included studies comprised systematic reviews, narrative and conceptual reviews, mechanistic hypothesis papers, primary observational studies, case series, case reports, and early interventional and neuroimaging investigations examining functional neurological symptoms in the context of mTBI. The literature demonstrates substantial phenomenological overlap between PPCS and FND across cognitive, motor, sensory, visual, and seizure-related domains. Functional neurological symptoms can emerge after concussion and may closely resemble PPCS, often in association with psychiatric comorbidity, dissociation, trauma exposure, and maladaptive attentional or illness-belief processes. Objective neurological impairment and injury severity show weak and inconsistent associations with symptom persistence. The evidence base is dominated by clinic-derived observational studies, with no population-level incidence estimates identified. Functional neurological symptoms represent a significant and under-recognised contributor to persistent symptoms after mTBI. Existing evidence supports moving beyond binary organic–psychogenic models toward a functional–organic differentiation framework that acknowledges dynamic interactions between injury-related and functional mechanisms. Improved screening, diagnostic communication, and stratified management are likely to enhance outcomes for patients with persistent post-concussion symptoms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Post-Concussion Syndrome and Functional Neurological Disorder)
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30 pages, 1439 KB  
Review
Neurodegeneration Biomarkers in Epilepsy: A Critical Review of Current Findings
by Ambra Butera, Simona D’Antoni, Antonio Gennaro Nicotera, Maria Vincenza Catania, Carla Consoli, Graziana Ceraolo, Giulia Spoto, Maria Ludovica Albertini, Gabriella Di Rosa and Maurizio Elia
Life 2026, 16(2), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020296 - 9 Feb 2026
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1761
Abstract
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) represent the most severe group of epilepsies, characterized by drug-resistant seizures, frequent occurrence of epileptiform activity, developmental delay or cognitive impairment. Recent insights have reframed DEEs from static, genetically determined conditions to dynamic disorders with complex and evolving [...] Read more.
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) represent the most severe group of epilepsies, characterized by drug-resistant seizures, frequent occurrence of epileptiform activity, developmental delay or cognitive impairment. Recent insights have reframed DEEs from static, genetically determined conditions to dynamic disorders with complex and evolving pathophysiology. Several recent studies suggest a link between epilepsy and neurodegeneration, with increased neuronal excitability preceding seizures in conditions characterized by abnormal protein aggregation. Neurodegeneration, defined as the selective and progressive loss of neuronal cells leading to cognitive and functional decline, underlies many progressive neuronal diseases. Although neurodegeneration biomarkers are widely recognized as markers of disease progression in adults, their role in children is still poorly defined and at times controversial. This narrative review aims to summarize current knowledge on the relationship between epilepsy and neurodegeneration, with a focus on potential biomarkers and their implications for disease mechanisms and progression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Post-Concussion Syndrome and Functional Neurological Disorder)
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