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Advanced Studies in Ship Fluid Mechanics
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Advanced Studies in Ship Fluid Mechanics

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Ocean Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 1 August 2026 | Viewed by 10708

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Amin Nazemian

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Marine Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0LZ, UK
Interests: hydrodynamics; computational fluid dynamics; numerical analysis; ship design; naval architect

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The field of ship fluid mechanics is advancing rapidly with transformative technologies that are reshaping hydrodynamic analysis and ship design. High-fidelity CFD, including hybrid RANS-LES, high-order methods, and lattice Boltzmann approaches, offers the precise modeling of turbulent and multiphase flows. Adjoint solvers and multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) frameworks have enabled the holistic optimization of hydrodynamic performance, structural integrity, and sustainability. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are revolutionizing the field with predictive modeling, real-time simulations, and surrogate models, significantly reducing computational costs. Emerging methods like Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), immersed boundary techniques, and direct numerical simulation (DNS) enhance our understanding of complex phenomena, including wave–structure interactions and cavitation. Advances in fluid–structure interaction (FSI) and digital twin technologies are enabling real-time performance monitoring and optimization. Supported by high-performance computing, these innovations are driving sustainable, efficient, and cutting-edge solutions, redefining the boundaries of ship fluid mechanics and maritime engineering.

Main application topics include the following:

  • Air lubrication;
  • Hull coating;
  • Wind-assisted propulsion;
  • Appendage performance enhancement;
  • Hullform optimization;
  • More efficient ship propulsion and maneuverability;
  • Wave–structure interactions;
  • Machine learning and data-driven approaches;
  • Liquid sloshing.

The main scientific topics include the following:

  • Multi-phase adjoint solver;
  • Applications of the lattice Boltzmann methods;
  • SPH modeling;
  • Full-Scale CFD simulation;
  • Accurate and efficient numerical simulation for optimization;
  • Second-generation intact stability criteria (SGISC) and stability in waves;
  • AI-driven innovations in fluid dynamics.

This Special Issue aims to serve as a platform for showcasing innovative research and advancements in fluid dynamics and its diverse applications. It emphasizes recent progress in both fundamental fluid dynamics and their practical implementations across various domains of naval architecture, ocean, and marine engineering. The focus is on the latest theoretical, computational, and experimental contributions to all facets of marine hydrodynamics.

Dr. Amin Nazemian
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • novel computational methods
  • high-fidelity CFD
  • artificial intelligence/machine learning in hydrodynamics
  • emerging decarbonization technology
  • advanced fluid mechanics
  • full-scale condition

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

36 pages, 9948 KB  
Article
Revisiting the MV Estonia Accident Using Numerical Simulations with a Statistical Approach
by Shinwoong Kim and Petri Valanto
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(5), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14050503 - 6 Mar 2026
Viewed by 607
Abstract
The loss of the MV Estonia has been investigated by various organizations since the accident in September 1994. The root cause of the accident has been assumed to be known and the consequent sinking process well established. However, in September 2020, a new [...] Read more.
The loss of the MV Estonia has been investigated by various organizations since the accident in September 1994. The root cause of the accident has been assumed to be known and the consequent sinking process well established. However, in September 2020, a new video recording by an underwater ROV was published, showing a new, previously unknown, penetrating damage on the starboard side of the MV Estonia wreck lying on the seabed. Based on this new evidence, the Estonian Safety Investigation Bureau (ESIB) initiated a preliminary assessment of the new information on the MV Estonia accident. Whether the New Side Damage (NSD) on the starboard side was already present while the MV Estonia was afloat on the surface, or whether it resulted from the collision of the sinking vessel with the seabed somewhat later, is an important issue needing clarification: In the first case, the validity of the conclusions on the root cause of the accident presented in the previous studies could prove premature. One of the goals of the present investigation by the Hamburg Ship Model Basin (HSVA) is to shed light on this question: The results of the numerical simulations of the sinking process carried out for various damage configurations in seaway using not only single simulations, but also a statistical approach are presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Ship Fluid Mechanics)
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20 pages, 3644 KB  
Article
Influence of CFD Modelling Parameters on Air Injection Behaviour in Ship Air Lubrication Systems
by Gyeongseo Min, Haechan Yun, Younguk Do, Kangmin Kim, Keounghyun Jung, Saishuai Dai, Mehmet Atlar, Daejeong Kim, Seungnam Kim, Sanghyun Kim and Soonseok Song
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(2), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14020234 - 22 Jan 2026
Viewed by 601
Abstract
In response to the International Maritime Organization’s strengthened regulations on carbon emissions, the introduction of novel eco-friendly technologies for ship operators has become necessary. In this context, various energy saving devices such as wind-assisted propulsion systems (e.g., wing/rotor sails), propeller-rudder efficiency enhancers (e.g., [...] Read more.
In response to the International Maritime Organization’s strengthened regulations on carbon emissions, the introduction of novel eco-friendly technologies for ship operators has become necessary. In this context, various energy saving devices such as wind-assisted propulsion systems (e.g., wing/rotor sails), propeller-rudder efficiency enhancers (e.g., pre-swirl stators or ducted propellers), and the gate rudder system have been proposed. Among various energy-saving technologies, the air lubrication system has been widely investigated as an effective means of reducing hull frictional resistance through air injection beneath the hull. The performance of air lubrication systems can be evaluated through experimental testing or computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. However, accurately simulating air lubrication systems in CFD remains challenging. Therefore, this study aims to quantitatively evaluate the influence of numerical parameters on the CFD implementation of air lubrication systems. To evaluate these influences, CFD simulations employing the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) method were conducted to investigate air layer formation and sweep angle on a flat plate. The numerical predictions were systematically compared with experimental results by varying key numerical parameters. These quantitative estimations of the effects of numerical variables are expected to serve as a useful benchmark for CFD simulations of air lubrication systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Ship Fluid Mechanics)
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24 pages, 5378 KB  
Article
Influence of Ply Angle on the Cavitation Performance of Composite Propellers
by Zheng Huang, Zhangtao Chen, Shenhan Lin and Sinan Wu
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14010057 - 29 Dec 2025
Viewed by 527
Abstract
In response to the core challenge of effectively controlling deformation to suppress cavitation in composite propellers under fluid–structure interaction (FSI), this study proposes a numerical investigation method based on pre-deformation design. A systematic analysis of the cavitation characteristics of a PC456-type composite propeller [...] Read more.
In response to the core challenge of effectively controlling deformation to suppress cavitation in composite propellers under fluid–structure interaction (FSI), this study proposes a numerical investigation method based on pre-deformation design. A systematic analysis of the cavitation characteristics of a PC456-type composite propeller is conducted using a two-way FSI algorithm. Distinct deformation fields are first constructed by implementing different ply angles (0°, 90°, and 150°). The open-water hydrodynamic and cavitation performance of these pre-deformed propellers are then compared under uniform inflow. Furthermore, their unsteady responses under transient FSI conditions are examined in a non-uniform wake field. Numerical results demonstrate that the ply angle significantly influences the deformation distribution and hydrodynamic performance of the propeller. Under steady conditions, the 0° ply propeller exhibits the optimal cavitation-hydrodynamic performance, whereas the 90° ply configuration performs the poorest. In a non-uniform wake, the 0° ply propeller achieves 75% of the thrust fluctuation reduction effect observed in the 90° ply propeller, while requiring only 19% of its maximum deformation magnitude; additionally, it demonstrates a more gradual oscillation trend in the cavity area ratio. This study provides theoretical insights and design guidance for enhancing the cavitation performance of composite propellers through ply design and deformation control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Ship Fluid Mechanics)
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33 pages, 10610 KB  
Article
Impact of Fluid Sloshing on BOG Generation in Type B LNG Tanks During Ship Emergency Stops
by Haikang Zhao, Gang Wu, Jiachen Chen, Xigang Pu, Sicong Wang, Yuhao Yuan and Ang Sun
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(11), 2100; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13112100 - 4 Nov 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1337
Abstract
The safe and efficient transport of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is critically dependent on understanding fluid dynamics within cargo tanks, which directly influence structural integrity and operational safety. Study employs the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method to simulate fluid sloshing and phase change [...] Read more.
The safe and efficient transport of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is critically dependent on understanding fluid dynamics within cargo tanks, which directly influence structural integrity and operational safety. Study employs the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method to simulate fluid sloshing and phase change dynamics in Type B LNG cargo tanks during emergency stop conditions. The transient simulations employ a time step of 5 × 10−3 s, a model with 46,840 grids, and the analysis focuses on impact forces on tank walls, their dependence on filling levels. Results show that the flow disturbance caused by vessel rolling increases BOG generation fluctuations by approximately 35%. Sloshing significantly increases BOG generation, particularly after a 10 s relaxation period, as the initial shock enhances heat transfer and mixing, accelerating vapor production. Original components of LNG are sensitive to BOG generation and impact forces on the front bulkhead are significantly higher than on the rear, with peak impacts occurring. The filling rate is a critical parameter influencing fluid dynamics and safety in LNG transportation. Impact magnitude increases with fill level up while at about 80% it declines; impact timing shortens at higher fill ratios. A BOG generation mechanism in which microscale turbulence and ongoing thermal imbalance govern the kinetics of evaporation phase transitions was proposed. It was discovered that the impact forces and BOG production exhibit rise–fall–rise patterns driven by impact dynamics, condensation, and evaporation processes. The findings highlight the critical role of fluid sloshing in affecting tank safety and operational efficiency, offering insights into designing more resilient LNG cargo tanks and optimizing transportation safety and economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Ship Fluid Mechanics)
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25 pages, 7534 KB  
Article
Coupled Simulation Study on the High-Pressure Air Expulsion from Submarine Ballast Tanks and Emergency Surfacing Dynamics
by Jiabao Chen, Likun Peng, Bangjun Lv, Wei Pan and Yong Wang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(9), 1769; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13091769 - 13 Sep 2025
Viewed by 1316
Abstract
Emergency surfacing acts as the final line of defense in preserving the operational viability of submarines, playing a crucial role in their safety. To investigate the dynamic characteristics of submarine emergency surfacing, utilizing whole moving mesh technology, a method for coupled simulation of [...] Read more.
Emergency surfacing acts as the final line of defense in preserving the operational viability of submarines, playing a crucial role in their safety. To investigate the dynamic characteristics of submarine emergency surfacing, utilizing whole moving mesh technology, a method for coupled simulation of high-pressure air blowing out water tanks and emergency surfacing motion of submarines is proposed, enhancing the simulation’s fidelity to real-world dynamics. Based on meeting the requirements for simulation accuracy, utilizing the coupled simulation model, this study explored the effects of varying expulsion pressures on submarine motion parameters including depth, roll, pitch, and yaw angles. The findings indicate that the hull emerges slightly earlier and reaches a marginally higher point when coupling effects are accounted for compared to scenarios where these effects are neglected. At consistent expulsion pressures, as the pitch and roll angles increase and the back pressure decreases, the expulsion rate from the ballast tank accelerates. Higher expulsion pressures result in quicker surfacing of the hull, smaller amplitude of pitch angles, and larger amplitudes of roll angles, while the changes in yaw angle displayed no clear pattern. The methodologies and conclusions of this study offer valuable insights for the design and operational strategies of actual submarines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Ship Fluid Mechanics)
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23 pages, 15493 KB  
Article
A Spatio-Temporal Graph Neural Network for Predicting Flow Fields on Unstructured Grids with the SUBOFF Benchmark
by Wei Guo, Cheng Cheng, Chong Huang, Zhiqing Lu, Kang Chen and Jun Ding
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(9), 1647; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13091647 - 28 Aug 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3989
Abstract
To overcome the limitations of traditional convolutional and recurrent neural networks in capturing spatio-temporal dynamics in flow fields on unstructured grids, this study proposes a novel Spatio-Temporal Graph Neural Network (ST-GNN) model that integrates a Graph Neural Network (GNN) with a Long Short-Term [...] Read more.
To overcome the limitations of traditional convolutional and recurrent neural networks in capturing spatio-temporal dynamics in flow fields on unstructured grids, this study proposes a novel Spatio-Temporal Graph Neural Network (ST-GNN) model that integrates a Graph Neural Network (GNN) with a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network. The GNN component captures spatial dependencies among irregular grid nodes via message passing, while the LSTM component models temporal evolution through gated memory mechanisms. This hybrid framework enables the joint learning of spatial and temporal features in complex flow systems. Two variants of ST-GNN, namely, GCN-LSTM and GAT-LSTM, were developed and evaluated using the SUBOFF AFF-8 benchmark dataset. The results show that GAT-LSTM achieved higher accuracy than GCN-LSTM, with average relative errors of 2.51% for velocity and 1.43% for pressure at the 1000th time step. Both models achieved substantial speedups over traditional CFD solvers, with GCN-LSTM and GAT-LSTM accelerating predictions by approximately 350 and 150 times, respectively. These findings position ST-GNN as an efficient and accurate alternative for spatio-temporal flow modeling on unstructured grids, advancing data-driven fluid dynamics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Ship Fluid Mechanics)
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33 pages, 6970 KB  
Article
Wake Characteristics and Thermal Properties of Underwater Vehicle Based on DDES Numerical Simulation
by Yu Lu, Jiacheng Cui, Bing Liu, Shuai Shi and Wu Shao
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(7), 1371; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13071371 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1540
Abstract
Investigating the coupled hydrodynamic and thermal wakes induced by underwater vehicles is vital for non-acoustic detection and environmental monitoring. Here, the standard SUBOFF model is simulated under eight operating conditions—speeds of 10, 15, and 20 kn; depths of 10, 20, and 30 m; [...] Read more.
Investigating the coupled hydrodynamic and thermal wakes induced by underwater vehicles is vital for non-acoustic detection and environmental monitoring. Here, the standard SUBOFF model is simulated under eight operating conditions—speeds of 10, 15, and 20 kn; depths of 10, 20, and 30 m; and both with and without thermal discharge—using Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (DDES) coupled with the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method. Results indicate that, under heat emission conditions, higher speeds accelerate wake temperature decay, making the thermal wake difficult to detect downstream; without heat emission, turbulent mixing dominates the temperature field, and speed effects are minor. With increased speed, wake vorticity at a fixed location grows by about 30%, free-surface wave height rises from 0.05 to 0.15 m, and wavelength remains around 1.8 m, all positively correlated with speed. Dive depth is negatively correlated with wave height, decreasing from 0.15 to 0.04 m as depth increases from 5 to 20 m, while wavelength remains largely unchanged. At a 10 m submergence depth, the thermal wake is clearly detectable on the surface but becomes hard to detect beyond 20 m, indicating a pronounced depth effect on its visibility. These results not only confirm the positive correlation between vessel speed and wake vorticity reported in earlier studies but also extend those findings by providing the first quantitative evaluation of how submergence depth critically limits thermal wake visibility beyond 20 m. This research provides quantitative evaluations of wake characteristics under varying speeds, depths, and heat emissions, offering valuable insights for stealth navigation and detection technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Ship Fluid Mechanics)
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