Journal of Clinical Medicine

Background: Preservation of posterior occlusal support is critical for maintaining residual dentition in partially edentulous patients. Although implant-supported restorations are widely used, long-term evidence on their role in preventing tooth loss remains limited. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 225 patients (80 males, 145 females; mean age 53 ± 9 years) who received posterior implant-supported restorations, with a mean follow-up of 21 years. Post-treatment occlusal support was classified using the Eichner classification. Tooth and implant loss were recorded. Associations between residual occlusal support and tooth loss were analyzed using Pearson’s chi-square test, with thresholds of ≥1, ≥2, or ≥3 teeth lost. Multivariate logistic regression analyses adjusted for age and gender were performed to evaluate the independent association of the Eichner classification. Results: After prosthesis delivery, 159 patients were classified as Eichner A, 48 as B1, 16 as B2, and 2 as B3. The mean number of lost teeth was 2.4, and 35 implants failed in 22 patients. Tooth loss ≥3 occurred more frequently in the Eichner B groups than in A. (48.5% vs. 34.0%). In multivariate analyses, Eichner classification significantly predicted loss of ≥3 teeth (adjusted OR = 1.83; 95% CI: 1.00–3.33; p = 0.048), but not ≥1 or ≥2 teeth. Conclusions: Posterior implant therapy provides durable occlusal support and contributes to long-term preservation of residual dentition. Patients with limited occlusal support remain at a higher risk of substantial tooth loss, even after adjustment for age and gender. The Eichner classification represents a practical clinical tool for evaluating occlusal support and predicting long-term prognosis in partially edentulous patients.

Heart failure (HF) is a condition with a high clinical and healthcare burden. In Europe, the current incidence is approximately 5 per 1000 persons per year in the adult population, with a prevalence of 1–2%. Prognosis remains poor, with persistently high rates of mortality and hospitalization. The period immediately following hospital discharge is known as the “vulnerable phase,” marked by a heightened incidence of clinical events, including a 30% chance of rehospitalization and a 10% mortality risk. Effective patient management during this time is crucial and should incorporate a risk stratification process, which is vital for designing a personalized follow-up plan and ensuring optimal resource utilization. This review aims to outline the available tools for prognostic risk stratification and propose a structured follow-up model applicable at discharge from an HF hospitalization in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction and in patients with mildly reduced/preserved ejection fraction.

Early identification of motor difficulties is essential in infancy and early childhood, and current American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations emphasize that motor surveillance should accompany routine clinical visits. One standardized tool widely used for evaluating motor development is the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales–Second Edition (PDMS-2). This review summarizes the theoretical foundations and psychometric properties of the PDMS-2, the principles of administering and scoring the assessment, and evidence from validation and standardization studies conducted in different countries. A non-systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar (2000–February 2025) using the terms “PDMS-2” OR “Peabody Developmental Motor Scales Second Edition” combined with “reliability”, “validity”, “norms”, “reference”, or “standardization”. Original and review articles published in English were included without geographical restrictions. The PDMS-2 is widely applied in both clinical and research contexts. It has been used as an outcome measure in randomized controlled trials, interventional, and observational studies involving preterm infants, children with genetic syndromes, metabolic disorders, cerebral palsy, congenital heart defects, HIV, oncological conditions, and typically developing children. Key strengths of the PDMS-2 include its broad age range, the ability to assess both gross and fine motor skills, and its quantitative scoring system, which supports diagnosis, therapeutic planning, and monitoring of developmental change. Although the tool has been validated and standardized in multiple countries, additional work is still needed to establish normative data for underrepresented populations.