Submit to Special Issue Submit Abstract to Special Issue Review for JCM Propose a Special Issue

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Musculoskeletal Disorders: Clinical Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation

Print Special Issue Flyer
Special Issue Editors
Special Issue Information
Keywords
Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue
Published Papers

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Rehabilitation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 September 2026 | Viewed by 44738

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jaime Almazán-Polo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Deparment of Physiotherapy. Faculty of Medicine, Health and Sports, European University of Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
Interests: musculoskeletal ultrasound; morphofunctional assessment; physical rehabilitation; musculoskeletal disorders; functional evaluation; health sciences; diagnostic imaging

Prof. Dr. César Calvo-Lobo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Faculty of Physiotherapy, Nursing and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Interests: myofascial pain syndrome; neurodynamic techniques; minimally invasive musculoskeletal physiotherapy; rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI); validation and reliability studies; foot disorders; musculoskeletal biomechanics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a major health concern worldwide, contributing to pain, disability, and diminished quality of life. These conditions require a comprehensive approach to diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation, encompassing not only innovative diagnostic tools such as morphofunctional and musculoskeletal ultrasound but also the evaluation of patients' functional performance, quality of life, strength levels, range of motion, functionality, and physical limitations.

This Special Issue, "Musculoskeletal Disorders: Clinical Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation", aims to highlight advancements in the assessment and management of MSDs. A particular focus will be given to approaches that integrate functional and biomechanical analysis into clinical practice, providing an in-depth understanding of patient functionality and physical limitations. Contributions are welcome from randomized controlled trials evaluating rehabilitation programs combined with various techniques, whether pharmacological, conservative, minimally invasive, or based on therapeutic exercise. Additionally, studies addressing the impact of these interventions on patient-reported outcomes, such as quality of life and functional recovery, are highly encouraged.

We invite researchers, clinicians, and healthcare professionals to submit original research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses that advance the understanding and management of musculoskeletal disorders. This Special Issue seeks to promote a multidisciplinary perspective to enhance patient care and recovery outcomes.

Prof. Dr. Jaime Almazán-Polo
Prof. Dr. César Calvo-Lobo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

musculoskeletal disorders
therapeutic exercise
functional evaluation
rehabilitation protocols
musculoskeletal ultrasound
biomechanical análisis
quality of life
functional assessment of the musculoskeletal system
strength training
physical therapy
morphofunctional assessment
conservative treatments
range of motion evaluation
randomized controlled trials

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
Reprint: MDPI Books provides the opportunity to republish successful Special Issues in book format, both online and in print.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (8 papers)

Download All Papers

Order results

Result details

Show export options Show export options

Select all

Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

Jump to: Review, Other

13 pages, 466 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence, Common Types, and Risk Factors of Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Female University Student Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Sarah Bajuaifer, Muniera Alsalem, Dana Alotaibi, Shadan Alshehri, Maryam Amin and Reem M. Alwhaibi

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(21), 7750; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14217750 - 31 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1179

Abstract

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a prevalent health concern among athletes, particularly female university students, who may face sport-specific, physiological, and biomechanical risk factors. In Saudi Arabia, the increasing participation of women in organized sports underscores the need to examine the burden of MSDs in this under-researched population. Objectives: This study aimed to (1) determine the prevalence of MSDs among female university student athletes, (2) identify the most commonly affected body regions, and (3) investigate associations between MSD occurrence and risk factors including sport type, warm-up practices, weekly training frequency, and history of previous injuries. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 407 physically active female university students aged 16–25 years from multiple Saudi universities. Data were collected using the validated Arabic version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and a structured risk factor survey. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression analyses were used to examine prevalence and associated factors. Results: Among 407 participants, 65.8% reported at least one MSD in the past 12 months. The most commonly affected regions were the shoulders (43.2%), neck (41.8%), and lower back (32.2%). However, multivariate logistic regression revealed that previous injury history (OR = 2.44, 95% CI: 1.47–4.06, p = 0.001) and higher weekly training frequency (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.02–1.49, p = 0.034) were significant independent predictors of MSD occurrence, while participation in team sports showed a borderline association (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 0.95–2.67, p = 0.079). Conclusions: MSDs are highly prevalent among female university student athletes in Saudi Arabia, particularly affecting the shoulders, neck, and lower back. A history of previous injury and higher weekly training frequency are identified as significant independent predictors of MSD occurrence, while team sport participation showed a borderline association that warrants further exploration. These findings highlight the need for targeted prevention strategies that emphasize rehabilitation continuity—particularly for athletes with prior injuries—and training load management for those with higher weekly training frequency to reduce the risk of MSDs and promote long-term musculoskeletal health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Musculoskeletal Disorders: Clinical Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 564 KB

Open AccessArticle

Perceptions and Experiences of Physiotherapists Treating Trismus in Head and Neck Cancer Patients: Findings from a Spanish Web-Based Survey

by Ernesto Anarte-Lazo and Carlos Bernal-Utrera

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(19), 7092; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14197092 - 8 Oct 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 962

Abstract

Background: Trismus is a frequent and debilitating complication in people with head and neck cancer (HNC), often arising after surgery or radiotherapy. Despite the key role physiotherapists play in rehabilitation, little is known about their perspectives and clinical approaches. This study aimed to explore physiotherapists’ experiences, perceptions, and treatment strategies in the management of treatment-induced trismus in HNC. Methods: A qualitative, cross-sectional study was conducted via a web-based self-administered questionnaire, developed in accordance with the CHERRIES guidelines. The survey combined closed- and open-ended questions across five thematic areas: sociodemographic, clinical experience, treatment practices, barriers, and medical devices. An inclusion algorithm ensured participation of physiotherapists with expertise in trismus. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively; open responses underwent inductive thematic analysis. Results: Of 72 invited physiotherapists, 31 responded and 18 met inclusion criteria. Participants reported integrating manual therapy (100%) and therapeutic exercise (100%) into treatment, with more selective use of medical devices (77%). Barriers to implementation included lack of functional tools, dental status limitations, patient adherence issues, and socioeconomic constraints. Many highlighted that current devices often fail to mimic functional mastication, potentially overloading central incisors and limiting functional carryover. Conclusions: This qualitative study reveals limited device use, perceived design shortcomings, and the influence of dental status on functional recovery. Findings highlight the need for device innovation, interdisciplinary coordination, and protocols tailored to patient-specific barriers. Future research should explore combined approaches and include patient perspectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Musculoskeletal Disorders: Clinical Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1737 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multisegmented Foot and Lower Limb Kinematics During Gait in Males with Chronic Ankle Instability: Exploring Links with Hip Abductor Strength

by Maciej Olszewski, Piotr Krężałek and Joanna Golec

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(17), 5977; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14175977 - 24 Aug 2025

Viewed by 2282

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Although considerable progress has been made in understanding lateral ankle sprains (LAS) and chronic ankle instability (CAI), recurrent injury rates remain high. This highlights the need to explore additional contributors such as comprehensive lower-limb gait analysis, including multisegmented foot models and proximal joint kinematics and strength. This study aimed to assess multisegmented foot and lower-limb kinematics throughout the gait cycle in individuals with CAI compared to healthy controls. Additionally, associations between hip abductor strength and frontal plane ankle kinematics were examined. Methods: Fifty males (25 with CAI and 25 healthy controls) participated in this cross-sectional study. Gait analysis was conducted using a BTS SMART 3D motion capture system to assess multisegmented foot and proximal joint kinematics. Isometric hip strength was measured using a Biodex dynamometer. Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) was used to assess group differences, and correlations were calculated between hip abductor strength and ankle kinematics. Results: The CAI group demonstrated significantly greater calcaneus abduction relative to the shank in the transverse plane between 88% and 93% of the gait cycle (MD = −3.50°, 95% CI [−5.60, −1.40], d = −0.95, p = 0.037). No other statistically significant between-group differences in hip, knee, or foot segment kinematics were detected. Furthermore, correlations between hip abductor strength and ankle frontal plane kinematics were not significant. Conclusions: Males with CAI demonstrated altered rearfoot kinematics in the transverse plane during the terminal swing phase. The multisegmented foot model was valuable in detecting subtle deviations and emphasized the importance of including the swing phase. Hip abductor strength was not associated with ankle kinematics, suggesting that its potential role in CAI may involve other mechanisms. These findings may support clinical gait assessment and rehabilitation planning by highlighting the importance of evaluating all foot segments and the entire lower limb, rather than focusing solely on the ankle joint. Segment-specific deviations, particularly those emerging during the swing phase, may help guide targeted interventions aimed at improving foot positioning in males with CAI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Musculoskeletal Disorders: Clinical Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 694 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of a Multimodal Intervention Combining Manual Therapy, Exercise, Reduced Methylxanthine Intake, and Nocturnal Light Avoidance on Inflammatory and Metabolic Profiles, Pain, Functionality, and Sleep Quality in Patients with Frozen Shoulder: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

by Rafael Guzmán-García, María Pérez-Montalbán, Leo Pruimboom and Santiago Navarro-Ledesma

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(13), 4539; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14134539 - 26 Jun 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2840

Abstract

Background: Frozen shoulder (FS) is a common musculoskeletal condition with significant socioeconomic impact. Despite its prevalence, the condition lacks a definitive understanding and universally effective treatment approach. Objective: To evaluate the effects of an intervention combining manual therapy, conventional exercises, and strategies to improve sleep quality and circadian rhythm on recovery and biomarkers in patients with FS. Methods: A single-blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted with 34 participants divided into control and experimental groups (n = 17 each). Both groups received manual therapy and conventional exercises, while the experimental group (EG) also received sleep and circadian rhythm optimization instructions. Biomarkers (fasting glucose, insulin, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA) index, leptin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, uric acid, CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IL-10, IL-33, HMGB1, and TNF-α) and functional outcomes (SPADI, ROM, and PSQI) were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Results: After six weeks, the EG showed significant improvements in IL-10 levels (mean change: 2.5 pg/mL vs. 0.5 pg/mL in the control group (CG), p = 0.03), IL-6 reduction (−1.8 pg/mL vs. −0.4 pg/mL, p = 0.02), and HOMA index (−0.8 vs. −0.2, p = 0.04). ROM improved by 20 degrees in the EG versus 10 degrees in the CG (p = 0.01), SPADI scores decreased by 25 points versus 15 points (p = 0.03), and PSQI improved by 4 points compared to 2 points (p = 0.05). Conclusion: The integration of sleep quality and circadian rhythm optimization into conventional rehabilitation significantly enhances recovery, particularly IL-10 modulation, but these did not translate into superior clinical improvements within the study period. Further long-term studies are needed to confirm whether early biological effects lead to sustained functional recovery in FS patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Musculoskeletal Disorders: Clinical Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 5531 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Ultrasound Characterization of Intensity-Dependent Changes in Muscle Tissue During Percutaneous Electrolysis

by Miguel Malo-Urriés, Jacobo Rodríguez-Sanz, Sergio Borrella-Andrés, Izarbe Ríos-Asín, Isabel Albarova-Corral and Carlos López-de-Celis

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(12), 4064; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14124064 - 9 Jun 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1389

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Percutaneous electrolysis is a physiotherapeutic technique based on the application of galvanic current to induce structural and biochemical changes in musculoskeletal tissues. Although widely used in tendinopathies, its application in muscle tissue, particularly regarding optimal dosage, remains poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the dose-dependent effects of galvanic current on cadaveric muscle tissue (medial gastrocnemius) using quantitative ultrasound analysis, and to identify objective biomarkers to guide dosage. Methods: An experimental model was employed, applying galvanic current at varying intensities (0–10.0 mA) to 29 samples of cadaveric medial gastrocnemius. Quantitative ultrasound parameters were measured, including geometric and textural features. Correlation analyses and simple and multiple linear regressions were performed to assess the relationship between current intensity and ultrasound variables. Additionally, dose segmentation into three groups (low: 0–1.0 mA, medium: 1.0–4.0 mA, high: >4.0 mA) allowed for comparative statistical analysis using Kruskal–Wallis and post hoc Mann–Whitney U tests. Results: Significant dose–response relationships were observed in key ultrasound parameters, including A_Number, A_Area, A_Perimeter, and A_Contrast (p < 0.001). Regression analysis revealed that a combination of A_Area, A_Number, and A_Perimeter accounted for 66.7% of the variance in applied dose (R² = 0.667, p < 0.001), leading to the creation of the predictive variable Muscle_Electrolysis_Dose. Comparative analysis confirmed significant differences between low-, medium-, and high-dose groups, particularly between lower and higher doses. Conclusions: Quantitative ultrasound effectively detects structural changes in muscle tissue following percutaneous electrolysis. The results support the development of objective, image-based criteria for optimizing galvanic current dosage, enhancing the precision and personalization of treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Musculoskeletal Disorders: Clinical Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research, Other

11 pages, 592 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Patient Expectations in Treatment Outcome and Satisfaction in Osteoarthritis: A Scoping and Mapping Review

by Mar Flores-Cortés, Tasha R. Stanton and Ferran Cuenca-Martínez

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(23), 8440; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14238440 - 28 Nov 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1136

Abstract

Recovery in osteoarthritis (OA) is a multidimensional construct that extends beyond symptom reduction to encompass how individuals make sense of, adapt to, and live with their condition. Patient expectations appear to play a central role in shaping this process, influencing how individuals define recovery, cope with functional limitations, and evaluate treatment outcomes. Understanding these expectations is essential for improving satisfaction and functional progress in OA management. This scoping review synthesized evidence on patient expectations in knee, hip and generalized OA and examined how these expectations influence treatment outcome and satisfaction. A PRISMA-ScR–informed scoping review was conducted across PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science up to September 2025. Eligible studies included adults with OA reporting on treatment expectations, expectation fulfillment, or expectations about their ability to cope (self-efficacy). Both qualitative and quantitative designs were included. Data were extracted and organized for study characteristics, population, expectation domains, and outcomes. Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing qualitative syntheses, cohort studies and systematic reviews. Across study designs, higher or fulfilled expectations were consistently associated with greater satisfaction, pain reduction, and functional improvement. Unrealistic or unfulfilled expectations predicted poorer clinical outcomes and dissatisfaction. Expectations surrounding treatment and clinical outcomes may plausibly influence recovery by shaping physiological responses, emotional reactions and patient engagement with rehabilitation. These findings highlight the importance of aligning clinical interventions with patient expectations. Integrating expectation assessment and recalibration into OA care may enhance adherence and patient satisfaction. Future research should further explore expectations as modifiable therapeutic targets and examine how they interact with factors such as symptom duration, severity and pain extension. Such combinations may clarify which patient profiles are most responsive to expectation-focused interventions. Overall, expectations emerge as a central component of recovery and a promising avenue for more person-centered physiotherapy and rehabilitation practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Musculoskeletal Disorders: Clinical Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Other

Jump to: Research, Review

19 pages, 3870 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Efficacy of Ergonomic Interventions on Work-Related Musculoskeletal Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Weiner Santos, Carmen Rojas, Rui Isidoro, Alejandro Lorente, Ana Dias, Gonzalo Mariscal, María Benlloch and Rafael Lorente

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(9), 3034; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14093034 - 28 Apr 2025

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 27469

Abstract

Background: Among the leading causes of work-related disability, musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) profoundly affect productivity and quality of life. Workplace changes, equipment adjustments, and training courses, among other ergonomic interventions, seek to lower the frequency and degree of MSDs. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated whether ergonomic interventions help prevent and control MSDs in various workplace environments. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library to identify relevant studies. Inclusion criteria included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated ergonomic interventions against conventional conditions. Effect sizes were computed using mean differences and pooled using a random-effects model in case of heterogeneity. A uniform Excel sheet was used for data extraction. Revman software (Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark) was used for statistical analysis. Results: This meta-analysis included 24 RCTs with 4086 workers with different occupations. A meta-analysis of 10 included studies demonstrated lower pain intensity with a mean difference in VAS score between ergonomic interventions and the control group of −0.28 (95%CI: −0.43, −0.14, p = 0.0001). Also, there was a significant reduction in reported MSD-related pain in the lower back with ergonomic interventions with an OR 0.53 (95%CI: 0.40–0.70, p < 0.00001). Moreover, there were statistically significant results for ergonomic interventions in the upper back, ankles, wrists, and neck. In contrast, there were no significant improvements in the thighs, arms, knees, shoulders, and elbows. Conclusions: Our findings support implementing ergonomic strategies as a practical approach to reducing work-related MSDs. However, further research is needed to improve intervention design and long-term effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Musculoskeletal Disorders: Clinical Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 542 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Therapeutic Exercise Prescription for Overhead Athletes with Shoulder Impingement Syndrome: A Systematic Review and CERT Analysis

by Fabien Guérineau, María Dolores Sosa-Reina, Jaime Almazán-Polo, Javier Bailón-Cerezo and Ángel González-de-la-Flor

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(5), 1657; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14051657 - 28 Feb 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5983

Abstract

Background: Shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS) is a prevalent condition among overhead athletes, often managed through therapeutic exercise interventions. However, the quality of reporting in exercise protocols significantly impacts their reproducibility and clinical implementation. The Consensus for Exercise Reporting Template (CERT) provides a standardized framework to assess the quality of exercise reporting in clinical research. Objectives: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the quality of exercise protocols used to treat SIS in overhead athletes by applying the CERT checklist. Additionally, the risk of bias was assessed to determine the methodological rigor of included studies. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Six electronic databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, Sport Discuss, Web of Science, and Cochrane) were searched for eligible studies. Inclusion criteria encompassed randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, and case series that investigated exercise therapy for SIS in overhead athletes. Studies had to be published in English and provide details on exercise interventions. Exclusion criteria included non-human studies, acute injuries, and postoperative management. The primary outcome was the quality of intervention reporting, assessed using the CERT checklist. The secondary outcome was the risk of bias, evaluated using the modified Downs and Black checklist. Results: Five studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising four RCTs and one case series. CERT scores ranged from 6 to 13 (median = 8, IQR = 1), indicating suboptimal reporting quality. Commonly reported CERT items included equipment usage and exercise tailoring. However, key aspects such as adherence, motivation, and intervention fidelity were consistently underreported. None of the included studies provided comprehensive details on exercise interventions as per CERT guidelines, limiting their reproducibility and clinical application. Conclusions: The quality of reporting on exercise-based interventions for SIS in overhead athletes remains insufficient. Critical gaps in adherence monitoring, patient motivation, and intervention fidelity were identified. Future research should prioritize standardized and detailed reporting of exercise interventions to enhance reproducibility and facilitate evidence-based clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Musculoskeletal Disorders: Clinical Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation)

► Show Figures

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Musculoskeletal Disorders: Clinical Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

Published Papers (8 papers)

Research

Review

Other

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI