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The Biogenesis, Structure, Function and Division of Plastids

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Biochemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 January 2026 | Viewed by 1257

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Plant Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
Interests: chloroplast; plant stem cell; cytoskeleton
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
Interests: plant physiology and molecular biology; abiotic stresses; photosynthesis; chloroplast membrane lipid; galactolipid; antioxidant
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

A plastid is a membrane-bound organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms. They are thought to be intracellular endosymbiotic cyanobacteria, and examples of them include chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts, and apicoplasts. Plastid biogenesis can generate multiple signals which impact the development, environmental sensing, and defense responses of plants.

Plant genetic engineering plays an important role in the improvement of plants, as well as their resistance to biotic and abiotic stress and their disease resistance mechanisms. A plastome typically contains a genome that encodes transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNAs) and ribosomal ribonucleic acids (rRNAs). It also contains the proteins involved in photosynthesis and plastid gene transcription and translation. Plastids are valuable subcellular compartments in the genetic engineering of plants, with intrinsic advantages in engineering the nucleus.

This Special Issue aims to provide a platform for studies on the biogenesis, structure, function, and division of plastids. We welcome submissions of original papers and reviews that are based on results obtained on a molecular scale.

This Special Issue is supervised by Dr. Xiaomin Liu and Dr. Lina Yin and assisted by our Topical Advisory Panel Member Dr. Shijiang Cao (College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China).

Dr. Xiaomin Liu
Dr. Lina Yin
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • plastid
  • chloroplast
  • chlorophyll
  • endosymbiotic cyanobacteria
  • photosynthesis
  • genetic engineering

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

22 pages, 1263 KB  
Review
Chloroplast Responses to Drought: Integrative Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies
by Sanjiao Wang, Qinghua Ma, Chen Li, Sihan Zhang and Xiaomin Liu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(24), 11872; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262411872 - 9 Dec 2025
Viewed by 296
Abstract
Drought is one of the most severe abiotic stresses limiting agricultural productivity and threatening global food security. As the central organelle responsible for photosynthesis and stress perception, the chloroplast is highly sensitive to drought, and its structural and functional stability directly determines plant [...] Read more.
Drought is one of the most severe abiotic stresses limiting agricultural productivity and threatening global food security. As the central organelle responsible for photosynthesis and stress perception, the chloroplast is highly sensitive to drought, and its structural and functional stability directly determines plant adaptability. Recent studies have revealed that chloroplasts undergo pronounced ultrastructural alterations under drought stress, including thylakoid membrane shrinkage, disorganization of grana stacks, and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excessive ROS production causes oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, whereas moderate ROS levels act as retrograde signals to regulate nuclear gene expression. In parallel, calcium (Ca2+) oscillations and retrograde signaling pathways—such as those mediated by GENOMES UNCOUPLED PROTEIN1 (GUN), 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphate (PAP), and Methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate (MecPP)—integrate chloroplast-derived stress cues with nuclear responses. To counteract drought-induced damage, plants activate a series of antioxidant systems—both enzymatic (Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX), Catalase (CAT)) and non-enzymatic (Ascorbic Acid (ASA), (Glutathione) GSH, tocopherols, carotenoids)—along with protective proteins such as fibrillins (FBNs) and WHIRLYs that stabilize thylakoid and membrane structures. In addition, autophagy and plastid degradation pathways selectively remove severely damaged chloroplasts to maintain cellular homeostasis. Exogenous substances, including melatonin, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), and Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, have also been shown to enhance chloroplast stability and antioxidant capacity under drought stress. In this review, we discuss the structural and functional changes in chloroplasts, signaling networks, and protective repair mechanisms under drought stress. Furthermore, we highlight future research prospects for enhancing plant stress resilience through multi-omics integration, application of functional regulators, and molecular design breeding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Biogenesis, Structure, Function and Division of Plastids)
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