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A special issue of Hydrology (ISSN 2306-5338). This special issue belongs to the section "Surface Waters and Groundwaters".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 January 2023) | Viewed by 32941

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. David Brauer

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Guest Editor

USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, Bushland, TX 79012, USA
Interests: hydrology; crop water use; hydrologic modeling; agronomy; forage production; climate change

Dr. Nathan Howell

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Guest Editor

School of Engineering and Computer Science, West Texas A&M University Engineering Building 221N, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX 79016, USA
Interests: groundwater pollution; sediment transport; geographical information systems; organic pollutants; stormwater trends

Dr. Ryan Bailey

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Guest Editor

Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University Engineering A207-A, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1372, USA
Interests: water sustainability; hydrological modeling; salinity fate and transport; nutrient transport; groundwater quantity and quality
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

From space, the Earth looks like a planet with an abundance of water, because over 70% of its surface area is covered by oceans and other bodies of water. In fact, water is far from the most abundant compound on Earth. Freshwater—that is, water with only a slight concentration of sodium salts—makes up less than 3% of the Earth’s water. For most agricultural, domestic, or industrial use, freshwater only can be used. Therefore, fresh or non-saline water is relatively rare on Earth. Despite freshwater’s relatively rare occurrence, a comparison of the prices of different energy sources (oil, natural gas, etc.) with that of water makes the desalination of salt water too expensive for most sources, except in rare circumstances and/or geophysical situations. This current paradigm may change if the cost of energy decreases considerably or the demand for water increases significantly, thus making it a more precious commodity in terms of value.

Of the freshwater resource on Earth, almost 70% is held in solid form—ice—in terms of glaciers, ice caps, etc. The next most abundant form of freshwater is groundwater, comprising roughly 30% of the Earth’s total freshwater resources, as compared to less than 2% of freshwater available as surface water, etc. Therefore, the management of groundwater is of the utmost importance in determining the availability of freshwater for all of society’s needs.

Agriculture remains heavily reliant on groundwater worldwide. In most instances, irrigation is the primary means by which agriculture uses groundwater, and this use is consumptive: once used, most of the water is unavailable in that geographical location for further use. It is unsurprising that, in areas of intense irrigation, groundwater depletion has occurred and continues to occur at such a rapid rate that future irrigation may not be possible.

Unfortunately, income from the irrigation of crops provides one of the lowest returns on investment; thus, the supply of groundwater can be diverted towards other uses in order to generate greater returns. However, the growing world population is creating an increasing demand for food, fiber, and energy, which agriculture can provide. Irrigation offers one means by which agricultural production can be increased. This paradigm of the decreasing availability of groundwater for irrigation and the need for increased agricultural production favor a situation in which the irrigation of crops is as efficient as possible.

This Special Issue of Hydrology seeks to establish the scientific basis by which groundwater can be better managed to sustain agricultural use by disseminating knowledge of the factors that affect groundwater depletion, the role of climate change on groundwater supply and water demands, and the ways in which agricultural uses can be made as effective as possible in terms of creating food, fiber, and energy products with optimal groundwater withdrawals.

Please consider submitting your contributions to this Special Issue of Hydrology examining key factors influencing how groundwater is used, with particular attention to agricultural uses.

Thank you in advance,

Dr. David Brauer
Dr. Ryan Bailey
Dr. Nathan Howell
Guest Editors

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Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Hydrology is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

groundwater
depletion
recharge
irrigation
water use efficiency
societal objectives
hydrology
agriculture

Published Papers (12 papers)

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17 pages, 6374 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Search for a Relevant Scale to Optimize the Quality Monitoring of Groundwater Bodies in the Occitanie Region (France)

by Meryem Jabrane, Abdessamad Touiouine, Vincent Valles, Abdelhak Bouabdli, Said Chakiri, Ismail Mohsine, Youssouf El Jarjini, Moad Morarech, Yannick Duran and Laurent Barbiero

Hydrology 2023, 10(4), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10040089 - 10 Apr 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1512

Abstract

In France, and more generally in Europe, the high number of groundwater bodies (GWB) per administrative region is an obstacle for the management and monitoring of water for human consumption by regional health agencies. Moreover, GWBs show a high spatial, temporal, physico-chemical, and bacteriological variability. The objective is to establish homogeneous groupings of GWB from the point of view of water quality and the processes responsible for this quality. In the Occitanie region in southwestern France, the cross-referencing of two databases, namely the French reference system for groundwater bodies and SISE-EAUX, provided a dataset of 8110 observations and 15 parameters distributed over 106 GWB. The 8-step approach, including data conditioning, dimensional reduction by Principal Component Analysis, and hierarchical clustering, resulted in 20 homogeneous groups of GWB over the whole region. The loss of information caused by this grouping is quantified by the evolution of the explained variance. Splitting the region into two large basins (Adour-Garonne and Rhône Méditerranée) according to the recommendations of the European community does not result in a significant additional loss of information contained in the data. A quick study of a few groups allows to highlight the specificities of each one, thus enabling targeted guidelines or recommendations for water quality management and monitoring. In the future, the method will have to be tested on the scale of large European watersheds, as well as in the context of an increase in the number of parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Groundwater Management)

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21 pages, 2973 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fuzzy Unsteady-State Drainage Solution for Land Reclamation

by Christos Tzimopoulos, Nikiforos Samarinas, Kyriakos Papadopoulos and Christos Evangelides

Hydrology 2023, 10(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10020034 - 24 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1747

Abstract

Very well-drained lands could have a positive impact in various soil health indicators such as soil erosion and soil texture. A drainage system is responsible for properly aerated soil. Until today, in order to design a drainage system, a big challenge remained to find the subsurface drain spacing because many of the soil and hydraulic parameters present significant uncertainties. This fact also creates uncertainties to the overall physical problem solution, which, if not included in the preliminary design studies and calculations, could have bad consequences for the cultivated lands and soils. Finding the drain spacing requires the knowledge of the unsteady groundwater movement, which is described by the linear Boussinesq equation (Glover-Dumm equation). In this paper, the Adomian solution to the second order unsteady linear fuzzy partial differential one-dimensional Boussinesq equation is presented. The physical problem concerns unsteady drain spacing in a semi-infinite unconfined aquifer. The boundary conditions, with an initially horizontal water table, are considered fuzzy and the overall problem is translated to a system of crisp boundary value problems. Consequently, the crisp problem is solved using an Adomian decomposition method (ADM) and useful practical results are presented. In addition, by application of the possibility theory, the fuzzy results are translated into a crisp space, enabling the decision maker to make correct decisions about both the drain spacing and the future soil health management practices, with a reliable degree of confidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Groundwater Management)

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61 pages, 13851 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Partial Desalination of Saline Groundwater, including Flowback Water, to Produce Irrigation Water

by David D. J. Antia

Hydrology 2022, 9(12), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9120219 - 05 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2116

Abstract

Globally, more than 50 million ha of arable land is irrigated with saline water. The majority of this saline irrigation water is derived from saline groundwater. Global irrigation requirements may increase from 270 million ha in 2014 to about 750 million ha by 2050 as the global population increases to 9.1 billion people. The majority of this additional irrigation water is likely to come from saline groundwater sources. Desalination of irrigation water increases crop yield. A combination of high water volume requirements and low crop yields requires that, for widespread usage, the desalinated irrigation water product will require a delivery price of <USD 0.5 m³. This study considers five passive desalination routes (n-Fe⁰; n-Fe₃O₄; Fe⁰:Fe(b)@C⁰ polymer; n-Fe⁰:Fe(b) polymer; n-Fe(b) polymer) that may potentially achieve this goal: A common desalination mechanism is identified for the Fe⁰:Fe(b)@C⁰ polymer; n-Fe⁰:Fe(b) polymer; and n-Fe(b) polymer routes. The analysis establishes that the n-Fe(b) polymer route may be able to achieve (with a reaction time of 1 h) an 80% to 90% desalination of saline groundwater or flowback water (12.3 g NaCl L⁻¹; EC = 17.6 dSm⁻¹), to form partially desalinated irrigation water (1.2 to 2.4 g NaCl L⁻¹; EC = 2 to 3.4 dSm⁻¹) with an associated reduction in the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) from 125 to between 1.2 and 2.5, for a potential material (n-Fe(b) polymer) treatment cost of <USD 0.01 m⁻³, after considering polymer reuse and recycle, but excluding all other plant and other operating costs. The examples demonstrate that the polymers can be used to create: (i) a desalinated stationary hydrodynamic plume, containing 47,123 m³ water (1 to 2.5 g NaCl L⁻¹), within 157,080 m³ porous rock forming a confined, saline aquifer (18.59 g NaCl L⁻¹), to act as a reservoir of desalinated water (96 m³ d⁻¹) for irrigation, with the potential to produce >960 m³ d⁻¹ as required; (ii) a desalinated, perched, stationary, shallow groundwater mound, located above the regional water table, containing >200 m³ of desalinated water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Groundwater Management)

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15 pages, 3344 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Groundwater Temperature Modelling at the Water Table with a Simple Heat Conduction Model

by Pavla Pekárová, Andrej Tall, Ján Pekár, Justína Vitková and Pavol Miklánek

Hydrology 2022, 9(10), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9100185 - 19 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2785

Abstract

This study aimed at the analysis and modelling of the groundwater temperature at the water table in different regions of Slovakia. In the first part, the analysis of the long-term trends of air and soil/ground temperature to a depth of 10 m is presented. The average annual soil/groundwater temperatures at different depths were the same but lower than the annual average air temperature by about 0.8 °C. The long-term trend analysis of the air temperature and soil temperature at a depth of up to 10 m in Slovakia showed that the air and soil/ground water temperature have risen by 0.6 and 0.5 °C, respectively, per decade over the past 30 years. The second part of the study aimed at modelling the daily groundwater temperatures at depths of 0.6–15 m below the surface. The simple groundwater temperature model was constructed based on a one-dimensional differential Fourier heat conduction equation. The given model can be used to estimate future groundwater temperature trends using regional air temperature projections calculated for different greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Groundwater Management)

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41 pages, 16596 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Provision of Desalinated Irrigation Water by the Desalination of Groundwater Abstracted from a Saline Aquifer

by David D. J. Antia

Hydrology 2022, 9(7), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9070128 - 21 Jul 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3944

Abstract

Globally, about 54 million ha of cropland are irrigated with saline water. Globally, the soils associated with about 1 billion ha are affected by salinization. A small decrease in irrigation water salinity (and soil salinity) can result in a disproportionally large increase in crop yield. This study uses a zero-valent iron desalination reactor to effect surface processing of ground water, obtained from an aquifer, to partially desalinate the water. The product water can be used for irrigation, or it can be reinjected into a saline aquifer, to dilute the aquifer water salinity (as part of an aquifer water quality management program), or it can be injected as low-salinity water into an aquifer to provide a recharge barrier to protect against seawater intrusion. The saline water used in this study is processed in a batch flow, bubble column, static bed, diffusion reactor train (0.24 m³), with a processing capacity of 1.7–1.9 m³ d⁻¹ and a processing duration of 3 h. The reactor contained 0.4 kg Fe⁰. A total of 70 batches of saline water (average 6.9 g NaCl L⁻¹; range: 2.66 to 30.5 g NaCl L⁻¹) were processed sequentially using a single Fe⁰ charge, without loss of activity. The average desalination was 24.5%. The reactor used a catalytic pressure swing adsorption–desorption process. The trial results were analysed with respect to Na⁺ ion removal, Cl⁻ ion removal, and the impact of adding trains. The reactor train was then repurposed, using n-Fe⁰ and emulsified m-Fe⁰, to establish the impact of reducing particle size on the amount of desalination, and the amount of n-Fe⁰ required to achieve a specific desalination level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Groundwater Management)

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17 pages, 13269 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Impact of Artificial Recharge Ponds on Hydrological Fluxes in an Irrigated Stream–Aquifer System

by Chenda Deng and Ryan T. Bailey

Hydrology 2022, 9(5), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9050091 - 19 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2119

Abstract

Artificial recharge ponds have been used increasingly in recent years to store water in underlying aquifers and modify baseline groundwater gradients or alter natural hydrologic fluxes and state variables in an aquifer system. The number of constructed ponds, their geographic spacing, and the volume of water diverted to each pond can have a significant impact on baseline system hydrologic fluxes and state variables such as groundwater head, with the latter sometimes rising to cause waterlogging in cultivated areas. This study seeks to quantify the impact of recharge ponds on groundwater state variables (head, saturated thickness) and associated fluxes within an irrigated stream-aquifer system. We use a numerical modeling approach to assess the impact of a set of 40 recharge ponds in a 246 km² region of the South Platte River Basin, Colorado on localized groundwater head, regional groundwater flow patterns, and groundwater interactions with the South Platte River. We then use this information to determine the overall influence of recharge ponds on the hydrologic system. A linked agroecosystem–groundwater (DayCent-MODFLOW) modeling system is used to simulate irrigation, crop evapotranspiration, deep percolation to the water table, groundwater pumping, seepage from irrigation canals, seepage from recharge ponds, groundwater flow, and groundwater–surface water interactions. The DayCent model simulates the plant–soil-water dynamics in the root zone and soil profile, while MODFLOW simulates the water balance in the aquifer system. After calibration and testing, the model is used in scenario analysis to quantify the hydrologic impact of recharge ponds. Results indicate that recharge ponds can raise groundwater levels by approximately 2.5 m in localized areas, but only 15 cm when averaged over the entire study region. Ponds also increase the rate of total groundwater discharge to the South Platte River by approximately 3%, due to an increase in groundwater hydraulic gradient, which generally offsets stream depletion caused by groundwater pumping. These results can assist with groundwater resource management in the study region, and generally provide valuable information for the interplay between pumping wells and recharge ponds, and their composite effect on groundwater–surface water interactions. In addition, the developed linked DayCent-MODFLOW modeling system presented herein can be used in any region for which recharge rates should be calculated on a per-field basis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Groundwater Management)

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34 pages, 7554 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparative Water Qualities and Blending in the Ogallala and Dockum Aquifers in Texas

by Nathan Howell

Hydrology 2021, 8(4), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8040166 - 04 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2715

Abstract

Within the US Southern High Plains, it is known that the Ogallala Aquifer (OA) has been over pumped since large-scale agriculture began making use of the water in the 1950s. One option to address the decline is to find new water sources. The last 10–15 years have seen an increase in drilling large capacity, deeper wells in the co-located Dockum Aquifer in the Texas Panhandle. This lower aquifer is separated from the OA by low hydraulic conductivity sediment and is thus generally considered independent from the OA. We examined the suitability of the Dockum to supplement OA water by comparing recent water chemistries where the aquifers coexist. We also examined historical information on well yield, well development, and water quality. We found that water quality is equivalent to the Ogallala in some places but in others it is saltier, softer, and more sodic. Use of PCA and hydrochemical facies revealed that even in this small area Dockum water quality is highly variable. We used USGS-PHREEQC to model water blending at ratios of 0–>100% Ogallala. We show that there is irrigation water quality risk no matter the blend, that risks differ according to location, and that the most frequent risks are salinity, sodicity, and nitrate. We conclude that growers can manage these risks if they use blending to choose the risks they feel most apt to mitigate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Groundwater Management)

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18 pages, 2470 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Groundwater Resources in Minor Plio-Pleistocene Arenaceous Aquifers in Central Italy

by Diego Di Curzio, Sergio Rusi, Alessia Di Giovanni and Emanuele Ferretti

Hydrology 2021, 8(3), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8030121 - 16 Aug 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1917

Abstract

The hilly landscape of the Periadric area in Central Italy is characterized by mainly marly–clayey foredeep basin deposits (Plio–Pleistocene age). These lithotypes are generally considered aquicludes, if compared with the regional limestone aquifers of Apennines. However, a coarsening upward trend characterizes the upper portion of this stratigraphic sequence, with arenaceous deposits and even conglomerates on the top. From a geomorphological viewpoint, the areas with coarser outcrops show a flat shape and sub-vertical slopes, like boundaries. At the base of these scarps, springs can be found at the interface between coarse and fine deposits, whereas these arenaceous bodies are actual aquifers. Until now, the hydrodynamics and hydrochemical features of this kind of aquifer have not been investigated deeply, because they have always been considered a worthy water resource. However, they could play a crucial role in integrated water management, especially to cope with climate changes and drought periods. Considering these, the main purpose of this study was to investigate from a hydrogeological point of view and to assess the groundwater quantity and quality. Five examples throughout the Abruzzo region were considered. For evaluation and comparisons between water resources, the water volume that infiltrates yearly at each squared kilometer of an aquifer (Mm³/y/km²) was applied. This value was calculated through three different approaches to provide a recharge estimation for this kind of aquifer that is as exhaustive and representative as possible. The results allowed us to characterize the hydrogeological model and to quantify the resources between 0.1 and 0.16 Mm³/y/km², to be suitable for multi–purpose utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Groundwater Management)

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18 pages, 4064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantifying Streambed Dispersion in an Alluvial Fan Facing the Northern Italian Apennines: Implications for Groundwater Management of Vulnerable Aquifers

by Federico Cervi and Alberto Tazioli

Hydrology 2021, 8(3), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8030118 - 07 Aug 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2123

Abstract

Groundwater management of alluvial aquifers facing the northern Italian Apennines is an important issue that is becoming more complicated due to ongoing climate changes and increased water demands. The large groundwater withdrawals, coupled with an overall worsening of the water quality, require detailed knowledge of the recharge mechanisms of these aquifers that can be useful for further adaptation measures. We have focused our attention on a selected alluvial fan in which 49 slug injections of hyperconcentrated solutions of NaCl allowed river discharges to be estimated in seven different hydraulic sections. Consequently, losses from the streambed were assessed for the six river reaches along with the corresponding uncertainties in the estimates. The study confirms the suitability of such tests for identifying sectors in which streambed losses are promoted and for quantifying the total recharge conveyed to underlying aquifers. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the total streambed losses can be further linked to river discharges in any gauge upstream of the alluvial fan thanks to linear regression. Once obtained, the latter makes monitoring groundwater recharge by stream losses in real time possible if a permanent measurement device (such as the common telemetry used for river discharge monitoring) is available. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Groundwater Management)

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20 pages, 5799 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Pumping Rate on Contaminant Transport in Groundwater—A Numerical Study

by Hossein Ahmadi, Fouad Kilanehei and Mohammad Nazari-Sharabian

Hydrology 2021, 8(3), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8030103 - 08 Jul 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2778

Abstract

Public supply wells are commonly considered one of the most significant sources of freshwater on Earth. Therefore, potential well water contamination can conceivably be regarded as a crucial issue that is closely correlated with both environmental protection and water demand. In the present study, a three-dimensional numerical model is developed to simulate unsteady and spatially varying groundwater flow, along with contaminant migration. Besides, the proposed model is capable of investigating well water quality by the change of the wells’ pumping rates. The developed model uses a finite-volume time splitting numerical technique to solve governing groundwater flow and soluble contaminant transport equations. Comparison of the numerical simulation results with analytical solutions, as well as experimental and field data, clearly demonstrates the satisfactory performance of the present model. The fundamental aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of pumping rate and its variations on pollution migration through saturated porous media. To meet this purpose, contaminant concentrations and contaminants’ travel time were studied under different pump flow rate conditions. The modeling results revealed that choosing an optimum range for the pumping rate increases contaminant travel time and reduces aquifer vulnerability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Groundwater Management)

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16 pages, 7975 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Linking DPSIR Model and Water Quality Indices to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals in Groundwater Resources

by Dimitrios E. Alexakis

Hydrology 2021, 8(2), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8020090 - 09 Jun 2021

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 4046

Abstract

The achievement of sustainable development goals in groundwater resources related to water quality issues is a critical question in many regions. This study aims to combine powerful tools for helping stakeholders and policymakers achieve sustainable development goals in groundwater resources of agricultural areas. The DPSIR (Driver–Pressure–State–Impact–Response) model in combination with the Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment Water Quality Index and Groundwater Directive 2006/118/European Community—Threshold Values was applied using a hydrogeochemical dataset derived from the analysis of groundwater samples collected from 31 monitoring sites in an unconfined alluvial aquifer. Elevated Cl⁻ (up to 423.2 mg L⁻¹), NO₃⁻ (up to 180.1 mg L⁻¹) concentration and electrical conductivity (up to 2037 μS cm⁻¹) value are observed for groundwater samples of the study area. The outcome of the “One Out-All Out” procedure revealed that the groundwater in 42% of the monitored sites is unsuitable for drinking according to the health-based guideline values established by Directive 98/83/European Community. A difficulty to achieve targets under Sustainable Development Goals 3 and 6 in the study area is revealed. The proposed response actions are reported. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Groundwater Management)

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10 pages, 1989 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Removal of Arsenic in Groundwater Using Fe(III) Oxyhydroxide Coated Sand: A Case Study in Mekong Delta, Vietnam

by Lavane Kim, Nguyen Truong Thanh, Pham Van Toan, Huynh Vuong Thu Minh and Pankaj Kumar

Hydrology 2022, 9(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9010015 - 13 Jan 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2394

Abstract

Because of its threat to the quality of freshwater resources and human health, arsenic (As) pollution is important to scientific communities and policymakers around the world. The Mekong Delta, Vietnam, is one hotspot of As pollution. Its risk assessment of different environmental components has been well documented; however, very few studies focus on As removal techniques. Considering this information gap, this study aimed to investigate the performance of an innovative and low-cost treatment system using Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide (FeOOH) coated sand to remove As(III) from aqueous solution. Batch and column experiments were conducted at a laboratory scale in order to study removal kinetics and efficiency. Experimental results indicated that the adsorption isotherm of As(III) on FeOOH coated sand using Langmuir and Freundlich models have high regression factors of 0.987 and 0.991, respectively. The batch adsorption experiment revealed that contact time was approximately 8 h for rough saturation (kinetic test). The concentration of As(III) in effluents at flow rates of 0.6 L/h, 0.9 L/h, and 1.8 L/h ranged from 1.1 µg/L to 1.7 µg/L. Results from this study indicated that FeOOH coated sand columns were effective in removing As(III) from water, with a removal efficiency of 99.1%. Ultimately, FeOOH coated sand filtration could be a potential treatment system to reduce As(III) in the domestic water supply in remote areas of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Groundwater Management)

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