Characterization Techniques for Hydrogels and Their Applications

A special issue of Gels (ISSN 2310-2861). This special issue belongs to the section "Gel Analysis and Characterization".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2025 | Viewed by 912

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
Interests: polyethylenimine; solid-state NMR; hydrogels; copper complexes

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The development of novel functional materials is currently a major challenge to addressing specific problems not only in the environmental field but also in chemistry and biotechnology. In this sense, macromolecular chemistry is of great interest to produce processable materials with unique and valuable properties. Among them, polymer films and hydrogel structures offer new possibilities for scientists to create synthetic materials. Particularly, the incorporation of different transition metal ions and rare-earth elements into macromolecular architectures, thus allowing the combination of the physicochemical properties of both materials. In this sense, the use of spectroscopic and rheological techniques is necessary to achieve both the chemical structures and mechanical properties for the resulting materials as well as the success in their applications in different areas. Among them, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is the goal characterization technique to resolve chemical structures from small molecules to macromolecules. In addition, the material can be dissolved in different deuterated solvents and studied in the swollen or solid state. In some cases, ATR-FTIR or Raman techniques are commonly used for the bulk characterization of functional groups or chemical modifications in broad types of materials. Additionally, the use of electronic microscopies (SEM or TEM) coupled with EDX detectors can analyze the atomic elemental composition and localization, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) can also study the electronic state for different elements, which is extremely important in catalytic systems.

The aim of this Special Issue is to receive articles, comprehensive reviews, short communications, and perspectives, with topics addressing—but not limited to—the key findings and contributions on advanced hydrogels or supramolecular materials, with particular emphasis on their structure at different levels, including advanced characterization techniques (mechanical and spectroscopic tools) and their applications (catalysis, remediation, sorption processes, batteries, etc.).

Prof. Dr. Juan Manuel Lázaro-Martínez
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • characterization
  • spectroscopies
  • NMR
  • XPS
  • mechanical properties

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 9739 KiB  
Article
Fractal-Based Thermal Conductivity Prediction Modeling for Closed Mesoporous Polymer Gels
by Haiyan Yu, Mingdong Li, Ning Guo, Anqi Chen, Haochun Zhang and Mu Du
Gels 2025, 11(6), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11060391 - 26 May 2025
Viewed by 179
Abstract
The closed mesoporous polymer gels have garnered significant attention as advanced thermal insulation materials due to their superior lightweight characteristics and excellent thermal management capabilities. To accurately predict their thermal performance, this study develops a novel mathematical model that integrates fractal geometry theory, [...] Read more.
The closed mesoporous polymer gels have garnered significant attention as advanced thermal insulation materials due to their superior lightweight characteristics and excellent thermal management capabilities. To accurately predict their thermal performance, this study develops a novel mathematical model that integrates fractal geometry theory, Kirchhoff’s thermal conduction principles, comprehensive Rosseland diffusion approximation, and Mie scattering theory. The conductive thermal conductivity component was formulated based on a diagonal cross fractal structure, while the radiative component was derived considering microscale radiative effects. Model predictions exhibit strong agreement with experimental results from various mesoporous polymer gels, achieving a prediction error of less than 11.2%. Furthermore, a detailed parametric analysis was conducted, elucidating the influences of porosity, cell size, temperature, refractive index, and extinction coefficient. The findings identify a critical cell size range (1–100 µm) and porosity range (0.74–0.97) where minimum thermal conductivity occurs. This proposed modeling approach offers a robust and efficient theoretical tool for designing and optimizing the thermal insulation characteristics of closed mesoporous polymer gels, thereby advancing their application in diverse energy conversion and management systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization Techniques for Hydrogels and Their Applications)
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20 pages, 22930 KiB  
Article
Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Gentamicin and Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Chitosan/Gentamicin: Promising Materials for Rapid Burn Wound Healing
by Anja Nikolić, Ivan Milošević, Ana Janković, Bogomir Bolka Prokić, Emilija Nićković, Danica Marković, Milena Stevanović, Maja Vukašinović-Sekulić, Vesna Mišković-Stanković and Tijana Lužajić Božinovski
Gels 2025, 11(5), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11050352 - 10 May 2025
Viewed by 231
Abstract
Scar formation and delayed wound healing pose significant challenges in treating skin injuries, especially in severe cases like burns and diabetic wounds. This study investigates the effectiveness of novel Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/Gentamicin (Gent) and PVA/Chitosan (CHI)/Gent hydrogels in promoting healing of second-degree burn [...] Read more.
Scar formation and delayed wound healing pose significant challenges in treating skin injuries, especially in severe cases like burns and diabetic wounds. This study investigates the effectiveness of novel Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/Gentamicin (Gent) and PVA/Chitosan (CHI)/Gent hydrogels in promoting healing of second-degree burn wounds in a rat model. Following in vitro testing, these hydrogels were deemed non-toxic and suitable for in vivo analysis. Clinical evaluations were conducted on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st post-injury days, assessing parameters such as blistering, edema, redness, crust, bleeding, secretion, scar tissue formation, and wound contraction percentage. Histological analyses focused on re-epithelization and dermal evaluation at specific time points. Results showed that both hydrogels significantly reduced inflammation, particularly redness, by the 14th day and improved re-epithelization, with the PVA/CHI/Gent group outperforming on the 14th day and the PVA/Gent group excelling on the 21st day. Histological findings indicated increased fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition in treated groups, suggesting enhanced dermal healing. The PVA/CHI/Gent hydrogel demonstrated notable antibacterial properties, likely due to the synergistic effects of CHI and Gent, leading to reduced inflammation and edema. Overall, both hydrogels show promise as effective wound dressings, facilitating faster healing and improved tissue recovery in burn injuries. This study supports the use of biomimetic scaffolds for enhanced wound management in clinical practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization Techniques for Hydrogels and Their Applications)
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14 pages, 3450 KiB  
Article
Easy-to-Apply Hydrogel Patch for Field Treatment and Monitoring of Equine Wounds
by María Emilia Zambroni, Patricia A. Bertone, Ana Lucía Cabral, Andrés S. Boatti, Silvia V. Romanini, Sol R. Martínez and María Lorena Gómez
Gels 2025, 11(5), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11050328 - 27 Apr 2025
Viewed by 335
Abstract
The cicatrization process, which is critical to equine health, directly affects overall well-being by preventing infection, minimizing tissue damage, and restoring optimal function. Herein, we present a case of a 5-year-old sorrel mare with a torn skin wound on the dorsal aspect of [...] Read more.
The cicatrization process, which is critical to equine health, directly affects overall well-being by preventing infection, minimizing tissue damage, and restoring optimal function. Herein, we present a case of a 5-year-old sorrel mare with a torn skin wound on the dorsal aspect of the metatarsal region of the left hind limb, treated locally with an antibiotic-free transparent hydrogel-based patch while monitoring its healing process. The patch induced pink granulation tissue in the treated area after 42 days, while keloid formation was observed in the untreated area. Wound measurements showed a reduction over time with patch treatment, with complete healing achieved at 116 days. Capillary formation and a velvety appearance were observed on day 80. Histological analysis revealed mature granulation tissue, fibrocyte formation, abundant capillaries, organized collagen fibrils, and development of type III collagen in the treated area. Interestingly, no inflammatory response was observed during treatment. The hydrogel patch not only accelerated healing, but also controlled excessive granulation tissue formation. This treatment represents an innovative approach to equine wound management that updates applications for owners while reducing costs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization Techniques for Hydrogels and Their Applications)
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