Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT): Trends and Technologies—2nd Edition

A special issue of Future Internet (ISSN 1999-5903). This special issue belongs to the section "Internet of Things".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2025 | Viewed by 1953

Special Issue Editors

Department of Production Engineering, The Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
Interests: Industry 5.0; digital twin and metaverse; embodied AI; human–robot collaboration; robot learning; reinforcement learning; neural information processing; human-compatible AI
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Guest Editor
1. Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Telecommunications Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genoa, 16126 Genova, Italy
2. CNIT National Laboratory of Smart and Secure Networks (S2N), 16126 Genova, Italy
Interests: dynamic resource allocation in multiservice networks and in future internet; mobile wireless and satellite networks; multimedia communications and services; flexible; programmable; energy-efficient networking
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Guest Editor
Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi", University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
Interests: NFV; SDN; intent-based networking; MEC; 5G network slicing
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has emerged as a transformative force revolutionizing industries across the globe. It encompasses the integration of sensor technologies, machine learning, big data analytics, and connectivity to revolutionize industrial processes and enhance productivity. This transformation has not just enhanced industrial processes and productivity but is also paving the way for innovative business models. As the IIoT continues to evolve rapidly, it is crucial to delve into its latest trends, explore state-of-the-art technologies, and understand the emerging challenges and future possibilities.

In this Special Issue, we welcome submissions focusing on the dynamic landscape of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and its evolving trends and technologies. We encourage researchers, academicians, and industry practitioners to contribute their significant insights and research findings to this Special Issue, fostering the dissemination of knowledge and advancements in the realm of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT).

This Special Issue seeks to explore various facets of IIoT, including, but not limited to, the following:

  • IIoT applications in manufacturing, healthcare, energy, transportation, agriculture, and other industries;
  • Edge computing and IIoT;
  • Security and privacy challenges in IIoT;
  • AI and machine learning in IIoT systems;
  • Big data analytics for IIoT;
  • Connectivity protocols and standards for IIoT: URLLC, TSN, OPC UA, etc.;
  • Sensor technologies and their role in IIoT;
  • Industry 4.0 and the convergence of IIoT with other technologies;
  • Case studies and real-world implementations of IIoT solutions.

Dr. Zhihao Liu
Prof. Dr. Franco Davoli
Dr. Davide Borsatti
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Future Internet is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

  • industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
  • edge computing
  • cybersecurity in IIoT
  • Artificial Intelligence (AI) in IIoT applications
  • Industry 5.0 with IIoT
  • big data analytics for IIoT
  • sensor networks for IIoT
  • IIoT-driven smart manufacturing
  • IIoT standards and protocols
  • wireless communication in industrial environments

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 762 KB  
Article
Federated Learning-Based Intrusion Detection in Industrial IoT Networks
by George Dominic Pecherle, Robert Ștefan Győrödi and Cornelia Aurora Győrödi
Future Internet 2026, 18(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18010002 - 19 Dec 2025
Abstract
Federated learning (FL) is a promising privacy-preserving paradigm for machine learning in distributed environments. Although FL reduces communication overhead, it does not itself provide low-latency guarantees. In IIoT environments, real-time responsiveness is primarily enabled by edge computing and local inference, while FL contributes [...] Read more.
Federated learning (FL) is a promising privacy-preserving paradigm for machine learning in distributed environments. Although FL reduces communication overhead, it does not itself provide low-latency guarantees. In IIoT environments, real-time responsiveness is primarily enabled by edge computing and local inference, while FL contributes indirectly by minimizing the need to transmit raw data across the network. This paper explores the use of FL for intrusion detection in IIoT networks and compares its performance with traditional centralized machine learning approaches. A simulated IIoT environment was developed in which each node locally trains a model on synthetic normal and attack traffic data, sharing only model parameters with a central server. The Flower framework was employed to coordinate training and model aggregation across multiple clients without exposing raw data. Experimental results show that FL achieves detection accuracy comparable to centralized models while significantly reducing privacy risks and network transmission overhead. These results demonstrate the feasibility of FL as a secure and scalable solution for IIoT intrusion detection. Future work will validate the approach on real-world datasets and heterogeneous edge devices to further assess its robustness and effectiveness. Full article
17 pages, 3261 KB  
Article
Scalable Generation of Synthetic IoT Network Datasets: A Case Study with Cooja
by Hrant Khachatrian, Aram Dovlatyan, Greta Grigoryan and Theofanis P. Raptis
Future Internet 2025, 17(11), 518; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17110518 - 13 Nov 2025
Viewed by 496
Abstract
Predicting the behavior of Internet of Things (IoT) networks under irregular topologies and heterogeneous battery conditions remains a significant challenge. Simulation tools can capture these effects but can require high manual effort and computational capacity, motivating the use of machine learning surrogates. This [...] Read more.
Predicting the behavior of Internet of Things (IoT) networks under irregular topologies and heterogeneous battery conditions remains a significant challenge. Simulation tools can capture these effects but can require high manual effort and computational capacity, motivating the use of machine learning surrogates. This work introduces an automated pipeline for generating large-scale IoT network datasets by bringing together the Contiki-NG firmware, parameterized topology generation, and Slurm-based orchestration of Cooja simulations. The system supports a variety of network structures, scalable node counts, randomized battery allocations, and routing protocols to reproduce diverse failure modes. As a case study, we conduct over 10,000 Cooja simulations with 15–75 battery-powered motes arranged in sparse grid topologies and operating the RPL routing protocol, consuming 1300 CPU-hours in total. The simulations capture realistic failure modes, including unjoined nodes despite physical connectivity and cascading disconnects caused by battery depletion. The resulting graph-structured datasets are used for two prediction tasks: (1) estimating the last successful message delivery time for each node and (2) predicting network-wide spatial coverage. Graph neural network models trained on these datasets outperform baseline regression models and topology-aware heuristics while evaluating substantially faster than full simulations. The proposed framework provides a reproducible foundation for data-driven analysis of energy-limited IoT networks. Full article
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21 pages, 787 KB  
Article
Rethinking Modbus-UDP for Real-Time IIoT Systems
by Ivan Cibrario Bertolotti
Future Internet 2025, 17(8), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17080356 - 5 Aug 2025
Viewed by 968
Abstract
The original Modbus specification for RS-485 and RS-232 buses supported broadcast transmission. As the protocol evolved into Modbus-TCP, to use the TCP transport, this useful feature was lost, likely due to the point-to-point nature of TCP connections. Later proposals did not restore the [...] Read more.
The original Modbus specification for RS-485 and RS-232 buses supported broadcast transmission. As the protocol evolved into Modbus-TCP, to use the TCP transport, this useful feature was lost, likely due to the point-to-point nature of TCP connections. Later proposals did not restore the broadcast transmission capability, although they used UDP as transport and UDP, by itself, would have supported it. Moreover, they did not address the inherent lack of reliable delivery of UDP, leaving datagram loss detection and recovery to the application layer. This paper describes a novel redesign of Modbus-UDP that addresses the aforementioned shortcomings. It achieves a mean round-trip time of only 38% with respect to Modbus-TCP and seamlessly supports a previously published protocol based on Modbus broadcast. In addition, the built-in retransmission of Modbus-UDP reacts more efficiently than the equivalent Modbus-TCP mechanism, exhibiting 50% of its round-trip standard deviation when subject to a 1% two-way IP datagram loss probability. Combined with the lower overhead of UDP versus TCP, this makes the redesigned Modbus-UDP protocol better suited for a variety of Industrial Internet of Things systems with limited computing and communication resources. Full article
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