Recent Research in Infant Formula: The Dual Impact of Processing and Functional Ingredients on Health

A special issue of Foods (ISSN 2304-8158).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 November 2026 | Viewed by 330

Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Dairy Engineering, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
Interests: infant formular; infant health and development; functional food

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Guest Editor
Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
Interests: probiotics; prebiotics; postbiotics; gut microbiota; disease
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Infant formula is essential for sustaining life and maintaining gut homeostasis; however, it can also act as an “invisible pusher”, triggering immune imbalances and diseases. Infant formula components, including proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, prebiotics and probiotics, finely regulate host immune responses by influencing immune cell development, differentiation, inflammatory signaling and mucosal barrier function. Meanwhile, infant formula alters the composition of the gut microbiota and its metabolites, impacting local and systemic immune networks. This forms a dynamic and complex regulatory axis known as the “infant formula-microbiota-host health” interaction. However, the rapid advancement of the food industry and processing techniques has significantly altered the structure and chemical properties of infant formula. Therefore, processing techniques and functional ingredients play a dual role in the Infant formula, having a dual impact on the host's health.

To gain a deeper understanding of this complex field, we welcome submissions exploring the following topics (but not limited to):

  • Clinical and preclinical evidence for infant formula ingredients with health benefits (e.g., proteins, prebiotics and probiotics).
  • Investigating the mechanisms by which infant formula ingredients modulate host health, including regulation of immunity, the gut barrier and the gut microbiota.
  • Infant formula ingredient-mediated alterations in gut microbiota and metabolic function and further gut-X-axis-based health mechanisms.
  • Adverse effects of processing-induced changes in infant formula (e.g., Maillard reactions, lipid oxidation) on host health.
  • Quality alterations and pathogenic microbial contamination during infant formula storage.

Dr. Qingxue Chen
Prof. Dr. Bailiang Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-anonymized peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Foods is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Publisher’s Notice

The Special Issue has been removed from Section Dairy on 10 July 2026. At the time of the move, there were no publications in this Special Issue.

Keywords

  • infant formula
  • processing
  • functional ingredients
  • gut microbiota
  • gut-X-axis
  • potential risks

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

16 pages, 2704 KB  
Article
The Effects of Multiple Maillard Reaction Products in Infant Formula on Host Immunity and Neurotoxicity
by Qiaosi Wei, Lili Jia, Xiangxin Wang, Shubo Luo, Dongying Cui, Jufang Li, Qinggang Xie and Yajun Xu
Foods 2026, 15(14), 2533; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15142533 - 17 Jul 2026
Viewed by 223
Abstract
Various Maillard reaction products (MRPs) are formed in infant formula during thermal processing and storage. However, safety assessments are often based on individual compounds, which may not adequately reflect the potential risks associated with exposure to multiple coexisting components in real food products. [...] Read more.
Various Maillard reaction products (MRPs) are formed in infant formula during thermal processing and storage. However, safety assessments are often based on individual compounds, which may not adequately reflect the potential risks associated with exposure to multiple coexisting components in real food products. Therefore, this study used GC–MS to screen for typical MRPs in infant formula. Based on the detection results, glyoxal, 2-acetylfuran, 2-furfural, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) were selected to establish a mixed-exposure system. Subsequently, using zebrafish as a model, we systematically evaluated the toxic effects of two mixture concentrations, 1/9 maximum non-lethal concentration (MNLC) and 1/3 MNLC, on the immune system, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and liver. The results showed that these four MRPs coexisted in infant formula and that combined exposure induced significant biological damage even at low doses. Both mixture concentrations significantly reduced neutrophil and macrophage levels and promoted apoptosis in central nervous system cells. The higher-concentration mixture further reduced T-cell counts, suppressed motor neuron development, and decreased locomotor activity during the light phase. In addition, the higher-concentration mixture decreased the gastrointestinal area, increased the liver area, delayed yolk sac absorption, and caused marked histopathological damage. Compared with single-compound exposure, combined exposure exerted more pronounced effects on immune- and neuro-related endpoints, suggesting synergistic interactions among different MRPs and identifying the immune and nervous systems as the more sensitive targets of toxicity. In summary, mixed exposure to typical MRPs in infant formula may pose a greater biological risk than that predicted by evaluations based on individual components alone. This study provides experimental evidence for identifying combined toxicity and improving the safety risk assessment of MRPs in thermally processed infant foods. Full article
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