Fluids

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13 pages, 1760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Study of Bamboo Breakwater for Wave Reduction

by Haryo Dwito Armono, Briangga Herswastio Bromo, Sholihin and Sujantoko

Fluids 2022, 7(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids7010014 - 30 Dec 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3236

Flood inundation and shoreline erosion have long occurred in Sayung, Demak area, the northern coast of Central Java Province, Indonesia. The people of Sayung planted mangroves to reduce the flood inundation and shoreline erosion in that area. They built the bamboo array to [...] Read more.

Flood inundation and shoreline erosion have long occurred in Sayung, Demak area, the northern coast of Central Java Province, Indonesia. The people of Sayung planted mangroves to reduce the flood inundation and shoreline erosion in that area. They built the bamboo array to protect the juvenile mangroves from incoming waves. The bamboo acts as a breakwater and is considered an environmentally friendly permeable structure to reduce wave energy and stimulate sedimentation. This paper discusses three bamboo arrays’ effectiveness in wave reduction using Numerical Wave Tank (NWT). The interaction of regular waves with a permeable structure comprising a single row of vertical circular poles was conducted based on the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method. The effect of different waves and structural dimensions on the permeable structure was investigated based on the structure’s transmission coefficient (Kt) performance. The investigations have revealed that structures with the combination of Vertical-Horizontal formation (VH) attenuate more wave energy than Vertical Only (VO) and the combination of Vertical-Diagonal formation (VD). As the wave steepness increases, the transmission coefficient decreases. Likewise, the transmission coefficient (Kt) is decreasing when the wave height is increasing. On the other hand, the transmission coefficient (Kt) increases as the wave period increases. As the structure spacing ratio between end-to-end and center-to-center spacing (e/S) rises, the transmission coefficient (Kt) also increases. The diameter (D) has a slight effect on the transmission coefficient (Kt). However, the center-to-center spacing (S) has a more significant impact than the diameter on the transmission coefficient, affecting an inclination on the transmission coefficient (Kt) when center-to-center spacing (S) goes up. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamics and Its Interaction with Structures)

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28 pages, 16020 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Framework of Runge–Kutta, Discontinuous Galerkin, Level Set and Direct Ghost Fluid Methods for the Multi-Dimensional Simulation of Underwater Explosions

by Nan Si and Alan Brown

Fluids 2022, 7(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids7010013 - 29 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2019

Abstract

This work describes the development of a hybrid framework of Runge–Kutta (RK), discontinuous Galerkin (DG), level set (LS) and direct ghost fluid (DGFM) methods for the simulation of near-field and early-time underwater explosions (UNDEX) in early-stage ship design. UNDEX problems provide a series [...] Read more.

This work describes the development of a hybrid framework of Runge–Kutta (RK), discontinuous Galerkin (DG), level set (LS) and direct ghost fluid (DGFM) methods for the simulation of near-field and early-time underwater explosions (UNDEX) in early-stage ship design. UNDEX problems provide a series of challenging issues to be solved. The multi-dimensional, multi-phase, compressible and inviscid fluid-governing equations must be solved numerically. The shock front in the solution field must be captured accurately while maintaining the total variation diminishing (TVD) properties. The interface between the explosive gas and water must be tracked without letting the numerical diffusion across the material interface lead to spurious pressure oscillations and thus the failure of the simulation. The non-reflecting boundary condition (NRBC) must effectively absorb the wave and prevent it from reflecting back into the fluid. Furthermore, the CFD solver must have the capability of dealing with fluid–structure interactions (FSI) where both the fluid and structural domains respond with significant deformation. These issues necessitate a hybrid model. In-house CFD solvers (UNDEXVT) are developed to test the applicability of this framework. In this development, code verification and validation are performed. Different methods of implementing non-reflecting boundary conditions (NRBCs) are compared. The simulation results of single and multi-dimensional cases that possess near-field and early-time UNDEX features—such as shock and rarefaction waves in the fluid, the explosion bubble, and the variation of its radius over time—are presented. Continuing research on two-way coupled FSI with large deformation is introduced, and together with a more complete description of the direct ghost fluid method (DGFM) in this framework will be described in subsequent papers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamics and Its Interaction with Structures)

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12 pages, 984 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Modeling of the Wave-Plate-Current Interaction by the Boundary Element Method

by Hasna Akarni, Laila El Aarabi, Laila Mouakkir and Soumia Mordane

Fluids 2021, 6(12), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6120435 - 1 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2504

Abstract

The aim of this work is to propose a numerical study of the interaction of a wave-horizontal plate fixed and completely immersed in a flat-bottomed tank with a uniform current flowing in the same direction as the incident wave. We investigate in particular [...] Read more.

The aim of this work is to propose a numerical study of the interaction of a wave-horizontal plate fixed and completely immersed in a flat-bottomed tank with a uniform current flowing in the same direction as the incident wave. We investigate in particular the effect of the plate at minimizing the impact of the wave on the coast of beaches by studying the free surface elevation and the reflection coefficient, as well as the influence of the various geometrical parameters on the latter, taking into account the presence of the current. The numerical method used in this study is the boundary element method (BEM), and the results obtained will be confronted with experimental and analytical data existing in the literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamics and Its Interaction with Structures)

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9 pages, 2143 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resonant Motions of Dynamic Offshore Structures in Large Waves

by Ove Tobias Gudmestad

Fluids 2021, 6(10), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6100352 - 7 Oct 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1892

Abstract

In marine engineering, the dynamics of fixed offshore structures (for oil and gas production or for wind turbines) are normally found by modelling of the motion by a classical mass-spring damped system. On slender offshore structures, the loading due to waves is normally [...] Read more.

In marine engineering, the dynamics of fixed offshore structures (for oil and gas production or for wind turbines) are normally found by modelling of the motion by a classical mass-spring damped system. On slender offshore structures, the loading due to waves is normally calculated by applying a force which consists of two parts: a linear “inertia/mass force” and a non-linear “drag force” that is proportional to the square of the velocity of the particles in the wave, multiplied by the direction of the wave particle motion. This is the so-called Morison load model. The loading function can be expanded in a Fourier series, and the drag force contribution exhibits higher order harmonic loading terms, potentially in resonance with the natural frequencies of the system. Currents are implemented as constant velocity terms in the loading function. The paper highlights the motion of structures due to non-linear resonant motion in an offshore environment with high wave intensity. It is shown that “burst”/“ringing” type motions could be triggered by the drag force during resonance situations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamics and Its Interaction with Structures)

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17 pages, 1195 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Momentum Conserving Scheme for Two-Layer Shallow Flows

by Putu Veri Swastika and Sri Redjeki Pudjaprasetya

Fluids 2021, 6(10), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6100346 - 30 Sep 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2047

Abstract

This paper confronts the numerical simulation of steady flows of fluid layers through channels of varying bed and width. The fluid consists of two immiscible fluid layers with constant density, and it is assumed to be of a one-dimensional shallow flow. The governing [...] Read more.

This paper confronts the numerical simulation of steady flows of fluid layers through channels of varying bed and width. The fluid consists of two immiscible fluid layers with constant density, and it is assumed to be of a one-dimensional shallow flow. The governing equation is a coupled system of two-layer shallow water models. In this paper, we apply a direct extension of the momentum conserving scheme previously used for solving the one layer shallow water equations. Computations of various steady-state solutions are used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed numerical scheme. Under the influence of a given flow rate, the numerical steady interface is generated in a channel topography with a hump. The results obtained confirm the analytic steady interface of the two-layer rigid-lid model. Furthermore, the same scheme was used with an additional artificial damping to simulate the maximal exchange flow in channels of varying width. The numerical steady interface agreed well with the analytical steady solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamics and Its Interaction with Structures)

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22 pages, 5122 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coupled Delft3D-Object Model to Predict Mobility of Munition on Sandy Seafloor

by Peter C. Chu, Vinicius S. Pessanha, Chenwu Fan and Joseph Calantoni

Fluids 2021, 6(9), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6090330 - 14 Sep 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2484

Abstract

The coupled Delft3D-object model has been developed to predict the mobility and burial of objects on sandy seafloors. The Delft3D model is used to predict seabed environmental factors such as currents, waves (peak wave period, significant wave height, wave direction), water level, sediment [...] Read more.

The coupled Delft3D-object model has been developed to predict the mobility and burial of objects on sandy seafloors. The Delft3D model is used to predict seabed environmental factors such as currents, waves (peak wave period, significant wave height, wave direction), water level, sediment transport, and seabed change, which are taken as the forcing term to the object model consisting of three components: (a) physical parameters such as diameter, length, mass, and rolling moment; (b) dynamics of the rolling cylinder around its major axis; (c) an empirical sediment scour model with re-exposure parameterization. The model is compared with the observational data collected from a field experiment from 21 April to 13 May 2013 off the coast of Panama City, Florida. The experimental data contain both object mobility using sector scanning sonars and maintenance divers as well as simultaneous environmental time series data of the boundary layer hydrodynamics and sediment transport conditions. Comparison between modeled and observed data clearly shows the model’s capabilities and limitations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamics and Its Interaction with Structures)

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23 pages, 3745 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical Hydrodynamic Analysis of a Surface-Piercing Porous Cylindrical Body

by Dimitrios N. Konispoliatis, Ioannis K. Chatjigeorgiou and Spyridon A. Mavrakos

Fluids 2021, 6(9), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6090320 - 7 Sep 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2313

Abstract

In the present study, the diffraction and the radiation problems of water waves by a surface-piercing porous cylindrical body are considered. The idea conceived is based on the capability of porous structures to dissipate the wave energy and to minimize the environmental impact, [...] Read more.

In the present study, the diffraction and the radiation problems of water waves by a surface-piercing porous cylindrical body are considered. The idea conceived is based on the capability of porous structures to dissipate the wave energy and to minimize the environmental impact, developing wave attenuation and protection. In the context of linear wave theory, a three-dimensional solution based on the eigenfunction expansion method is developed for the determination of the velocity potential of the flow field around the cylindrical body. Numerical results are presented and discussed concerning the wave elevation and the hydrodynamic forces on the examined body for various values of porosity coefficients. The results revealed that porosity plays a key role in reducing/controlling the wave loads on the structure and the wave run-up, hence porous barriers can be set up to protect a marine structure against wave attack. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamics and Its Interaction with Structures)

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17 pages, 7246 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Breakwaters to Minimize Greenwater Loading on Bow Structures of Fixed Vessels

by Lim Jun An and Mohammed Abdul Hannan

Fluids 2021, 6(6), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6060212 - 8 Jun 2021

Viewed by 2834

Abstract

Greenwater (splashing of water on the deck) loading is a classical problem faced by designers of ship-shaped vessels, which becomes even worse when the vessel operates in harsh weather conditions for an extended period of time. Installation of breakwaters on the deck can [...] Read more.

Greenwater (splashing of water on the deck) loading is a classical problem faced by designers of ship-shaped vessels, which becomes even worse when the vessel operates in harsh weather conditions for an extended period of time. Installation of breakwaters on the deck can play a crucial role in minimizing this impact. However, research on the design and optimization of the breakwater is still in its infancy, and this study aims at shedding further light on this area by proposing and analysing the effectiveness of three breakwater designs on a fixed box-shaped vessel. The commercial CFD software ANSYS Fluent is used for this investigation. The design model (without breakwater) was validated at first against experimental results of greenwater splashing, before performing the actual simulations with the proposed breakwater design. A vertical plate is used as the deck structure, and the greenwater pressure at several locations on that plate is measured to compare the effectiveness of various breakwater designs. Overall, breakwaters with openings (perforations, grillages, etc.) were found to be more effective in minimizing the pressure generated by the greenwater. Nevertheless, there is significant room for improvement on breakwater designs, and some topics for further research are also suggested in this regard. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamics and Its Interaction with Structures)

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