Fishes

Research

12 pages, 1385 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pseudomonas putida: Sensitivity to Various Antibiotics, Genetic Diversity, Virulence, and Role of Formic Acid to Modulate the Immune-Antioxidant Status of the Challenged Nile tilapia Compared to Carvacrol Oil

by Othman M. Alzahrani, Preetham Elumalai, Hend S. Nada, Shaimaa A. A. Ahmed, Asmaa W. Zaglool, Sherif M. Shawky, Mohamed Alkafafy and Heba H. Mahboub

Fishes 2023, 8(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010006 - 22 Dec 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4513

Abstract

The Pseudomonas putida strain was primarily identified and tested in vitro against antibiotic sensitivity for several antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. This isolate was also tested against sensitivity to carvacrol oil (c) and formic acid (f). The genotyping of Pseudomonas spp. and [...] Read more.

The Pseudomonas putida strain was primarily identified and tested in vitro against antibiotic sensitivity for several antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. This isolate was also tested against sensitivity to carvacrol oil (c) and formic acid (f). The genotyping of Pseudomonas spp. and virulotyping for P. putida isolate was carried out and verified by 16S rDNA-PCR amplification. Furthermore, we assessed the efficacy of carvacrol oil and formic acid in vivo for treatment of P. Putida infection. For the in vivo challenge, 180 fish (Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus) were divided into six groups: (G1: control (unchallenged), G2: carvacrol prophylaxis (3 g/kg), G3: formic acid prophylaxis (5 mL/kg), G4: control positive (challenged), G5: carvacrol treatment (3 g/kg), and G6: formic acid treatment (5 mL/kg); 30 fish per group) with three replicates. Following the challenge, nitric oxide and lysozyme activity were measured as essential indicators for fish immunity. The antioxidant parameters including SOD and catalase were computed to reflect the antioxidant status. Furthermore, relative percent survival (RPS) and mortality percent were evaluated to indicate functional immunity. The findings of the antibiotic sensitivity test showed that ciprofloxacin exhibited the largest inhibition zone. Additionally, formic acid (f) displayed the greatest inhibition zone compared to carvacrol oil (c) and was more effective in stimulating the immune-antioxidant response compared to carvacrol oil. The tested exotoxin A (tox A), exoenzyme S (exo S), and the nan1 associated-virulence genes were identified in the P. putida isolate. Overall, the current study verified the virulence of P. putida and highlighted the promising role of dietary addition of formic acid for enhancing the immune-antioxidant indicators and for mitigating P. putida infection. Future studies could be devoted to this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diseases in Fish and Shellfish)

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14 pages, 1365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial Activity of Bacillus Strains against Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease-Causing Vibrio campbellii in Pacific White Leg Shrimp

by Hye Jin Jeon, Jae Won Song, Chorong Lee, Bumkeun Kim, Seon Young Park, Ji Hyung Kim, Jee Eun Han and Jae Hak Park

Fishes 2022, 7(5), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050287 - 15 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2232

Abstract

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a bacterial disease caused by Vibrioparahaemolyticus. Currently, various Vibrio strains, including V. campbellii, V. owensii, and V. harveyi, have been reported as causative pathogens. Thus, controlling AHPND to maintain high production in [...] Read more.

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a bacterial disease caused by Vibrioparahaemolyticus. Currently, various Vibrio strains, including V. campbellii, V. owensii, and V. harveyi, have been reported as causative pathogens. Thus, controlling AHPND to maintain high production in shrimp aquaculture is difficult. We evaluated the antimicrobial activity of five Bacillus strains (B1, B3, B5, B7, and B8)—isolated from seawater in Jeju, South Korea—against 12 Vibrio strains (10 AHPND strains and 2 non-AHPND strains). All tested Bacillus strains inhibited the growth of at least one of the tested Vibrio strains in the dot-spot method. Among them, B1 and B3, the most effective Bacillus strains against the Vibrio strains, particularly against AHPND-causing V. campbellii (Vc_AHPND), were further used in a challenge test. After 48–60 h of Vc_AHPND immersion, a significantly higher survival rate was observed in the B1-treated group (100%) than in the non-Bacillus-treated group (64.3%). Based on the qPCR analysis of AHPND, the cycle threshold values were 31.63 ± 0.2 (B1-treated group) and 38.04 ± 0.58 (B3-treated group), versus 28.70 ± 0.42 in the control group. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that B1 and B3 were classified as B. velezensis. The 16S rRNA sequences and complete genome sequences of B1 and B3 were deposited in GenBank. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diseases in Fish and Shellfish)

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10 pages, 1440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cloning of Grass Carp Chemokine XC Receptor 1 (XCR1) Gene and Evaluation of Its Expression in Various Organs after GCRV Infection

by Hailuo Yu, Yi Liu, Tiaoyi Xiao, Hongquan Wang and Baohong Xu

Fishes 2022, 7(3), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030130 - 31 May 2022

Viewed by 1618

Abstract

Interaction between the chemokine receptor XCR1 and its ligand is closely related to the immune function in animals; however, there are only a few reports on role of XCR1 in the immune system of fish. We aimed to analyze the expression of XCR1 [...] Read more.

Interaction between the chemokine receptor XCR1 and its ligand is closely related to the immune function in animals; however, there are only a few reports on role of XCR1 in the immune system of fish. We aimed to analyze the expression of XCR1 in various organs or tissues of grass carp before and after Grass Carp Reovirus (GCRV) infection to better understand the function of XCR1 in resistance to GCRV infection. We cloned and sequenced the cDNA of grass carp XCR1 and analyzed the molecular structure of XCR1 based its amino acid sequence. Further, we analyzed the relative expression levels of XCR1 in different organs or tissues of male parent grass carp with GCRV resistance (P1) and their first-generation offspring (F1) before and after GCRV infection. Our results show that the total length of cDNA of the grass carp XCR1 gene is 1659 bp and encodes 365 amino acids. XCR1 contains seven conserved transmembrane helical domains. The homologous tertiary structure of XCR1 is similar to its homologs in other species. After artificial GCRV infection, there were significant differences in the expression of the grass carp XCR1 gene in different tissues, at different time points, and between P1 and F1 fish. These results will contribute to our understanding of the role of XCR1 in fish immune responses and contribute to the development of GCRV-resistant grass carp. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diseases in Fish and Shellfish)

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8 pages, 1716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Infectivity and Transmissibility of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease Associated Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Frozen Shrimp Archived at −80 °C

by Chorong Lee, Hye Jin Jeon, Bum Keun Kim, Seong-Kyoon Choi, Sumi Kim, Gwang Il Jang, Ji Hyung Kim and Jee Eun Han

Fishes 2022, 7(3), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030125 - 30 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2227

Abstract

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp_AHPND) has been reported in commodity shrimp, but the potential risk of its global spread via frozen shrimp in the shrimp trade is yet to be fully explored. We hypothesized that [...] Read more.

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp_AHPND) has been reported in commodity shrimp, but the potential risk of its global spread via frozen shrimp in the shrimp trade is yet to be fully explored. We hypothesized that frozen shrimp with AHPND could be a source of Vp_AHPND transmission; thus, the infectivity of frozen shrimp with AHPND was evaluated using a shrimp bioassay. To prepare infected frozen shrimp, 12 Penaeus vannamei (average weight, 2 g) were exposed to Vp_AHPND by immersion in water with a Vp_AHPND concentration of 1.55 × 10⁷ CFU mL⁻¹; once dead, the shrimp were stored at −80 °C for further analysis. After two weeks, a PCR assay was used to confirm AHPND positivity in frozen shrimp (n = 2), and Vp_AHPND was reisolated from the hepatopancreases of these shrimp. For the infectivity test, 10 P. vannamei (average weight, 4 g) were fed with the hepatopancreases of Vp_AHPND -infected frozen shrimp (n = 10). After feeding, 70% of the shrimp died within 118 h, and the presence of Vp_AHPND was confirmed using a PCR assay and histopathology examination; moreover, Vp_AHPND was successfully reisolated from the hepatopancreases of the dead shrimp. We are the first to evaluate the potential transmissibility of Vp_AHPND in frozen shrimp, and our results suggest that frozen shrimp with AHPND are a potential source of disease spreading between countries during international trade. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diseases in Fish and Shellfish)

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13 pages, 3498 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation, Identification and Characteristics of Aeromonas caviae from Diseased Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

by Mingyang Xue, Zidong Xiao, Yiqun Li, Nan Jiang, Wenzhi Liu, Yan Meng, Yuding Fan, Lingbing Zeng and Yong Zhou

Fishes 2022, 7(3), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030119 - 28 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3729

Abstract

The largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is one of the most economically valuable fish species in China. In this study, a bacterial pathogen was isolated from the internal organs of diseased M. salmoides, and the strain was named WH21406. This isolate [...] Read more.

The largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is one of the most economically valuable fish species in China. In this study, a bacterial pathogen was isolated from the internal organs of diseased M. salmoides, and the strain was named WH21406. This isolate was identified as Aeromonas caviae on the basis of its morphology, biochemical features and 16S rDNA phylogenetic analysis. Four virulence genes related to pathogenicity, namely, flagella (fla), elastase (ela), haemolysin (hly) and aerolysin (aer), were detected in this isolate. The median lethal dosage (LD50) of A. caviae WH21406 for M. salmoides was calculated to be 3.46 × 10⁵ CFU mL⁻¹. The histopathological analysis showed obvious tissue damage in the gill, liver, kidney, spleen and gut of the diseased fish. The antibiotic susceptibility test demonstrated that strain WH21406 was highly sensitive to enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, streptomycin and amikacin. The results of this study provide a foundation for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of A. caviae infection in M. salmoides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diseases in Fish and Shellfish)

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9 pages, 1597 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

The Opportunistic Pathogen Chryseobacterium balustinum WLT: Pathogenicity and Antibiotic Resistance

by Won Joon Jung, Sang Guen Kim, Sib Sankar Giri, Sang Wha Kim, Jeong Woo Kang, Jun Kwon, Woo Taek Oh, Sung Bin Lee, Young Min Lee, Su Jin Jo, Cheng Chi, Jin Woo Jun and Se Chang Park

Fishes 2022, 7(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010026 - 23 Jan 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3143

Abstract

This study aimed to re-evaluate the pathogenic characteristics of Chryseobacterium balustinum, generally known as a food spoilage bacterium. We observed mass mortality in a rainbow trout farm in Jeonbuk province, Republic of Korea. Fewer studies have reported on rainbow trout mortality or [...] Read more.

This study aimed to re-evaluate the pathogenic characteristics of Chryseobacterium balustinum, generally known as a food spoilage bacterium. We observed mass mortality in a rainbow trout farm in Jeonbuk province, Republic of Korea. Fewer studies have reported on rainbow trout mortality or infections in Korea than in other countries; among these, few studies have reported cases of Chryseobacterium infections. Sequencing analysis revealed that this bacterium is closely related (99.24%) to Chryseobacterium balustinum. Bacterial identification assays, including the API test, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis, found the 24 isolates to be C. balustinum. The strain showed multiple resistance to 18 of 25 antibiotics tested. Primary clinical symptoms of its infection are damage to the fins, necrosis, and cytoplasmic vacuolation in hepatocytes. The pathogenicity of the strain was determined following Koch’s postulates and the challenge test. The present results suggest that C. balustinum WLT can be considered a multidrug-resistant zoonotic pathogen responsible for mortality and economic losses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diseases in Fish and Shellfish)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

9 pages, 604 KiB

Open AccessReview

White Feces Syndrome, A Multifactorial Syndrome of Cultured Shrimp: A Mini Review

by Patharapol Piamsomboon and Jee Eun Han

Fishes 2022, 7(6), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060339 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6588

Abstract

White feces syndrome (WFS), a gastrointestinal disorder of cultivated penaeid shrimp, causes severe economic and production losses worldwide. Shrimp with WFS usually show a reduced feed consumption and growth rate, hepatopancreatic discoloration, and loose shells. Recently, WFS has been said to be related [...] Read more.

White feces syndrome (WFS), a gastrointestinal disorder of cultivated penaeid shrimp, causes severe economic and production losses worldwide. Shrimp with WFS usually show a reduced feed consumption and growth rate, hepatopancreatic discoloration, and loose shells. Recently, WFS has been said to be related to an infection with Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), a microsporidian parasite, and other opportunistic bacteria, such as the Vibrio species. Vibrio spp. may play an important role in WFS occurrence; nevertheless, Vibrio sp., as a single pathogen, cannot reproduce this syndrome under laboratory conditions. To date, no novel treatment has been found for WFS; therefore, preventive measures, such as strict biosecurity systems to eliminate or inactivate EHP spores and limit the total Vibrio number, have been suggested. This review summarizes the information regarding the association between WFS and water parameters, gut microbiomes, EHP and Vibrio, and disease control strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diseases in Fish and Shellfish)

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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

8 pages, 1679 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Detection of Macrobrachium rosenbergii Nodavirus (MrNV) of White Tail Disease (WTD) in Apparently Healthy Giant Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii in Korea

by Gwang Il Jang, Bo Seong Kim, Su Mi Kim, Yun Kyeong Oh, Jae Ok Kim, Jee Youn Hwang, Soon Jeong Lee, Sung Youl Hong and Mun Gyeong Kwon

Fishes 2022, 7(5), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050294 - 19 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2316

Abstract

White tail disease (WTD) is caused by the Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and an extra-small virus (XSV). MrNV belongs to the Nodaviridae family. While the role of XSV in the pathogenicity of WTD remains unclear, MrNV is considered to [...] Read more.

White tail disease (WTD) is caused by the Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and an extra-small virus (XSV). MrNV belongs to the Nodaviridae family. While the role of XSV in the pathogenicity of WTD remains unclear, MrNV is considered to be a significant factor in the disease. To study WTD infection in giant freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), adult and post-larval (PL) prawns were collected from three giant freshwater prawn farms in Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea in 2021. Although the adult and PL prawns did not display any gross signs of WTD, MrNV was detected in both adult and PL in this study. However, XSV was not detected in both prawns. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the capsid protein gene sequences of MrNV obtained in this study were robustly clustered with the MrNV group, and were clearly distinguished from Alphanodavirus and Betanodavirus groups of the family Nodaviridae. Although Zenker’s necrosis and myolysis were observed histopathologically in the abdominal striated muscle of adult and PL prawns, no gross signs associated with white tail were observed because of local lesions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diseases in Fish and Shellfish)

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