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Renewable and Sustainable Energy in Light of Energy Transition Processes
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Renewable and Sustainable Energy in Light of Energy Transition Processes

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A: Sustainable Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2024) | Viewed by 17276

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Bartłomiej Igliński

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
Interests: renewable energy; environmental conservation; sustainable energy; pro-ecological technologies
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Michał Bernard Pietrzak

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Faculty of Management and Economics, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
Interests: renewable energy; sustainable development; low-emission economy; regional analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The subject of this Special Issue is the processes of the global energy transition and the related issues of energy use and production. It should be emphasized that energy in the framework of the energy transition is understood as a fundamental engine of economic development and a factor in improving the quality of life. Reliable access to energy is a key element in economic and social development. Conventional fuel resources are limited and non-renewable, and their use contributes to atmospheric pollution by the emission of greenhouse gases, resulting in ever-increasing global warming. Therefore, it is necessary to intensify the production of energy from renewable energy (RE) sources. Importantly, any type of RE should be sourced sustainably, as this is the only way to achieve the energy transition. The development of RE promotes the creation of a decentralized society, powered by a network of smaller and safer power plants, and the strengthening of local communities.

This Special Issue addresses the current status, potential and prospects for renewable and sustainable energy development in light of energy transition processes. Research is being conducted around the world to improve the various RE sectors. As a result, technologies related to RE production are characterized by increasing energy efficiency, with decreasing costs for their purchase and installation. There are also beneficial socioeconomic aspects of scientific and technological development, such as improved quality of life and new jobs. This Special Issue will present the latest scientific, technical and economic developments in problems of energy transition and renewable and sustainable energy.

Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Energy transition and determinants of the energy transition processes;
  • Energy production, heat, transportation, transformation of economies and social changes;
  • Primary fuels, energy, and the renewable energy market;
  • Possibilities of RE development;
  • Institutional determinants of the RE sector;
  • Biomass technology and biofuels applications;
  • Biogas and biomethane production;
  • Wind energy technology;
  • Solar, thermal and photovoltaic technology;
  • Hydropower technology, wave, tide, and ocean thermal energies;
  • Geothermal technology;
  • Hydrogen production and fuel cells;
  • Proecological aspects in the energy sector;
  • Low-emission economy, decarbonization strategy, prosumers;
  • Socio-economic consequences of the development of the RE sector.

Dr. Bartłomiej Igliński
Prof. Dr. Michał Bernard Pietrzak
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • energy transition
  • renewable and sustainable energy
  • renewable energy sources
  • energy conversion
  • proecological technologies
  • low-emission economy

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 3948 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of the Input-Output Behavior of a Geothermal Energy Storage
by Paul Honore Takam and Ralf Wunderlich
Energies 2025, 18(6), 1558; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18061558 - 20 Mar 2025
Viewed by 304
Abstract
This paper studies numerical simulations of the input-output behavior of a geothermal energy storage used in residential heating systems. There, under or aside of a building a certain domain is filled with soil and insulated from the surrounding ground. Thermal energy is stored [...] Read more.
This paper studies numerical simulations of the input-output behavior of a geothermal energy storage used in residential heating systems. There, under or aside of a building a certain domain is filled with soil and insulated from the surrounding ground. Thermal energy is stored by raising the temperature of the soil inside the storage, and pipe heat exchangers filled with a moving fluid are used to charge and discharge the storage. Numerical simulations are required for the design, operation and optimal management of heating systems that are equipped with such a thermal storage system. They help to understand the storage response to charging and discharging processes, which depend crucially on the dynamics of the spatial temperature distribution in the storage medium. The latter is modeled mathematically by an initial boundary value problem for a linear heat equation with convection. The problem is solved numerically by finite difference discretization. Finally, the results of computer simulations are presented, which show the properties of the temperature distribution in the storage and its aggregated characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable and Sustainable Energy in Light of Energy Transition Processes)
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28 pages, 30828 KiB  
Article
Experimental Evaluation of the Power Output and Efficiency of a Small Solar-Boosted OTEC Power Plant
by Reemal D. Prasad, Muzammil Ali and Mohammed Rafiuddin Ahmed
Energies 2025, 18(1), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18010127 - 31 Dec 2024
Viewed by 910
Abstract
Ocean thermal energy is an emerging energy source that holds great promise, especially for tropical countries. Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) efficiency can be improved by raising the temperature difference between the hot water and the cold water. In the work reported here, [...] Read more.
Ocean thermal energy is an emerging energy source that holds great promise, especially for tropical countries. Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) efficiency can be improved by raising the temperature difference between the hot water and the cold water. In the work reported here, a laboratory-scale closed-cycle OTEC system was constructed and tested for power output and efficiency. A solar heating system heated the water up to 70 °C. Experiments were conducted at cold water inlet temperatures of 5 °C, 8 °C, and 11 °C. The mass flow rate of the hot water was varied, while that of the cold water was kept constant. Increasing the hot water inlet temperature from 30 °C to 70 °C while keeping the cold water inlet temperature constant at 5 °C at the highest mass flow rate of hot water increased the power output from 32.07 W to 66.68 W (107.9% increase) and the thermal efficiency from 1.96% to 4.37% (123% increase). The pressure drop across the turbine was higher for a larger temperature difference between the hot water and cold water, indicating a higher transfer of energy to the working fluid. Increasing the mass flow rate of the hot water for the increasing temperature difference between the hot water and cold water increased the power output and efficiency due to the increase in the energy transfer from the hot water to the working fluid. Experimental works on solar-boosted OTEC systems are very rare, and this work should pave the way for practical implementation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable and Sustainable Energy in Light of Energy Transition Processes)
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13 pages, 1137 KiB  
Article
Research on a New Method of Water Recovery from Biogas Plant Digestate
by Mateusz Nowak, Wojciech Czekała, Wiktor Bojarski and Jacek Dach
Energies 2024, 17(21), 5505; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17215505 - 4 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1374
Abstract
Digestate is a product with valuable fertilizing properties, remaining after the anaerobic fermentation process. An essential feature of the substance in question is its high water content of up to 97%. To improve the fertilizer value of the digestate, it is necessary to [...] Read more.
Digestate is a product with valuable fertilizing properties, remaining after the anaerobic fermentation process. An essential feature of the substance in question is its high water content of up to 97%. To improve the fertilizer value of the digestate, it is necessary to dehydrate it to produce a concentrated product. This paper determined the possibility of dewatering the digestate using an innovative reactor design. The study, conducted on a laboratory scale, used digestate from a Polish biogas plant. The dewatering technique described in the paper is based on the evaporation and condensation of water vapor on the inner surface of the reactor dome. The condensate accumulated on the leach trough and was directed to a storage tank. During the weeks of testing, 11.5 kg of condensate was separated from the initial weight of the digestate (32 kg), with a dry weight of 6.11%. The resulting condensate from dehydration had an average pH value of 9.0 and an average ammonium nitrogen content of 2.07 g∙kg−1. The economic calculations made in the paper allowed for estimating the expected savings associated with the management of digestate in Poland. The research showed the proposed technology’s high potential for dewatering digestate under laboratory conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable and Sustainable Energy in Light of Energy Transition Processes)
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23 pages, 3802 KiB  
Article
Eco-Efficiency of Pellet Production from Dedicated Poplar Plantations
by Giulio Sperandio, Alessandro Suardi, Andrea Acampora and Vincenzo Civitarese
Energies 2024, 17(13), 3137; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133137 - 26 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1239
Abstract
Biomass, due to its neutrality in terms of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere during its life cycle, is considered an interesting renewable source for energy production as an alternative to the use of more polluting fossil fuels. Among the different wood fuels, [...] Read more.
Biomass, due to its neutrality in terms of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere during its life cycle, is considered an interesting renewable source for energy production as an alternative to the use of more polluting fossil fuels. Among the different wood fuels, pellets are convenient for use in dedicated stoves, and pellet heating systems have a high energy efficiency. The aim of this work was to estimate the economic and global warming potential (GWP100a) generated along the thermal energy supply chain of wood pellets, starting from the production of raw biomass from dedicated poplar cultivations and ending with the use of pellets in stoves by the end-user to produce thermal energy and ash. The Eco-Efficiency Indicator (EEI) was used to link the economic and environmental performance for eight proposed scenarios, obtained by combining different levels of mechanisation for poplar harvesting and wood biomass management before arrival at the pellet plant. For the thermal energy produced by the poplar wood pellet, the GWP100a ranged from 1.5 × 10−2 to 2.1 × 10−2 kg CO2−eq MJ−1 for three-year-old plantations and from 1.9 × 10−2 to 2.4 × 10−2 kg CO2−eq MJ−1, for six-year-old plantations. In terms of eco-efficiency of the baseline scenario (EEIb), the most favourable scenarios remain those linked to the use of biomass from three-year-old poplar plantations, with EEIb values ranging from 0.31 to 0.60 € kgCO2−eq−1, compared to from 0.29 to 0.36 € kgCO2−eq−1 for pellets obtained from biomass produced from six-year-old poplar plantations. In terms of the Global Eco-Efficiency Indicator (EEIg), which also takes into account the positive effect on the reduction of greenhouse gases due to the storage of carbon in the soil by the plantations and the reduction of emissions from avoided fossil fuels, the most favourable scenarios remain those linked to the use of biomass from three-year-old poplar plantations, with EEIg values that vary in the range of 0.60 ÷ 1.04 € kgCO2−eq−1, compared to 0.55 ÷ 0.62 € kg CO2−eq−1 for thermal energy obtained using biomass from six-year-old poplar plantations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable and Sustainable Energy in Light of Energy Transition Processes)
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22 pages, 9014 KiB  
Article
On the Development of a Near-Shore Pivoting Wave Energy Converter
by Gianmaria Giannini, Esmaeil Zavvar, Victor Ramos, Tomás Calheiros-Cabral, Isabel Iglesias, Francisco Taveira-Pinto and Paulo Rosa-Santos
Energies 2024, 17(11), 2695; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112695 - 1 Jun 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1260
Abstract
Numerous offshore wave energy converter (WEC) designs have been invented; however, none has achieved full commercialization so far. The primary obstacle impeding WEC commercialization is the elevated levelized cost of energy (LCOE). Consequently, there exists a pressing need to innovate and swiftly diminish [...] Read more.
Numerous offshore wave energy converter (WEC) designs have been invented; however, none has achieved full commercialization so far. The primary obstacle impeding WEC commercialization is the elevated levelized cost of energy (LCOE). Consequently, there exists a pressing need to innovate and swiftly diminish the LCOE. A critical challenge faced by WECs is their susceptibility to extreme wave loads during storms. Promising concepts must demonstrate robust design features to ensure resilience in adverse conditions, while maintaining efficiency in harnessing power under normal sea states. It is anticipated that the initial commercial endeavors will concentrate on near-shore WEC technologies due to the cost advantages associated with proximity to the coastline, facilitating more affordable power transmission and maintenance. In response, this manuscript proposes a pioneering near-shore WEC concept designed with a survivability mode that is engineered to mitigate wave loads during severe sea conditions. Moreover, prior investigations have highlighted favorable resonance properties of this novel concept, enhancing wave power extraction during recurrent energetic sea states. This study employs numerical and physical modelling techniques to evaluate wave loads on the proposed WEC. The results indicate a remarkable 65% reduction in wave loads on the moving floater of the WEC during a range of sea states under the implemented survivability mode. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable and Sustainable Energy in Light of Energy Transition Processes)
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12 pages, 3213 KiB  
Article
Investigation on the Possibility of Improving the Performance of a Silicon Cell Using Selected Dye Concentrator
by Ewa Brągoszewska, Bartłomiej Milewicz and Agata Wajda
Energies 2024, 17(10), 2332; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17102332 - 12 May 2024
Viewed by 1258
Abstract
There are many opportunities to increase the efficiency of photovoltaic cells. These include solutions such as tracking mechanisms, hybrid systems or dye concentrators. Importantly, their implementation can reduce the number of silicon cells in installations, leading to reduced environmental impact. The principle of [...] Read more.
There are many opportunities to increase the efficiency of photovoltaic cells. These include solutions such as tracking mechanisms, hybrid systems or dye concentrators. Importantly, their implementation can reduce the number of silicon cells in installations, leading to reduced environmental impact. The principle of a dye concentrator is to focus sunlight onto the surface of PV modules, increasing electricity production. In this study, the potential for increased PV cell efficiency is investigated using a selected dye concentrator—tinted and luminescent acrylic glass (polymethylmethacrylate, PMMA) in yellow and red colors. The experiment included multiple measurement calibrations, such as the temperature of the silicon cell under test and the irradiation, as well as different variants of PV systems consisting of a silicon cell and different types of PMMA. Overall, the results show an increase in PV cell performance and the dependence of the increase on the type of PMMA used. The most favorable of the PV systems tested appeared to be the combination of a PV cell with a red luminescent PV, for which an average efficiency improvement of 1.21% was obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable and Sustainable Energy in Light of Energy Transition Processes)
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14 pages, 1884 KiB  
Article
Energy Integration of Thermal Pretreatment in Anaerobic Digestion of Wheat Straw
by Alfonso García Álvaro, César Ruiz Palomar, Israel Díaz Villalobos, Daphne Hermosilla, Raúl Muñoz and Ignacio de Godos
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2030; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092030 - 25 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1534
Abstract
Cereal straw stands out as one of the most abundant and globally distributed agricultural residues. Traditional applications cope with a limited amount of production, leaving the remainder in the field for natural decomposition. Managing cereal straw through controlled biological transformation under anaerobic conditions [...] Read more.
Cereal straw stands out as one of the most abundant and globally distributed agricultural residues. Traditional applications cope with a limited amount of production, leaving the remainder in the field for natural decomposition. Managing cereal straw through controlled biological transformation under anaerobic conditions holds the potential to generate added value in the form of bioenergy. However, the lignocellulosic composition of these substrates poses challenges for organic degradation, often requiring energy-intensive pretreatments. A detailed study with a comprehensive calculation of the overall energy balance of the integrated process is proposed, aiming to provide real added value and replicability. Three scenarios for wheat straw transformation were investigated, incorporating two preliminary pre-treatment stages—mechanical milling and physicochemical steam explosion. Three conditions of pretreatment were essayed, varying the time exposure of the steam explosion. The subsequent energy integration analysis revealed that the process was optimized by up to 15% in the final energy balance when the steam explosion was set to 10 min. The macromolecular composition determination revealed that the thermal pretreatment reduced the lag phase of the hydrolysis step through hemicellulose breakdown. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable and Sustainable Energy in Light of Energy Transition Processes)
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28 pages, 5924 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Smart City Technologies and Their Impact on Users’ Energy Consumption Behaviour
by Hidayati Ramli, Zahirah Mokhtar Azizi and Niraj Thurairajah
Energies 2024, 17(4), 771; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17040771 - 6 Feb 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4108
Abstract
Sustainable smart cities (SSCs) target decarbonisation by optimising energy consumption through the emerging capabilities of technology. Nevertheless, the energy consumption behaviour of end users has the potential to compromise the effectiveness of technological interventions, reflecting the importance of active social engagement in realising [...] Read more.
Sustainable smart cities (SSCs) target decarbonisation by optimising energy consumption through the emerging capabilities of technology. Nevertheless, the energy consumption behaviour of end users has the potential to compromise the effectiveness of technological interventions, reflecting the importance of active social engagement in realising decarbonisation goals. Although extensive research exists on energy consumption behaviour, little is known about how technology engagement affects it, the nature of these technologies, and their role in SSC. The paper aims to identify, categorise, and investigate the smart technologies that impact household energy consumption behaviours and their integration into the larger SSC system. Following a systematic review of 60 articles from the Scopus database (2013–2023), the study found 45 smart technologies cited, with 49% affecting efficiency behaviour and 51% affecting curtailment behaviour. While these technologies inform the city administration level in the SSC framework, the role of end users remains unclear, suggesting a technocratic approach. The study proposes the Sustainable Smart City Network to facilitate a grassroots approach, identifying five key domains: government policies, smart technology adoption, smart technology engagement, smart city infrastructure, and urban sustainability. The study provides an original contribution to knowledge by unveiling the key technologies affecting energy consumption behaviour and outlining the pragmatic requirements for achieving decarbonisation through a grassroots approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable and Sustainable Energy in Light of Energy Transition Processes)
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Review

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26 pages, 3964 KiB  
Review
Assessing the Role of Hydrogen in Sustainable Energy Futures: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis of Research and International Collaborations in Energy and Environmental Engineering
by Paweł Kut, Katarzyna Pietrucha-Urbanik and Martina Zeleňáková
Energies 2024, 17(8), 1862; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17081862 - 13 Apr 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1910
Abstract
The main results highlighted in this article underline the critical significance of hydrogen technologies in the move towards carbon neutrality. This research focuses on several key areas including the production, storage, safety, and usage of hydrogen, alongside innovative approaches for assessing hydrogen purity [...] Read more.
The main results highlighted in this article underline the critical significance of hydrogen technologies in the move towards carbon neutrality. This research focuses on several key areas including the production, storage, safety, and usage of hydrogen, alongside innovative approaches for assessing hydrogen purity and production-related technologies. This study emphasizes the vital role of hydrogen storage technology for the future utilization of hydrogen as an energy carrier and the advancement of technologies that facilitate effective, safe, and cost-efficient hydrogen storage. Furthermore, bibliometric analysis has been instrumental in identifying primary research fields such as hydrogen storage, hydrogen production, efficient electrocatalysts, rotary engines utilizing hydrogen as fuel, and underground hydrogen storage. Each domain is essential for realizing a sustainable hydrogen economy, reflecting the significant research and development efforts in hydrogen technologies. Recent trends have shown an increased interest in underground hydrogen storage as a method to enhance energy security and assist in the transition towards sustainable energy systems. This research delves into the technical, economic, and environmental facets of employing geological formations for large-scale, seasonal, and long-term hydrogen storage. Ultimately, the development of hydrogen technologies is deemed crucial for meeting sustainable development goals, particularly in terms of addressing climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Hydrogen serves as an energy carrier that could substantially lessen reliance on fossil fuels while encouraging the adoption of renewable energy sources, aiding in the decarbonization of transport, industry, and energy production sectors. This, in turn, supports worldwide efforts to curb global warming and achieve carbon neutrality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable and Sustainable Energy in Light of Energy Transition Processes)
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16 pages, 5499 KiB  
Review
The Application of Pyrolysis Biochar Obtained from Waste Rapeseed Cake to Remove Copper from Industrial Wastewater: An Overview
by Krzysztof Mazurek, Sebastian Drużyński, Urszula Kiełkowska, Adriana Wróbel-Kaszanek, Bartłomiej Igliński and Marcin Cichosz
Energies 2024, 17(2), 498; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020498 - 19 Jan 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1611
Abstract
Pyrolysis is a thermochemical technology for converting biomass into energy and chemical products consisting of bio-gas, bio-oil, and biochar. Several parameters influence the process efficiency and properties of pyrolysis products. These include the type of biomass, biomass preliminary preparation, gaseous atmosphere, final temperature, [...] Read more.
Pyrolysis is a thermochemical technology for converting biomass into energy and chemical products consisting of bio-gas, bio-oil, and biochar. Several parameters influence the process efficiency and properties of pyrolysis products. These include the type of biomass, biomass preliminary preparation, gaseous atmosphere, final temperature, heating rate, and process time. This manuscript provides a general summary of the properties of the pyrolytic products of waste rapeseed cake, with particular emphasis on the sorption properties of biochar. Biochar, produced by the pyrolysis process of biomass, is emerging as a powerful tool for carbon sequestration, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and purifying water from contaminants such as potentially toxic elements and antibiotics. The review found that the biochar obtained as a result of pyrolysis of chemically modified waste rapeseed cake is characterised by its excellent sorption properties. The obtained sorbents are characterised by sorption capacity relative to the copper(II) ion, ranging from 40 mg·g−1 to 100 mg·g−1, according to the pyrolysis conditions and chemical modification method. The purified pyrolysis gas obtained in the high-temperature process can be used to generate heat and energy. Bio-oil, with its significant combustion heat of 36 MJ·kg−1, can be a source of environmentally friendly green biofuel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable and Sustainable Energy in Light of Energy Transition Processes)
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