Electronics

Research

18 pages, 14599 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Designing a Brushed DC Motor Driver with a Novel Adaptive Learning Algorithm for the Automotive Industry

by Hudaverdi Emin Elp, Hüseyin Altug and Remzi İnan

Electronics 2024, 13(22), 4344; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13224344 - 6 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1242

In this study, a stepper driver, which is suitable for use in the automotive industry, designed for general use, capable of adaptive learning in the systems in which it is used, and with CAN and universal asynchronous receiver–transmitter (UART) communication options, was designed. [...] Read more.

In this study, a stepper driver, which is suitable for use in the automotive industry, designed for general use, capable of adaptive learning in the systems in which it is used, and with CAN and universal asynchronous receiver–transmitter (UART) communication options, was designed. This design was made with a PIC18F25K22 microcontroller unit (MCU). Rotor speed, armature current, and terminal voltage can be measured on the proposed brushed DC motor drive system. It gives the desired response by evaluating obstacles and other situations in which high currents are drawn from the source. The speed measurement of the vehicle and the open and closed status of an automatic door can be monitored. The main contribution of the designed PCB is an adaptive learning algorithm (ALA) that uses the pulses of the encoder, estimates the position of the step, and manages the operation process to prevent mechanical damage at the final point of the motor. Furthermore, unexpected hitting and pinching which are defined as obstacles to the driver can be controlled by monitoring the current value drawn from the driver. The benefit of this method is that the life of the mechanical step is increased due to the management of the forward and backward step operation, preventing potential accidents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Modeling, Control and Protection of Power System Containing a High Proportion of Power Electronics)

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16 pages, 8677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advanced Primary Frequency Regulation Optimization in Wind Storage Systems with DC Integration Using Double Deep Q-Networks

by Xiaojiang Liu, Peng Zou, Jin You, Yuhong Wang, Jiabao Wu, Zongsheng Zheng, Shilin Gao and Wei Hao

Electronics 2024, 13(12), 2249; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13122249 - 7 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1252

Abstract

With the gradual increase in wind power installation capacity, the proportion of traditional synchronous generators driven by fossil fuel is gradually declining. Due to the fact that wind turbines are connected to the grid through power electronic converters, which decouple rotor speeds from [...] Read more.

With the gradual increase in wind power installation capacity, the proportion of traditional synchronous generators driven by fossil fuel is gradually declining. Due to the fact that wind turbines are connected to the grid through power electronic converters, which decouple rotor speeds from the system frequency and reduce system inertia levels, inadequate inertia levels can pose a threat to frequency stability when disturbances occur. To address this issue, this paper proposes a frequency regulation optimization strategy for the direct current (DC) transmission of a wind storage system. This strategy incorporates virtual inertia control and virtual droop control to adjust wind power output based on frequency deviation and rate of change. Fuzzy logic control is employed for energy storage, adaptively adjusting active power based on frequency deviation and the rate of change. Additionally, under the context of multi-DC transmission in renewable energy systems, an optimization strategy for proportion and integration (PI) parameters of the frequency limit controller (FLC) is proposed. Considering frequency deviation and DC regulation power simultaneously, the double deep Q-network (DDQN) algorithm is adopted in the simulation model to attain the optimal parameters of FLC. Simulation results conducted using MATLAB/Simulink 2022a indicate that this strategy increases the lowest frequency by 0.28 Hz and decreases the response time by 1.04 s compared with the non-optimized strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Modeling, Control and Protection of Power System Containing a High Proportion of Power Electronics)

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17 pages, 4108 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Set-Up for Measuring Thermal Parameters of Power Semiconductor Devices

by Krzysztof Górecki, Przemysław Ptak, Paweł Górecki and Aleksander Data

Electronics 2024, 13(9), 1636; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13091636 - 24 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1181

Abstract

In order to determine the junction temperature of semiconductor devices operating at different power supply and cooling conditions, their thermal parameters are needed. This article describes an original measurement set-up enabling the determination of thermal parameters of power semiconductor devices. In contrast to [...] Read more.

In order to determine the junction temperature of semiconductor devices operating at different power supply and cooling conditions, their thermal parameters are needed. This article describes an original measurement set-up enabling the determination of thermal parameters of power semiconductor devices. In contrast to other set-ups described in the literature, this set-up makes it possible to measure thermal parameters which characterize the efficiency of the removal generated due to a self-heating phenomenon, as well as the parameters characterizing mutual thermal couplings. The presented set-up makes use of an indirect electrical method to determine the junction temperature of diodes, bipolar and unipolar transistors and IGBTs. The methods used to measure the self and transfer transient thermal impedances of these devices and the construction of the set-up are described. The influence of selected factors on the accuracy of the measurements is analyzed. Examples of the measurement results of thermal parameters (self and transfer transient thermal impedances) of power semiconductor devices operating at different cooling conditions are presented. The obtained research results are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Modeling, Control and Protection of Power System Containing a High Proportion of Power Electronics)

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22 pages, 6615 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of a Centroid Frequency-Based Back Propagation Neural Network Fault Location Method for a Distribution Network Considering Renewable Energy Assessment

by Ruifeng Zhao, Jiangang Lu, Qizhan Chen, Niancheng Zhou and Haoyu Liu

Electronics 2024, 13(8), 1491; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13081491 - 14 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1374

Abstract

The distribution network is a crucial component of the power system as it directly connects to users and serves the purpose of distributing power and balancing the load. With the integration of new energy sources through distributed generation (DG), the distribution network has [...] Read more.

The distribution network is a crucial component of the power system as it directly connects to users and serves the purpose of distributing power and balancing the load. With the integration of new energy sources through distributed generation (DG), the distribution network has undergone a transformation from a single power radial network into a complex multi-source network. Consequently, traditional fault location methods have proven inadequate in this new network structure. Therefore, the focus of this paper is to investigate fault location techniques specifically tailored for DG integration into distribution networks. This paper analyzes how fault conditions impact the characteristics of single-phase grounding faults and extracts spectral feature quantities to describe differences in zero-sequence currents under various fault distances. This paper also proposes a fault location method based on centroid frequency and a BPNN (back propagation neural network). The method uses centroid frequency to describe the features of zero-sequence currents; to simulate the mapping relationship between fault conditions and spectral features, BPNN is employed. The mapping relationship differs for different lines and distribution networks. When a line faults, the spectral features are calculated, along with the transition resistance and fault closing angle. The corresponding mapping relationship is then called upon to complete distance measurements. This location method can be applied to various types of distribution lines and fault conditions with high accuracy. Even with insufficient training samples, sample expansion can ensure accuracy in fault distance measurement. We built a distribution network consisting of four feeders with different types and lengths of each line on Simulink and verified the effectiveness of the proposed method by setting different fault conditions. The results suggest that the method has a clear advantage over other frequency domain-based approaches, especially for hybrid lines and feeder lines with branches in distribution networks. Additionally, the method achieves a measurement accuracy within a range of 100 m. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Modeling, Control and Protection of Power System Containing a High Proportion of Power Electronics)

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20 pages, 965 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Short-Term Economic Dispatch Method of Power System Involving a Hydropower-Photovoltaic-Pumped Storage Plant

by Liang Guo, Shudi Liu, Litang Xi, Guofang Zhang, Ziqi Liu, Qi Zeng, Feipeng Lü and Yuhong Wang

Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1282; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071282 - 29 Mar 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1270

Abstract

The auxiliary regulation capacity of pumped-storage power stations can be utilized as an effective method to regulate the output of a hydro-photovoltaic complementary system, further mitigating the power fluctuations of the system and enhancing the photovoltaic absorption. This study aims to minimize power [...] Read more.

The auxiliary regulation capacity of pumped-storage power stations can be utilized as an effective method to regulate the output of a hydro-photovoltaic complementary system, further mitigating the power fluctuations of the system and enhancing the photovoltaic absorption. This study aims to minimize power fluctuations and maximize the economic benefits of electricity generation in a hydropower-photovoltaic-pumped-storage complementary system (HPPCS), which are treated as the objective functions. It explores the participation of the HPPCS in grid active power balance auxiliary services. By modulating the participation ratio of the HPPCS in the grid’s active balance service, the system output is aligned to fluctuate proportionally with the daily load curve trend. Consequently, a short-term economic dispatch model for the integrated HPPCS is developed. The case study focuses on the considerable impact of weather conditions on photovoltaic (PV) power generation. In this model, the outputs of cascading hydro-power stations and pumped-storage power stations are considered as the decision variables. A decomposition-based multi-objective evolutionary algorithm is applied to derive an optimized intra-day dispatch Pareto solution set for the cascading HPPCS in each of these scenarios. Additionally, this study compares the Pareto solution sets for the HPPCS in various extents of its participation in grid auxiliary services. The results of the case study suggest that the system is capable of timely adjustments during the peak and trough periods of load demand. Considering the economic benefits, it enables the pumped-storage station to generate electricity for the grid during periods of high electricity prices and to store energy by pumping water when prices are low. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Modeling, Control and Protection of Power System Containing a High Proportion of Power Electronics)

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17 pages, 3149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Method of Multi-Energy Complementary System Participating in Auxiliary Frequency Regulation of Power Systems

by Dawei Zhang, Gang Chen, Guo Guo, Yongcan Wang, Feipeng Lv, Yuhong Wang and Shilin Gao

Electronics 2024, 13(5), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13050906 - 27 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1371

Abstract

This research investigates a grid with two areas interconnected by a high-voltage direct-current (DC) link. One of the areas, called the sending-end region, has intermittent renewable generation and frequency stability issues. To address the lack of frequency-regulation (FR) resources in the sending-end region [...] Read more.

This research investigates a grid with two areas interconnected by a high-voltage direct-current (DC) link. One of the areas, called the sending-end region, has intermittent renewable generation and frequency stability issues. To address the lack of frequency-regulation (FR) resources in the sending-end region of the interconnected grid, the participation of hydroelectricity–photovoltaics and pumped storage complementary systems (HPPCSs) in auxiliary frequency-regulation (AFR) services is studied in the context of the construction of the electricity market. Firstly, the HPPCS participating in AFR services considering DC modulation is modeled by combining the operational characteristics of the actual power station. Taking the purchase cost of auxiliary service as the objective function, the optimum allocation of FR scheduling demand is achieved by the proposed method. The simulations confirm that the proposed method of HPPCS participation in the AFR service of the sending-end grid can effectively maintain the frequency stability of the regional interconnected grid while ensuring optimal economic efficiency. The proposed method provides the optimal scheduling solution for multiple energy resources participating in the AFR service of the grid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Modeling, Control and Protection of Power System Containing a High Proportion of Power Electronics)

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17 pages, 14693 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Soft-Start-Based Method for Active Suppression of Magnetizing Inrush Current in Transformers

by Chunyan Li, Yi Yang, Wenyan Li and Haixiao Li

Electronics 2023, 12(14), 3114; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12143114 - 18 Jul 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2442

Abstract

The occurrence of high-amplitude magnetizing inrush current during the energization of a transformer without load poses significant challenges to the stable operation of both the transformer and the power grid, potentially leading to malfunctions in relay protection devices. This paper analyzes the underlying [...] Read more.

The occurrence of high-amplitude magnetizing inrush current during the energization of a transformer without load poses significant challenges to the stable operation of both the transformer and the power grid, potentially leading to malfunctions in relay protection devices. This paper analyzes the underlying mechanisms of transformer inrush current and presents a novel approach utilizing a soft-start-based method for effectively suppressing inrush currents. The proposed method employs an inrush current suppressor comprising anti-parallel thyristors and filters to mitigate the adverse effects caused by the inrush current. A comparative study is conducted to evaluate the filtering efficacy of three types of filters incorporated in the inrush current suppressor: an LCLC damping filter, a high-order single trap filter and a high-order double trap filter. Through careful analysis and optimization, the high-order double trap filter with parallel RC damping damper is selected as the optimal configuration. To ensure effective suppression, it is necessary to incorporate a filter at the termination point of the anti-parallel thyristor. Additionally, a closed-loop control strategy is implemented to ensure a smooth start and actively suppress the magnetizing inrush current. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, comprehensive simulations are performed using Matlab/Simulink. The results demonstrate the successful suppression of inrush current and the maintenance of stable operation for the transformer. This inrush suppression method does not require considering the influence of residual magnetism and the grounding mode of the transformer’s neutral point. It is also suitable for various transformer structures and wiring methods, which makes it highly applicable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Modeling, Control and Protection of Power System Containing a High Proportion of Power Electronics)

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26 pages, 6931 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fault Detection and Zonal Protection Strategy of Multi-Voltage Level DC Grid Based on Fault Traveling Wave Characteristic Extraction

by Yuqi Han, Ruiguang Ma, Ting Li, Wenhui Zeng, Yangtao Liu, Yuhong Wang, Chunsheng Guo and Jianquan Liao

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1764; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081764 - 7 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2260

Abstract

Currently, DC breakers are commonly used in mainstream protection schemes for DC grids to eliminate faults. However, the cost of high voltage DC (HVDC) breakers is high, and equipping each DC line with DC breakers is expensive. In order to minimize the number [...] Read more.

Currently, DC breakers are commonly used in mainstream protection schemes for DC grids to eliminate faults. However, the cost of high voltage DC (HVDC) breakers is high, and equipping each DC line with DC breakers is expensive. In order to minimize the number of DC breakers while ensuring the reliability of the power supply, a zonal protection strategy suitable for multi-voltage level DC grids is proposed. Subsequently, the qualitative impact of partial power interruption caused by fault DC areas is analyzed in the system. The basic zonal principle of the multi-voltage level DC grid is formulated, taking into account unbalanced power, the mode of system-level control, and the type of converters. Additionally, a time sequence coordination strategy is derived in detail based on the characteristics of DC breakers, AC/DC converters, DC/DC converters, AC breakers, high-speed switches, and other fault removal components. Finally, a seven-terminal DC grid is modeled in the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation platform. According to the simulation analysis, the DC grid can adopt the converter with fault clearing ability or an AC circuit breaker to cooperate with the fast disconnector (FD) to complete fault clearing in the DC fault area under the proposed zonal protection coordination strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Modeling, Control and Protection of Power System Containing a High Proportion of Power Electronics)

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