Diagnostics

Editorial

Jump to: Research

3 pages, 166 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Assessment of Radiation Dose in Medical Imaging and Interventional Radiology Procedures for Patient and Staff Safety

by Kosuke Matsubara

Diagnostics 2021, 11(6), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11061116 - 18 Jun 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2420

Abstract

Medical imaging and interventional radiology procedures that use ionizing radiation play a significant role in patient healthcare [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Radiation Dose in X-ray and CT Exams)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

9 pages, 3800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Occupational Radiation Dose to Eye Lenses in CT-Guided Interventions Using MDCT-Fluoroscopy

by Yohei Inaba, Shin Hitachi, Munenori Watanuki and Koichi Chida

Diagnostics 2021, 11(4), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11040646 - 2 Apr 2021

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3290

Abstract

In computed tomography (CT)-guided interventions (CTIs), physicians are close to a source of scattered radiation. The physician and staff are at high risk of radiation-induced injury (cataracts). Thus, dose-reducing measures for physicians are important. However, few previous reports have examined radiation doses to [...] Read more.

In computed tomography (CT)-guided interventions (CTIs), physicians are close to a source of scattered radiation. The physician and staff are at high risk of radiation-induced injury (cataracts). Thus, dose-reducing measures for physicians are important. However, few previous reports have examined radiation doses to physicians in CTIs. This study evaluated the radiation dose to the physician and medical staff using multi detector (MD)CT-fluoroscopy, and attempted to understand radiation-protection and -reduction methods. The procedures were performed using an interventional radiology (IVR)-CT system. We measured the occupational radiation dose (physician and nurse) using a personal dosimeter in real-time, gathered CT-related parameters (fluoroscopy time, mAs, CT dose index (CTDI), and dose length product (DLP)), and performed consecutive 232 procedures in CT-guided biopsy. Physician doses (eye lens, neck, and hand; μSv, average ± SD) in our CTIs were 39.1 ± 36.3, 23.1 ± 23.7, and 28.6 ± 31.0, respectively. Nurse doses (neck and chest) were lower (2.3 ± 5.0 and 2.4 ± 4.4, respectively) than the physician doses. There were significant correlations between the physician doses (eye and neck) and related factors, such as CT-fluoroscopy mAs (eye dose: r = 0.90 and neck dose: r = 0.83). We need to understand the importance of reducing/optimizing the dose to the physician and medical staff in CTIs. Our study suggests that physician and staff doses were not significant when the procedures were performed with the appropriate radiation protection and low-dose techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Radiation Dose in X-ray and CT Exams)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2046 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Small Dosimeters Used for Measurement of Eye Lens Dose for Medical Staff during Fluoroscopic Examination

by Kosuke Matsubara, Sayu Yoshida, Ayaka Hirosawa, Thunyarat Chusin and Yasushi Furukawa

Diagnostics 2021, 11(2), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11020150 - 20 Jan 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2953

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the property of small dosimeters used for measuring eye lens doses for medical staff during fluoroscopic examination. Dose linearity, energy dependence, and directional dependence of scattered X-rays were evaluated for small radiophotoluminescence glass dosimeters (RPLDs), those with a [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the property of small dosimeters used for measuring eye lens doses for medical staff during fluoroscopic examination. Dose linearity, energy dependence, and directional dependence of scattered X-rays were evaluated for small radiophotoluminescence glass dosimeters (RPLDs), those with a tin filter (Sn-RPLDs), and small optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs). These dosimeters were pasted on radioprotective glasses, and accumulated air kerma was obtained after irradiating the X-rays to a patient phantom. Strong correlations existed between fluoroscopic time and accumulated air kerma in all types of dosimeters. The energy dependence of Sn-RPLD and OSLD was smaller than that of RPLD. The relative dose value of the OSLD gradually decreased as the angle of the OSLD against the scattered X-rays was larger or lower than the right angle in the horizontal direction. The ranges of relative dose values of RPLD and Sn-RPLD were larger than that of OSLD in the vertical direction. The OSLDs showed lower doses than the RPLDs and Sn-RPLDs, especially on the right side of the radioprotective glasses. These results showed that RPLDs, Sn-RPLDs, and OSLDs had different dosimeter properties, and influence measured eye lens doses for the physician, especially on the opposite side of the patient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Radiation Dose in X-ray and CT Exams)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3672 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulated Radiation Dose Reduction in Whole-Body CT on a 3rd Generation Dual-Source Scanner: An Intraindividual Comparison

by Andreas S. Brendlin, Moritz T. Winkelmann, Phuong Linh Do, Vincent Schwarze, Felix Peisen, Haidara Almansour, Malte N. Bongers, Christoph P. Artzner, Jakob Weiss, Jong Hyo Kim, Ahmed E. Othman and Saif Afat

Diagnostics 2021, 11(1), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11010118 - 13 Jan 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2795

Abstract

To evaluate the effect of radiation dose reduction on image quality and diagnostic confidence in contrast-enhanced whole-body computed tomography (WBCT) staging. We randomly selected March 2016 for retrospective inclusion of 18 consecutive patients (14 female, 60 ± 15 years) with clinically indicated WBCT [...] Read more.

To evaluate the effect of radiation dose reduction on image quality and diagnostic confidence in contrast-enhanced whole-body computed tomography (WBCT) staging. We randomly selected March 2016 for retrospective inclusion of 18 consecutive patients (14 female, 60 ± 15 years) with clinically indicated WBCT staging on the same 3rd generation dual-source CT. Using low-dose simulations, we created data sets with 100, 80, 60, 40, and 20% of the original radiation dose. Each set was reconstructed using filtered back projection (FBP) and Advanced Modeled Iterative Reconstruction (ADMIRE^®, Siemens Healthineers, Forchheim, Germany) strength 1–5, resulting in 540 datasets total. ADMIRE 2 was the reference standard for intraindividual comparison. The effective radiation dose was calculated using commercially available software. For comparison of objective image quality, noise assessments of subcutaneous adipose tissue regions were performed automatically using the software. Three radiologists blinded to the study evaluated image quality and diagnostic confidence independently on an equidistant 5-point Likert scale (1 = poor to 5 = excellent). At 100%, the effective radiation dose in our population was 13.3 ± 9.1 mSv. At 20% radiation dose, it was possible to obtain comparably low noise levels when using ADMIRE 5 (p = 1.000, r = 0.29). We identified ADMIRE 3 at 40% radiation dose (5.3 ± 3.6 mSv) as the lowest achievable radiation dose with image quality and diagnostic confidence equal to our reference standard (p = 1.000, r > 0.4). The inter-rater agreement for this result was almost perfect (ICC ≥ 0.958, 95% CI 0.909–0.983). On a 3rd generation scanner, it is feasible to maintain good subjective image quality, diagnostic confidence, and image noise in single-energy WBCT staging at dose levels as low as 40% of the original dose (5.3 ± 3.6 mSv), when using ADMIRE 3. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Radiation Dose in X-ray and CT Exams)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1770 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of the Maximum Skin Dose Measurement Technique Using Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine—Radiation Dose Structured Report Data for Patients Undergoing Cerebral Angiography

by Koichi Morota, Takashi Moritake, Keisuke Nagamoto, Satoru Matsuzaki, Koichi Nakagami, Lue Sun and Naoki Kunugita

Diagnostics 2021, 11(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11010014 - 23 Dec 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2912

Abstract

Understanding the maximum skin dose is important for avoiding tissue reactions in cerebral angiography. In this study, we devised a method for using digital imaging and communication in medicine—radiation dose structured report (DICOM-RDSR) data to accurately estimate the maximum skin dose from the [...] Read more.

Understanding the maximum skin dose is important for avoiding tissue reactions in cerebral angiography. In this study, we devised a method for using digital imaging and communication in medicine—radiation dose structured report (DICOM-RDSR) data to accurately estimate the maximum skin dose from the total air kerma at the patient entrance reference point (Total K_a,r). Using a test data set (n = 50), we defined the mean ratio of the maximum skin dose obtained from measurements with radio-photoluminescence glass dosimeters (RPLGDs) to the Total K_a,r as the conversion factor, CF_Ka,constant, and compared the accuracy of the estimated maximum skin dose obtained from multiplying Total K_a,r by CF_Ka,constant (Estimation Model 1) with that of the estimated maximum skin dose obtained from multiplying Total K_a,r by the functional conversion factor CF_Ka,function (Estimation Model 2). Estimation Model 2, which uses the quadratic function for the ratio of the fluoroscopy K_a,r to the Total K_a,r (K_a,r ratio), provided an estimated maximum skin dose closer to that obtained from direct measurements with RPLGDs than compared with that determined using Estimation Model 1. The same results were obtained for the validation data set (n = 50). It was suggested the quadratic function for the K_a,r ratio provides a more accurate estimate of the maximum skin dose in real time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Radiation Dose in X-ray and CT Exams)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

COPD Imaging on a 3rd Generation Dual-Source CT: Acquisition of Paired Inspiratory-Expiratory Chest Scans at an Overall Reduced Radiation Risk

by Joshua Gawlitza, Thomas Henzler, Frederik Trinkmann, Elke Nekolla, Holger Haubenreisser and Gunnar Brix

Diagnostics 2020, 10(12), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10121106 - 18 Dec 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2606

Abstract

As stated by the Fleischner Society, an additional computed tomography (CT) scan in expiration is beneficial in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It was thus the aim of this study to evaluate the radiation risk of a state-of-the-art paired inspiratory-expiratory chest [...] Read more.

As stated by the Fleischner Society, an additional computed tomography (CT) scan in expiration is beneficial in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It was thus the aim of this study to evaluate the radiation risk of a state-of-the-art paired inspiratory-expiratory chest scan compared to inspiration-only examinations. Radiation doses to 28 organs were determined for 824 COPD patients undergoing routine chest examinations at three different CT systems–a conventional multi-slice CT (MSCT), a 2nd generation (2nd-DSCT), and 3rd generation dual-source CT (3rd-DSCT). Patients examined at the 3rd-DSCT received a paired inspiratory-expiratory scan. Organ doses, effective doses, and lifetime attributable cancer risks (LAR) were calculated. All organ and effective doses were significantly lower for the paired inspiratory-expiratory protocol (effective doses: 4.3 ± 1.5 mSv (MSCT), 3.0 ± 1.2 mSv (2nd-DSCT), and 2.0 ± 0.8 mSv (3rd-DSCT)). Accordingly, LAR was lowest for the paired protocol with an estimate of 0.025 % and 0.013% for female and male patients (50 years) respectively. Image quality was not compromised. Paired inspiratory-expiratory scans can be acquired on 3rd-DSCT systems at substantially lower dose and risk levels when compared to inspiration-only scans at conventional CT systems, offering promising prospects for improved COPD diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Radiation Dose in X-ray and CT Exams)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2463 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diagnostic Performance of Different Simulated Low-Dose Levels in Patients with Suspected Cervical Abscess Using a Third-Generation Dual-Source CT Scanner

by Moritz T. Winkelmann, Saif Afat, Sven S. Walter, Eva Stock, Vincent Schwarze, Andreas Brendlin, Manuel Kolb, Christoph P. Artzner and Ahmed E. Othman

Diagnostics 2020, 10(12), 1072; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10121072 - 10 Dec 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2210

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dose reduction on diagnostic accuracy and image quality of cervical computed tomography (CT) in patients with suspected cervical abscess. Forty-eight patients (mean age 45.5 years) received a CT for suspected cervical abscess. [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dose reduction on diagnostic accuracy and image quality of cervical computed tomography (CT) in patients with suspected cervical abscess. Forty-eight patients (mean age 45.5 years) received a CT for suspected cervical abscess. Low-dose CT (LDCT) datasets with 25%, 50%, and 75% of the original dose were generated with a realistic simulation. The image data were reconstructed with filtered back projection (FBP) and with advanced modeled iterative reconstruction (ADMIRE) (strengths 3 and 5). A five-point Likert scale was used to assess subjective image quality and diagnostic confidence. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and submandibular gland and the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and submandibular glandular fat were calculated to assess the objective image quality. Diagnostic accuracy was calculated for LDCT using the original dose as the reference standard. The prevalence of cervical abscesses was high (72.9%) in the cohort; the mean effective dose for all 48 scans was 1.8 ± 0.8 mSv. Sternocleidomastoid and submandibular SNR and sternocleidomastoid muscle fat and submandibular gland fat CNR increased with higher doses and were significantly higher for ADMIRE compared to FBP, with the best results in ADMIRE 5 (all p < 0.001). Subjective image quality was highest for ADMIRE 5 at 75% and lowest for FBP at 25% of the original dose (p < 0.001). Diagnostic confidence was highest for ADMIRE 5 at 75% and lowest for FBP at 25% (p < 0.001). Patient-based diagnostic accuracy was high for all LDCT datasets, down to 25% for ADMIRE 3 and 5 (sensitivity: 100%; specificity: 100%) and lower for FBP at 25% dose reduction (sensitivity: 88.6–94.3%; specificity: 92.3–100%). The use of a modern dual-source CT of the third generation and iterative reconstruction allows a reduction in the radiation dose to 25% (0.5 mSv) of the original dose with the same diagnostic accuracy for the assessment of neck abscesses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Radiation Dose in X-ray and CT Exams)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2199 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Operating Room System for the Treatment of Thoracic and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: Evaluation of the Radiation Dose Received by Patients

by Yoshihiro Haga, Koichi Chida, Masahiro Sota, Yuji Kaga, Mitsuya Abe, Yohei Inaba, Masatoshi Suzuki, Taiichiro Meguro and Masayuki Zuguchi

Diagnostics 2020, 10(10), 846; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10100846 - 19 Oct 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2757

Abstract

In recent years, endovascular treatment of aortic aneurysms has attracted considerable attention as a promising alternative to traditional surgery. Hybrid operating room systems (HORSs) are increasingly being used to perform endovascular procedures. The clinical benefits of endovascular treatments using HORSs are very clear, [...] Read more.

In recent years, endovascular treatment of aortic aneurysms has attracted considerable attention as a promising alternative to traditional surgery. Hybrid operating room systems (HORSs) are increasingly being used to perform endovascular procedures. The clinical benefits of endovascular treatments using HORSs are very clear, and these procedures are increasing in number. In procedures such as thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) and endovascular aortic repair (EVAR), wires and catheters are used to deliver and deploy the stent graft in the thoracic/abdominal aorta under fluoroscopic control, including DSA. Thus, the radiation dose to the patient is an important issue. We determined radiation dose indicators (the dose–area product (DAP) and air karma (AK) parameters) associated with endovascular treatments (EVAR and TEVAR) using a HORS. As a result, the mean ± standard deviation (SD) DAPs of TEVAR and EVAR were 323.7 ± 161.0 and 371.3 ± 186.0 Gy × cm², respectively. The mean ± SD AKs of TEVAR and EVAR were 0.92 ± 0.44 and 1.11 ± 0.54 Gy, respectively. The mean ± SD fluoroscopy times of TEVAR and EVAR were 13.4 ± 7.1 and 23.2 ± 11.7 min, respectively. Patient radiation dose results in this study of endovascular treatments using HORSs showed no deterministic radiation effects, such as skin injuries. However, radiation exposure during TEVAR and EVAR cannot be ignored. The radiation dose should be evaluated in HORSs during endovascular treatments. Reducing/optimizing the radiation dose to the patient in HORSs is important. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Radiation Dose in X-ray and CT Exams)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Impact of Factors Affecting CT Radiation Dose for Optimizing Patient Dose Levels

by Ching-Ching Yang

Diagnostics 2020, 10(10), 787; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10100787 - 5 Oct 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3674

Abstract

The dose metrics and factors influencing radiation exposure for patients undergoing head, chest, and abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans were investigated for optimization of patient dose levels. The local diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) of adult CT scans performed in our hospital were established [...] Read more.

The dose metrics and factors influencing radiation exposure for patients undergoing head, chest, and abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans were investigated for optimization of patient dose levels. The local diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) of adult CT scans performed in our hospital were established based on 28,147 consecutive examinations, including 5510 head scans, 9091 chest scans, and 13,526 abdominal scans. Among the six CT scanners used in our hospital, four of them are 64-slice multi-detector CT units (MDCT₆₄), and the other two have detector slices higher than 64 (MDCT_H). Multivariate analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of body size, kVp, mAs, and pitch on volume CT dose index (CTDI_vol). The local DRLs expressed in terms of the 75th percentile of CTDI_vol for the head, chest, and abdominal scans performed on MDCT₆₄ were 59.32, 9.24, and 10.64 mGy, respectively. The corresponding results for MDCT_H were 57.90, 7.67, and 9.86 mGy. In regard to multivariate analysis, CTDI_vol showed various dependence on the predictors investigated in this study. All regression relationships have coefficient of determination (R²) larger than 0.75, indicating a good fit to the data. Overall, the research results obtained through our workflow could facilitate the modification of CT imaging procedures once the local DRLs are unusually high compared to the national DRLs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Radiation Dose in X-ray and CT Exams)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 3876 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reducing the Breast Cancer Risk and Radiation Dose of Radiography for Scoliosis in Children: A Phantom Study

by Manami Nemoto and Koichi Chida

Diagnostics 2020, 10(10), 753; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10100753 - 25 Sep 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4549

Abstract

Full-spinal radiographs (FRs) are often the first choice of imaging modality in the investigation of scoliosis. However, FRs are strongly related to breast cancer occurrence due to multiple large-field radiographic examinations taken during childhood and adolescence, which may increase the risk for breast [...] Read more.

Full-spinal radiographs (FRs) are often the first choice of imaging modality in the investigation of scoliosis. However, FRs are strongly related to breast cancer occurrence due to multiple large-field radiographic examinations taken during childhood and adolescence, which may increase the risk for breast cancer in adulthood among women with scoliosis. The purpose of this study was to consider various technical parameters to reduce the patient radiation dose of FRs for scoliosis. To evaluate breast surface doses (BSDs) in FRs, radio photoluminescence dosimeters were placed in contact with a child phantom. Using the PC-based Monte Carlo (PMC) program for calculating patient doses in medical X-ray examinations, the breast organ dose (BOD) and the effective dose were calculated by performing Monte Carlo simulations using mathematical phantom models. The BSDs in the posteroanterior (PA) view were 0.15–0.34-fold those in the anteroposterior (AP) view. The effective dose in the PA view was 0.4–0.61-fold that in the AP view. BSD measurements were almost equivalent to the BODs obtained using PMC at all exposure settings. During FRs, the PA view without an anti-scatter grid significantly reduced the breast dose compared to the AP view with an anti-scatter grid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Radiation Dose in X-ray and CT Exams)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 13192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of CT Effective Dose Conversion Factors from Clinical CT Examinations in the Republic of Korea

by Sang-Kyung Lee, Jung Su Kim, Sang-Wook Yoon and Jung Min Kim

Diagnostics 2020, 10(9), 727; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10090727 - 21 Sep 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3813

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the conversion factors for the effective dose (ED) per dose length product (DLP) for various computed tomography (CT) protocols based on the 2007 recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). CT dose data [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to determine the conversion factors for the effective dose (ED) per dose length product (DLP) for various computed tomography (CT) protocols based on the 2007 recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). CT dose data from 369 CT scanners and 13,625 patients were collected through a nationwide survey. Data from 3793 patients with a difference in height within 5% of computational human phantoms were selected to calculate ED and DLP. The anatomical CT scan ranges for 11 scan protocols (adult-10, pediatric-1) were determined by experts, and scan lengths were obtained by matching scan ranges to computational phantoms. ED and DLP were calculated using the NCICT program. For each CT protocol, ED/DLP conversion factors were calculated from ED and DLP. Estimated ED conversion factors were 0.00172, 0.00751, 0.00858, 0.01843, 0.01103, 0.02532, 0.01794, 0.02811, 0.02815, 0.02175, 0.00626, 0.00458, 0.00308, and 0.00233 mSv∙mGy⁻¹∙cm⁻¹ for the adult brain, intra-cranial angiography, C-spine, L-spine, neck, chest, abdomen and pelvis, coronary angiography, calcium scoring, aortography, and CT examinations of pediatric brain of <2 years, 4–6 years, 9–11 years, and 13–15 years, respectively. We determined ED conversion factors for 11 CT protocols using CT data obtained from a nationwide survey in Korea and Monte Carlo-based dose calculations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Radiation Dose in X-ray and CT Exams)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

9 pages, 1106 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Radiation Doses and Cancer Risks from CT Pulmonary Angiography Examinations in Relation to Body Diameter

by Hanif Haspi Harun, Muhammad Khalis Abdul Karim, Zulkifly Abbas, Mohd Amir Abdul Rahman, Akmal Sabarudin and Kwan Hoong Ng

Diagnostics 2020, 10(9), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10090681 - 9 Sep 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3119

Abstract

In this study, we aimed to estimate the probability of cancer risk induced by CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) examinations concerning effective body diameter. One hundred patients who underwent CTPA examinations were recruited as subjects from a single institution in Kuala Lumpur. Subjects were [...] Read more.

In this study, we aimed to estimate the probability of cancer risk induced by CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) examinations concerning effective body diameter. One hundred patients who underwent CTPA examinations were recruited as subjects from a single institution in Kuala Lumpur. Subjects were categorized based on their effective diameter size, where 19–25, 25–28, and >28 cm categorized as Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The mean value of the body diameter of the subjects was 26.82 ± 3.12 cm, with no significant differences found between male and female subjects. The risk of cancer in breast, lung, and liver organs was 0.009%, 0.007%, and 0.005% respectively. The volume-weighted CT dose index (CTDI_vol) was underestimated, whereas the size-specific dose estimates (SSDEs) provided a more accurate description of the radiation dose and the risk of cancer. CTPA examinations are considered safe but it is essential to implement a protocol optimized following the As Low as Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) principle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Radiation Dose in X-ray and CT Exams)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2133 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Establishment of CTPA Local Diagnostic Reference Levels with Noise Magnitude as a Quality Indicator in a Tertiary Care Hospital

by Hanif Haspi Harun, Muhammad Khalis Abdul Karim, Mohd Amiruddin Abd Rahman, Hairil Rashmizal Abdul Razak, Iza Nurzawani Che Isa and Faeezah Harun

Diagnostics 2020, 10(9), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10090680 - 9 Sep 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3504

Abstract

This study aimed to establish the local diagnostic reference levels (LDRLs) of computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) examinations based on body size with regard to noise magnitude as a quality indicator. The records of 127 patients (55 males and 72 females) who had [...] Read more.

This study aimed to establish the local diagnostic reference levels (LDRLs) of computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) examinations based on body size with regard to noise magnitude as a quality indicator. The records of 127 patients (55 males and 72 females) who had undergone CTPAs using a 128-slice CT scanner were retrieved. The dose information, scanning acquisition parameters, and patient demographics were recorded in standardized forms. The body size of patients was categorized into three groups based on their anteroposterior body length: P1 (14–19 cm), P2 (19–24 cm), and P3 (24–31 cm), and the radiation dose exposure was statistically compared. The image noise was determined quantitatively by measuring the standard deviation of the region of interest (ROI) at five different arteries—the ascending and descending aorta, pulmonary trunk, and the left and right main pulmonary arteries. We observed that the LDRL values were significantly different between body sizes (p < 0.05), and the median values of the CT dose index volume (CTDI_vol) for P1, P2, and P3 were 6.13, 8.3, and 21.40 mGy, respectively. It was noted that the noise reference values were 23.78, 24.26, and 23.97 HU for P1, P2, and P3, respectively, which were not significantly different from each other (p > 0.05). The CTDI_vol of 9 mGy and dose length product (DLP) of 329 mGy∙cm in this study were lower than those reported by other studies conducted elsewhere. This study successfully established the LDRLs of a local healthcare institution with the inclusion of the noise magnitude, which is comparable with other established references. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Radiation Dose in X-ray and CT Exams)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1745 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diagnostic Reference Level of Radiation Dose and Image Quality among Paediatric CT Examinations in A Tertiary Hospital in Malaysia

by Nor Azura Muhammad, Muhammad Khalis Abdul Karim, Hasyma Abu Hassan, Mazliana Ahmad Kamarudin, Jeannie Hsiu Ding Wong and Kwan Hoong Ng

Diagnostics 2020, 10(8), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10080591 - 14 Aug 2020

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 5697

Abstract

Pediatrics are more vulnerable to radiation and are prone to dose compared to adults, requiring more attention to computed tomography (CT) optimization. Hence, diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) have been implemented as part of optimization process in order to monitor CT dose and diagnostic [...] Read more.

Pediatrics are more vulnerable to radiation and are prone to dose compared to adults, requiring more attention to computed tomography (CT) optimization. Hence, diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) have been implemented as part of optimization process in order to monitor CT dose and diagnostic quality. The noise index has recently been endorsed to be included as a part of CT optimization in the DRLs report. In this study, we have therefore set local DRLs for pediatric CT examination with a noise index as an indicator of image quality. One thousand one hundred and ninety-two (1192) paediatric patients undergoing CT brain, CT thorax and CT chest-abdomen-pelvis (CAP) examinations were analyzed retrospectively and categorized into four age groups; group 1 (0–1 year), group 2 (1–5 years), group 3 (5–10 years) and group 4 (10–15 years). For each group, data such as the volume-weighted CT dose index (CTDI_vol), dose-length product (DLP) and the effective dose (E) were calculated and DRLs for each age group set at 50th percentile were determined. Both CT dose and image noise values between age groups have differed significantly with p-value < 0.05. The highest CTDI_vol and DLP values in all age groups with the lowest noise index value reported in the 10–15 age group were found in CT brain examination. In conclusion, there was a significant variation in doses and noise intensity among children of different ages, and the need to change specific parameters to fit the clinical requirement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Radiation Dose in X-ray and CT Exams)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Learning Versus Iterative Reconstruction for CT Pulmonary Angiography in the Emergency Setting: Improved Image Quality and Reduced Radiation Dose

by Marc Lenfant, Olivier Chevallier, Pierre-Olivier Comby, Grégory Secco, Karim Haioun, Frédéric Ricolfi, Brivaël Lemogne and Romaric Loffroy

Diagnostics 2020, 10(8), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10080558 - 4 Aug 2020

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 7027

Abstract

To compare image quality and the radiation dose of computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) subjected to the first deep learning-based image reconstruction (DLR) (50%) algorithm, with images subjected to the hybrid-iterative reconstruction (IR) technique (50%). One hundred forty patients who underwent CTPA for [...] Read more.

To compare image quality and the radiation dose of computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) subjected to the first deep learning-based image reconstruction (DLR) (50%) algorithm, with images subjected to the hybrid-iterative reconstruction (IR) technique (50%). One hundred forty patients who underwent CTPA for suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) between 2018 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Image quality was assessed quantitatively (image noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR)) and qualitatively (on a 5-point scale). Radiation dose parameters (CT dose index, CTDI_vol; and dose-length product, DLP) were also recorded. Ninety-three patients were finally analyzed, 48 with hybrid-IR and 45 with DLR images. The image noise was significantly lower and the SNR (24.4 ± 5.9 vs. 20.7 ± 6.1) and CNR (21.8 ± 5.8 vs. 18.6 ± 6.0) were significantly higher on DLR than hybrid-IR images (p < 0.01). DLR images received a significantly higher score than hybrid-IR images for image quality, with both soft (4.4 ± 0.7 vs. 3.8 ± 0.8) and lung (4.1 ± 0.7 vs. 3.6 ± 0.9) filters (p < 0.01). No difference in diagnostic confidence level for PE between both techniques was found. CTDI_vol (4.8 ± 1.4 vs. 4.0 ± 1.2 mGy) and DLP (157.9 ± 44.9 vs. 130.8 ± 41.2 mGy∙cm) were lower on DLR than hybrid-IR images. DLR both significantly improved the image quality and reduced the radiation dose of CTPA examinations as compared to the hybrid-IR technique. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Radiation Dose in X-ray and CT Exams)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Assessment of Radiation Dose in X-ray and CT Exams

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

Published Papers (15 papers)

Editorial

Research

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI