Progress in Self-Healing Coatings

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 November 2018) | Viewed by 26966

Special Issue Editor

Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
Interests: coatings; self-healing; polymers; electrochemistry; corrosion; responsive polymers; functional coatings; biobased and bioinspired coatings

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

High surface area applications, such as coatings, are highly prone to suffer all kind of damages, which can be time-dependent (i.e., fatigue damage, such as aging leading to cracking) and/or one-time adverse events (i.e., sudden event damage, such as impact or scratch). All in all, such damages can ultimately lead to the loss of the main coating function. As a solution to limit the impact of damages on the overall performance, strategies using self-healing or healable principles can be designed. Under this concept, materials (coatings) will be able to autonomously, or with as-little-human-intervention-as-possible, repair the existing damage to fully or partially recover the original function and extend their service life.

Since the appearance of the first self-healing concepts in the early 2000s the field of self-healing coatings has significantly evolved. Multiple healing strategies and chemistries following both extrinsic and intrinsic concepts have been proposed under the universal principle of local temporary mobility and have targeted diverse coating functions such as corrosion protection, self-cleaning, electrical and thermal conductivity, or barrier. Simultaneously, the field has moved from lab-scale tests into application-driven research including areas as diverse as automotive, biomedical, aerospace, construction or electronics.

In this Special Issue, we aim at offering a broad overview of the research field on self-healing coatings. Industrial and academic, experimental and modelling, original research and application/field specific review papers are welcome. The selection process of papers will be made based on quality, as well as targeting at a maximized field representation.

We are looking forward to receiving your contributions,

Prof. Dr. Santiago J. García

Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 794 KiB  
Article
Modeling Self-Healing Mechanisms in Coatings: Approaches and Perspectives
by Etelvina Javierre
Coatings 2019, 9(2), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9020122 - 15 Feb 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3307
Abstract
There is a wide range of self-healing mechanisms that provide the recovery of specific functionalities in coatings. Moreover, it is well known that computational simulation is a complementary tool that can help in the optimization and cost reduction of the experimental development of [...] Read more.
There is a wide range of self-healing mechanisms that provide the recovery of specific functionalities in coatings. Moreover, it is well known that computational simulation is a complementary tool that can help in the optimization and cost reduction of the experimental development of materials. This work critically discusses the current status of the models that are of interest for the advance of self-healing coatings, and proposes future paths of improvement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Self-Healing Coatings)
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12 pages, 4079 KiB  
Article
Swap-Driven Self-Adhesion and Healing of Vitrimers
by Simone Ciarella and Wouter G. Ellenbroek
Coatings 2019, 9(2), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9020114 - 12 Feb 2019
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3913
Abstract
Vitrimers are covalent network materials, comparable in structure to classical thermosets. Unlike normal thermosets, they possess a chemical bond swap mechanism that makes their structure dynamic and suitable for activated welding and even autonomous self-healing. The central question in designing such materials is [...] Read more.
Vitrimers are covalent network materials, comparable in structure to classical thermosets. Unlike normal thermosets, they possess a chemical bond swap mechanism that makes their structure dynamic and suitable for activated welding and even autonomous self-healing. The central question in designing such materials is the trade-off between autonomy and material stability: the swap mechanism facilitates the healing, but it also facilitates creep, which makes the perfectly stable self-healing solid a hard goal to reach. Here, we address this question for the case of self-healing vitrimers made from star polymers. Using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we studied the adhesion of two vitrimer samples and found that they bond together on timescales that are much shorter than the stress relaxation time. We showed that the swap mechanism allows the star polymers to diffuse through the material through coordinated swap events, but the healing process is much faster and does not depend on this mobility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Self-Healing Coatings)
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16 pages, 8076 KiB  
Article
Coupling the Microscopic Healing Behaviour of Coatings to the Thermoreversible Diels-Alder Network Formation
by Joost Brancart, Robrecht Verhelle, Jessica Mangialetto and Guy Van Assche
Coatings 2019, 9(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9010013 - 26 Dec 2018
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3416
Abstract
While thermally reversible polymer network coatings based on the Diels-Alder reaction are widely studied, the mechanisms responsible for the heating-mediated healing of damage is still not well understood. The combination of microscopic evaluation techniques and fundamental insights for the thermoreversible network formation in [...] Read more.
While thermally reversible polymer network coatings based on the Diels-Alder reaction are widely studied, the mechanisms responsible for the heating-mediated healing of damage is still not well understood. The combination of microscopic evaluation techniques and fundamental insights for the thermoreversible network formation in the bulk and coating shed light on the mechanisms behind the damage healing events. The thermomechanical properties of thermoset and elastomer coatings, crosslinked by the furan-maleimide Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction, were studied in bulk and compared to the thermal behaviour applied as coatings onto aluminium substrates. The damage sealing of thermoset (Tg = 79 °C) and elastomer (Tg = −49 °C) coatings were studied using nano-lithography and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The sealing event is studied and modelled at multiple temperatures and correlated to the changes in the network structure and corresponding thermomechanical properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Self-Healing Coatings)
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12 pages, 2193 KiB  
Article
Self-Healing Coatings Based on Linseed-Oil-Loaded Microcapsules for Protection of Cementitious Materials
by Dong-Min Kim, In-Ho Song, Ju-Young Choi, Seung-Won Jin, Kyeong-Nam Nam and Chan-Moon Chung
Coatings 2018, 8(11), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings8110404 - 15 Nov 2018
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5514
Abstract
Linseed oil undergoes an oxidative drying reaction upon exposure to air, resulting in a soft film. The reaction conversion after 48 h reached 88% and 59% when it reacted at room temperature and −20 °C, respectively. Linseed-oil-loaded microcapsules were prepared using a urea-formaldehyde [...] Read more.
Linseed oil undergoes an oxidative drying reaction upon exposure to air, resulting in a soft film. The reaction conversion after 48 h reached 88% and 59% when it reacted at room temperature and −20 °C, respectively. Linseed-oil-loaded microcapsules were prepared using a urea-formaldehyde polymer as the shell wall material. The microcapsules were integrated into a commercially available protective coating formulation to prepare self-healing coating formulations with different capsule loadings. The coating formulations were applied on mortar specimens to prepare self-healing coatings. The effect of capsule loading on adhesion strength of the self-healing coating was studied. The self-healing function of the coating was investigated by SEM, a water sorptivity test and an accelerated carbonation test. Successful self-healing was demonstrated for both scratch and crack damage in the coatings. Low-temperature self-healing was demonstrated with a saline solution sorptivity test conducted at −20 °C. The linseed-oil-based microcapsule-type self-healing coating system is a promising candidate as a protective coating for cementitious materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Self-Healing Coatings)
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14 pages, 1532 KiB  
Article
Hydrophilic Self-Replenishing Coatings with Long-Term Water Stability for Anti-Fouling Applications
by Isabel Jiménez-Pardo, Leendert G. J. Van der Ven, Rolf A. T. M. Van Benthem, Gijsbertus De With and A. Catarina C. Esteves
Coatings 2018, 8(5), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings8050184 - 14 May 2018
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 10101
Abstract
Hydrophilic coatings have recently emerged as a new approach to avoiding the adhesion of (bio)organisms on surfaces immersed in water. In these coatings the hydrophilic character is crucial for the anti-fouling (AF) performance. However, this property can be rapidly lost due to the [...] Read more.
Hydrophilic coatings have recently emerged as a new approach to avoiding the adhesion of (bio)organisms on surfaces immersed in water. In these coatings the hydrophilic character is crucial for the anti-fouling (AF) performance. However, this property can be rapidly lost due to the inevitable damages which occur at the surface, reducing the long-term effectiveness of the AF functionality. We report hydrophilic polycarbonate-poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (mPEG) polyurethane coatings with tunable hydrophilic properties as well as an excellent and long-term stability in water. The coatings exhibit low protein adhesion values and are able to self-replenish their hydrophilicity after damage, due to the existence of a reservoir of hydrophilic dangling chains incorporated in the bulk. The combination of low Tg and sufficient mobility of the mPEG dangling chains (enabled by chains with higher molecular weight) proved to be crucial to ensure autonomous surface hydrophilicity recovery when the coatings were immersed in water. This coatings and design approach offers new possibilities towards high-performance AF coatings with an extended service life-time which can be used in several major applications areas, such as marine and biomedical coatings, with major economic and environmental benefits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Self-Healing Coatings)
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