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Recent Advancement in Biological Microelectromechanical Systems (BioMEMS) and Biomimetic Coatings

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A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Surface Coatings for Biomedicine and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 January 2026 | Viewed by 28196

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Song-Jeng Huang

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Guest Editor

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
Interests: bio-MEMS; tribology; wear; metal matrix composite materials; magnesium alloy; hydrogen storage materials; metallic materials for microbial fuel cell
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Ming-Tzer Lin

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Guest Editor

Graduate Institute of Precision Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan
Interests: experimental mechanics; nanomechanics; nanotechnology; MEMS; VLSI technology; mechanical properties of thin films; mechanics of BioMEMS materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Chao-Ching Chiang

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Guest Editor

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
Interests: semiconductor wafer bonding science and technology; silicon photonic laser technology; electrochemical; bio-MEMS device for silicon-based materials; high-pressure die casting technique for automotive engines; thin-film solar cells

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is my great pleasure to announce this Special Issue on “Recent Advancement in Biological Microelectromechanical Systems (BioMEMS) and Biomimetic Coatings”, which will be published in Coatings this year.

Biomimetic micro- and nanotechnology has grown substantially in recent years, contributing to significant progress in the pharmaceutical and biomedical domains. The advancement of such technologies has led to the development of improved and new materials, tools, and devices, with various applications. The interdisciplinary nature of bio-MEMS combines material sciences, clinical sciences, medicine, surgery, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, optical engineering, chemical engineering, and biomedical engineering. Some of its major applications include genomics, proteomics, molecular diagnostics, point-of-care diagnostics, tissue engineering, single cell analysis, and implantable microdevices.

Biomimetic organic hybrid coatings used for the replacement and repair of biomedical devices, including certain types of metal, glass ceramic, and polymer materials are of interest. Furthermore, advanced organic and biological coatings applied in bioelectronics, biosensors, or tissue engineering are also important topics.

This Special Issue provides a platform to share knowledge around unsurpassed networking and relationship-building opportunities by presenting and discussing topics including but not limited to:

Lab-on-a-chip (LOC);
Microfluidic devices;
Micrototal analysis system (μTAS);
Organic materials and devices coatings;
Self-assembly hybrid materials coatings;
Biointerfaces;
Bioelectronics and biosensors;
Electrospinning coatings;
Plasma treatment;
The relationship between structure, properties, and biological materials applications.

Prof. Dr. Song-Jeng Huang
Prof. Dr. Ming-Tzer Lin
Dr. Chao-Ching Chiang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 205 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Recent Advancements in Biological Microelectromechanical Systems (BioMEMS) and Biomimetic Coatings

by Song-Jeng Huang, Ming-Tzer Lin, Chao-Ching Chiang, Kavya Arun Dwivedi and Aqeel Abbas

Coatings 2022, 12(12), 1800; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121800 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2312

Abstract

Biomimetic micro- and nanotechnology have substantially grown in recent years, contributing to significant progress in the pharmaceutical and biomedical domains [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancement in Biological Microelectromechanical Systems (BioMEMS) and Biomimetic Coatings)

5 pages, 195 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Point-of-Care Testing Blood Coagulation Detectors Using a Bio-Microfluidic Device Accompanied by Raman Spectroscopy

by Song-Jeng Huang, Chao-Ching Chiang, Philip Nathaniel Immanuel and Murugan Subramania

Coatings 2022, 12(7), 893; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12070893 - 24 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1938

Abstract

An efficient technique was developed for the detection of human blood coagulation using a bio-microfluidic device based on Raman spectra [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancement in Biological Microelectromechanical Systems (BioMEMS) and Biomimetic Coatings)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

17 pages, 9566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Experimental Study Based on the Surface Microstructure of Bionic Marine Animals

by Chaoda Chen, Zhuoyuan Yu, Xiaoqiang Shao, Baojian Zou, Biaoqing Xu, Zeping Xiao and Zhenyu Tang

Coatings 2024, 14(12), 1606; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14121606 - 22 Dec 2024

Viewed by 608

Abstract

Masked jet electrolytic machining has the advantages of high machining efficiency and good surface morphology, giving it important applications in fields such as bionic marine animal manufacturing. The factors affecting the electrolytic machining speed are deduced; a modeling simulation is carried out by COMSOL software; the electrolyte potential map and current density line map inside the microgroove are analyzed; and measurements of the actual machined microgroove are made by a scanning microscope to carry out the experiments of electrolytic characteristics and morphology of the microgroove under different pulse voltages, machining gaps, and machining times. Experiments show that the pulse voltage plays a dominant role in processing, and when the pulse voltage is increased from 50 V to 125 V, the microgroove width increases by an average of 7.7%, and the depth increases by an average of 28.8%, which significantly improves the surface microstructure of the bionic marine animal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancement in Biological Microelectromechanical Systems (BioMEMS) and Biomimetic Coatings)

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14 pages, 2242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temperature Sensing via Electromagnetically Induced Transparency Vapor

by Teh-Chau Liau, Jian-Qi Shen and Shun-Feng Su

Coatings 2023, 13(11), 1887; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111887 - 2 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1312

Abstract

The behavior of multilevel atomic ensembles (e.g., alkali-metal atoms) can be influenced significantly by the intensity of a driving field (or controlling/coupling field). The phase coherence between two transition pathways driven by a probe light and a driving field can lead to the effect known as electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). In EIT, the probe light can pass through a three-level alkali-metal atomic vapor without absorption or reflection when two coherent resonances (transition pathways driven by the driving and probe fields) are present and the linewidths of the transparency windows are sufficiently narrow. The optical characteristics of atomic systems can also be affected by the Doppler broadening of the absorption profile in a spectroscope. Our analysis indicates that both broadenings (related to the transitions excited by the driving and probe fields) can be expanded, leading to an increase in the transmittance and reflectance broadenings when a coupling field with adaptive strength is applied; the corresponding temperature would, thus, be implemented and readable. We show that the most suitable preparation for temperature sensing via an EIT vapor is to provide 80 times the spontaneous decay rate (SDR) of the excited atomic levels. This configuration results in reflectance and transmittance values that range between zero and one and cover a temperature range of 0 K to 600 K. As an example, we demonstrate the integration of specialized coating technologies with EIT ensembles for temperature sensing in the range of dozens of kelvins at and above room temperature. A key advantage of this temperature-sensing system is its ability to use adaptive resonant visible light as the probe field. This novel approach may find applications in providing unprecedented levels of precision and control in temperature sensing for coating processes and in the design of other photonic or optical devices. It can also be used to determine the temperature-dependent behavior of the specific heat of alkali-metal solids and gases (including the latent heats of vaporization or sublimation of alkali-metal solids) through the reflection and transmission spectra of the vaporized EIT atomic vapors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancement in Biological Microelectromechanical Systems (BioMEMS) and Biomimetic Coatings)

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14 pages, 4897 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Synergic Effects of WS₂ and ECAP on Degradation Behavior of AZ91 Magnesium Alloy

by Aqeel Abbas and Song-Jeng Huang

Coatings 2022, 12(11), 1710; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111710 - 9 Nov 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 1750

Abstract

In this research, WS₂/AZ91 metal matrix composites were manufactured using the stir casting method. The composites were severely deformed using equal channel angular pressing (ECAP). The degradation behavior of severely deformed and as-cast samples was investigated using the three-electrode system in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The corrosion products and surface morphology of the corroded surfaces were investigated using an x-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed that as-cast monolithic AZ91 exhibited the highest corrosion potential of (−1.553 mV) and a minimum degradation rate (4.099 m·a⁻¹). The reduction ion grain size after severe plastic deformation increased the degradability of WS₂/AZ91 composites. Severe plastic deformation reduced the grain size, which led to an increase in the corrosion rate. The synergic effects of (tungsten disulfide) WS₂ and ECAP increased the degradation rate to (4.59 m·a⁻¹) in two-pass 1 wt% WS₂/AZ91. The increase in WS₂ contents decreased the degradation rate (4.512 m·a⁻¹) in homogenized 1 wt% WS₂/AZ91 composites. The degradability of AZ91 increased in all conditions under the synergic effects of WS₂ and severe plastic deformation. Magnesium and magnesium hydroxide were observed as corrosion products. The maximum surface roughness in two-pass 1 wt% WS₂/AZ91 indicated the highest material removed by corrosion from the surface of the composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancement in Biological Microelectromechanical Systems (BioMEMS) and Biomimetic Coatings)

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11 pages, 15454 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement of Corrosion Resistance and Biocompatibility of Biodegradable Mg–Ca Alloy by ALD HfZrO₂ Film

by Pi-Chen Lin, Kaifan Lin, Yu-Hsuan Lin, Kai-Chiang Yang, Vladimir Ivanovitch Semenov, Hsin-Chih Lin and Miin-Jang Chen

Coatings 2022, 12(2), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020212 - 6 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2564

Abstract

Polycrystalline HfZrO₂ (HZO) film can be fabricated on as-extruded Mg–Ca alloy, which is identified by the results of XRD and TEM. HZO film can improve the corrosion resistance of as-extruded Mg–Ca alloy to further result in a decrease in the corrosion rate of Mg–Ca alloy. Corrosion current density, pH value evaluation, and the corrosion surface image provide evidence of improvement in corrosion rate. Compared with ZrO₂ film, HZO film shows better short-term corrosion resistance. The results of WST-1 assay and LDH assay show that HZO film has low toxicity and is suitable for the protective coating of biological implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancement in Biological Microelectromechanical Systems (BioMEMS) and Biomimetic Coatings)

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14 pages, 4815 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Microfluidic Simulation and Optimization of Blood Coagulation Factors and Anticoagulants in Polymethyl Methacrylate Microchannels

by Philip Nathaniel Immanuel, Yi-Hsiung Chiu and Song-Jeng Huang

Coatings 2021, 11(11), 1394; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111394 - 15 Nov 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2447

Abstract

Blood coagulation is a critical and complex reaction that involves various chemical substances, such as prothrombin, fibrinogen, and fibrin. The process can be divided into three main steps, namely the formation of the prothrombin activator, conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. In this study, an ANSYS simulation is carried out to determine the prothrombin time (PT) of blood, the chemical changes that occur during coagulation and the anticoagulation factor. The addition of deionized water to the microchannels before the addition of blood and reagents results in a two-phase flow. The evaluation of this two-phase flow is necessary, and dynamic simulations are required to determine the PT. The chemical rate constant and order of the chemical reaction are derived from the actual prothrombin time. Moreover, the genetic algorithms in PYTHON and ANSYS are used to estimate chemical reaction parameters for a 20 s PT. The blood and anticoagulant exhibit increased dynamic behavior in the microchannel. In addition, particles are added to the microchannel and the dynamic mesh method is used to simulate the flow behaviors of the red and white blood cells in the microchannel. The PTs for different volumes of blood are also reported. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancement in Biological Microelectromechanical Systems (BioMEMS) and Biomimetic Coatings)

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16 pages, 8268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Digital Image Correlation Method to Measure Bio-Tissue Deformation

by Terry Yuan-Fang Chen, Nhat Minh Dang, Zhao-Ying Wang, Liang-Wei Chang, Wei-Yu Ku, Yu-Lung Lo and Ming-Tzer Lin

Coatings 2021, 11(8), 924; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11080924 - 1 Aug 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4083

Abstract

Traditionally, strain gauge, extensometer, and reflection tracking markers have been used to measure the deformation of materials under loading. However, the anisotropy and inhomogeneity of most biological materials restricted the accessibility of the real strain field. Compared to the video extensometer, digital image correlation has the advantage of providing full-field displacement as well as strain information. In this study, a digital image correlation method (DIC) measurement system was employed for chicken breast bio-tissue deformation measurement. To increase the contrast for better correlation, a mixture of ground black pepper and white sesame was sprayed on the surface of samples. The first step was to correct the distorted image caused by the lens using the inverse distorted calibration method and then the influence of subset size and correlation criteria, sum of squared differences (SSD), and zero-normalized sum of squared differences (ZNSSD) were investigated experimentally for accurate measurement. Test results of the sample was translated along the horizontal direction from 0 mm to 3 mm, with an increment of 0.1 mm and the measurement result was compared, and the displacement set on the translation stage. The result shows that the error is less than 3%, and accurate measurement can be achieved with proper surface preparation, subset size, correlation criterion, and image correction. Detailed examination of the strain values show that the strain ε_x is proportional to the displacement of crosshead, but the strain ε_y indicates the viscoelastic behavior of tested bio-tissue. In addition, the tested bio-tissue’s linear birefringence extracted by a Mueller matrix polarimetry is for comparison and is in good agreement. As noted above, the integration of the optical parameter measurement system and the digital image correlation method is proposed in this paper to analyze the relationship between the strain changes and optical parameters of biological tissue, and thus the relative optic-stress coefficient can be significantly characterized if Young’s modulus of biological tissue is known. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancement in Biological Microelectromechanical Systems (BioMEMS) and Biomimetic Coatings)

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20 pages, 4614 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Heterogeneous Bonding of PMMA and Double-Sided Polished Silicon Wafers through H₂O Plasma Treatment for Microfluidic Devices

by Chao-Ching Chiang, Philip Nathaniel Immanuel, Yi-Hsiung Chiu and Song-Jeng Huang

Coatings 2021, 11(5), 580; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050580 - 17 May 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5060

Abstract

In this work we report on a rapid, easy-to-operate, lossless, room temperature heterogeneous H₂O plasma treatment process for the bonding of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and double-sided polished (DSP) silicon substrates by for utilization in sandwich structured microfluidic devices. The heterogeneous bonding of the sandwich structure produced by the H₂O plasma is analyzed, and the effect of heterogeneous bonding of free radicals and high charge electrons (e⁻) in the formed plasma which causes a passivation phenomenon during the bonding process investigated. The PMMA and silicon surface treatments were performed at a constant radio frequency (RF) power and H₂O flow rate. Changing plasma treatment time and powers for both processes were investigated during the experiments. The gas flow rate was controlled to cause ionization of plasma and the dissociation of water vapor from hydrogen (H) atoms and hydroxyl (OH) bonds, as confirmed by optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The OES results show the relative intensity peaks emitted by the OH radicals, H and oxygen (O). The free energy is proportional to the plasma treatment power and gas flow rate with H bonds forming between the adsorbed H₂O and OH groups. The gas density generated saturated bonds at the interface, and the discharge energy that strengthened the OH-e⁻ bonds. This method provides an ideal heterogeneous bonding technique which can be used to manufacture new types of microfluidic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancement in Biological Microelectromechanical Systems (BioMEMS) and Biomimetic Coatings)

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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

24 pages, 3604 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Paper-Based Sensors for Gas, Ion, and Biological Detection

by Phillip Nathaniel Immanuel, Song-Jeng Huang, Yudhistira Adityawardhana and Yi-Kuang Yen

Coatings 2023, 13(8), 1326; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13081326 - 28 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3915

Abstract

Gas, ion, and biological sensors have been widely utilized to detect analytes of great significance to the environment, food, and health. Paper-based sensors, which can be constructed on a low-cost paper substrate through a simple and cost-effective fabrication process, have attracted much interests for development. Moreover, many materials can be employed in designing sensors, such as metal oxides and/or inorganic materials, carbon-based nanomaterials, conductive polymers, and composite materials. Most of these provide a large surface area and pitted structure, along with extraordinary electrical and thermal conductivities, which are capable of improving sensor performance regarding sensitivity and limit of detection. In this review, we surveyed recent advances in different types of paper-based gas, ion, and biological sensors, focusing on how these materials’ physical and chemical properties influence the sensor’s response. Challenges and future perspectives for paper-based sensors are also discussed below. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancement in Biological Microelectromechanical Systems (BioMEMS) and Biomimetic Coatings)

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