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Advanced Functional Films and Materials for Sensors Application
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Advanced Functional Films and Materials for Sensors Application

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Thin Films".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2023) | Viewed by 9479

Special Issue Editors

Dr. P. Poornesh

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India
Interests: third nonlinear optical properties of polymers; semiconductors; optical power limiting materials for eye and sensor protection; second harmonic generation in organic crystals
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. K. B. Manjunatha

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physics, NMAM Institute of Technology, Karkala 574110, India
Interests: materials; nonlinear optics; optoelectronics; photonics; optics; optical materials; laser; optical switching

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Gas sensors have become vital in the era of IoT. The current issue focuses on recent developments in the area of sensing using functional films and materials and aims to pave the way toward new ideas in the expansion of sensing technologies. Sensors are significant in realizing the Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled smart cities in which air quality monitoring is an integral part. A network of sensors is essential to realize the real-time monitoring and assessment of air quality in a smart city. Sensors should be able to work with high sensitivity and selectivity. Industrial IoT needs excellent selectivity and robustness. There is a pressing need to develop sensors by addressing the limiting factors that will pave the way toward the next generation of intelligent sensors.

This Special Issue focuses on the synthesis, design, fundamental science, modeling, fabrication, simulation, and characterization of sensors based on functional materials. We cordially invite you to submit original research articles and communications covering the experimental and theoretical studies that examine new sensing materials/preparation methods/sensing technology to the Special Issue. In addition, review articles on the above topics are invited for submission.

Dr. P. Poornesh
Dr. K. B. Manjunatha
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • metal oxide semiconductors
  • thin films
  • gas sensing
  • polymers
  • low dimensional materials
  • carbon-based nanostructures
  • composite materials
  • modeling and simulations of gas sensors
  • fabrication technologies for gas sensors

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 2834 KiB  
Communication
Numerical Investigation of a High-Quality Factor Refractometric Nano-Sensor Comprising All-Dielectric Metamaterial Structures
by Arslan Asim, Michael Cada, Alan Fine, Yuan Ma and Farheen Ibraheem
Coatings 2023, 13(6), 1027; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13061027 - 01 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1177
Abstract
This paper proposes an optical sensor based on nanoscale metamaterial structures. The design of the sensor has been explored with respect to biosensing applications through numerical modeling and analysis. The sensor comprises silica substrate and diamond nanostructures, both of which represent dielectrics. The [...] Read more.
This paper proposes an optical sensor based on nanoscale metamaterial structures. The design of the sensor has been explored with respect to biosensing applications through numerical modeling and analysis. The sensor comprises silica substrate and diamond nanostructures, both of which represent dielectrics. The sensing principle is based on the detection of ambient refractive index change. As the analyte properties change, the refractive index changes, as well. The refractive index change has been detected by striking electromagnetic waves onto the structure and noting the spectral response. Ultraviolet waves have been utilized for recording spectral responses and evaluating sensor performance. The sensor displays multiple sharp resonance peaks in the reflected beam. By altering the refractive index of the analyte present around the sensor, the peaks can be seen choosing different wavelengths. The resonance peaks have been investigated to observe electric and magnetic field dipoles in the sensor structure. The spectrum peaks have also been studied to understand fabrication tolerances. The sensor displays a linear response, along with a large Quality (Q) factor. The maximum value of the achieved Quality (Q) factor for the proposed sensor is 1229 while operating across the refractive index range of 1.4–1.45. The claim has been supported by comparison with contemporary works on similar platforms. A range of other sensing parameters have also been calculated and benchmarked. Metamaterial-based optical sensors can provide smaller device sizes, faster response times and label-free detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Films and Materials for Sensors Application)
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13 pages, 4786 KiB  
Article
Ultrathin CNTs Film Based on Marangoni Effect for Strain Sensing Application
by Xuqiu Bai, Jun Zheng, Zhichun Xu, Fei Pan, Xiang Ge and Caideng Yuan
Coatings 2023, 13(6), 1026; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13061026 - 01 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1171
Abstract
The Marangoni effect has been applied in the preparation of large-area ultrathin films. However, defects occur frequently during the transfer progress of ultrathin films to substrates, which limits its application in scalable and massive fabrication. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as typical one-dimensional carbon materials, [...] Read more.
The Marangoni effect has been applied in the preparation of large-area ultrathin films. However, defects occur frequently during the transfer progress of ultrathin films to substrates, which limits its application in scalable and massive fabrication. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as typical one-dimensional carbon materials, are widely used in wearable and flexible sensors due to their outstanding electrical and mechanical properties. In this paper, Marangoni-driven self-assembled CNTs film was obtained by injecting 0.5 mL 1 mg·mL−1 CNTs/ethanol dispersion on 100 cm2 water dropwise; the thickness, sheet resistance, and optical transmittance (at 550 nm) of the as-prepared ultrathin film were 38 nm, 7.3 kΩ/□, and 66.9%, respectively. The CNTs film was transferred onto polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to prepare a conductive composite of CNTs/PDMS film and the sheet resistance of the composite film reached 21.0 kΩ/□. Furthermore, the packaged PDMS/CNTs/PDMS (PCP) strain sensors with a sandwich-like structure exhibited satisfactory sensitivity with a gauge factor of 3.4 at 50% strain, a large working range (89%), and excellent stability (>8000 cycles). The easy-making and low-cost sensors show great potential in wearable electronics, real-time motion detection, and electronic skin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Films and Materials for Sensors Application)
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12 pages, 2383 KiB  
Article
Disposable Pencil Lead as an Electrochemical Transducer for Monitoring Catechol in River and Tap Water
by Farzana Akter, Dulal Chandra Kabiraz, Md. Monirul Islam, Shahed Ahmed, Md. Abu Hanif and Young Soon Kim
Coatings 2023, 13(5), 913; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13050913 - 12 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1237
Abstract
A cheap and disposable pencil graphite electrode (PGE) was developed by the incorporation of amine groups (Am-PGE-1). A further improvement in the performance was observed when the aminated electrode (Am-PGE-1) was activated by applying a negative potential scan (Am-PGE-2). The electrochemical transport properties [...] Read more.
A cheap and disposable pencil graphite electrode (PGE) was developed by the incorporation of amine groups (Am-PGE-1). A further improvement in the performance was observed when the aminated electrode (Am-PGE-1) was activated by applying a negative potential scan (Am-PGE-2). The electrochemical transport properties were evaluated through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The Nyquist plot showed a reduced charge transfer resistance value of 24.3 Ω for Am-PGE-2, while it was 95.1 Ω for bare PGE. Thus, Am-PGE-2 was used as a sensing platform for the detection of catechol. It was found that the electrochemical response of catechol oxidation at Am-PGE-2 was twice than the current obtained for bare PGE. Additionally, the effect of pH of the supporting electrolyte and reaction kinetic were studied. The heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant was calculated to be 0.01 s−1. Moreover, CV study revealed that the redox reaction of catechol was a quasi-reversible and diffusion-controlled process. The square wave voltammetry (SWV) technique was applied for the quantitative determination of catechol. The peak current showed a linear dependency on the concentration of catechol from 3 to 150 µM. Furthermore, the analyte could be detected as low as 3.86 µM. Likewise, the sensor demonstrates a good selectivity towards the target analyte than the other possible interfering molecules or ions. Aiming to examine practical applicability, real samples, such as river and household tap water, were tested by using the proposed transducer, and the satisfactory recoveries demonstrate the effectiveness of Am-PGE-2 in real life applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Films and Materials for Sensors Application)
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17 pages, 611 KiB  
Article
A Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)-Based Biosensor Simulation Platform for Performance Evaluation of Different Constructional Configurations
by Mariana Rodrigues Villarim, Diomadson Rodrigues Belfort and Cleonilson Protasio de Souza
Coatings 2023, 13(3), 546; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13030546 - 03 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1642
Abstract
Biosensors are a type of sensor that have gained prominence in recent years due to their advantages over traditional sensing methods, which are expensive and time-consuming. They are composed of two main parts: a recognizer bioelement and a transducer—both can be of different [...] Read more.
Biosensors are a type of sensor that have gained prominence in recent years due to their advantages over traditional sensing methods, which are expensive and time-consuming. They are composed of two main parts: a recognizer bioelement and a transducer—both can be of different types depending on the desired application. An optical biosensor based on Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) achieves high sensitivity, is label-free and its multilayer construction allows an increase in the selectivity of the target analyte. As the choice of layers in SPR-based biosensors and the analysis of the obtained multilayer configuration is very difficult and expensive, in this work, we present an SPR-based biosensor simulation tool, developed through mathematical modeling, with an easy-to-use interface and several design options for calculating and analyzing the reflectance and angle of incidence of this type of device. The application, developed in Matlab, behaved as expected, offering the user the possibility to export data to Excel and becoming a useful alternative for mathematical analysis of SPR biosensors and its parameters, such as quality factor, detection accuracy and sensitivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Films and Materials for Sensors Application)
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8 pages, 2516 KiB  
Article
The Improved Non-Polar Gas Sensing Performance of Surface-Modified Porous Silicon-Based Gas Sensors
by Bakyt Khaniyev, Margulan Ibraimov, Yerulan Sagidolda, Yerbolat Tezekbay, Tolagay Duisebayev, Ayan Tileu and Ainur Khaniyeva
Coatings 2023, 13(1), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010190 - 15 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1628
Abstract
The present article studied gas sensor sensing characteristics based on surface-modified porous silicon (PS) by depositing the metal oxide semiconductor layer. The PS layer was prepared through the electrochemical etching of crystalline silicon in an HF-based solution. DC magnetron sputtering technology was used [...] Read more.
The present article studied gas sensor sensing characteristics based on surface-modified porous silicon (PS) by depositing the metal oxide semiconductor layer. The PS layer was prepared through the electrochemical etching of crystalline silicon in an HF-based solution. DC magnetron sputtering technology was used to obtain the p-CuO layer on the surface of the p-PS. The obtained material’s structural, morphological, and sensing behavior were investigated using SEM, XRD, Raman spectra, and the current–voltage characteristics. For the detection of toluene and chloroform vapors, a planar structure was used. The sensing response value revealed that the CuO/PS-based gas sensors have good sensitivity for toluene and chloroform vapors. The sensing mechanism is explained using schematic energy band diagrams. Therefore, this approach is helpful for the development of a simple, cost-effective sensor for detecting non-polar chemical analytes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Films and Materials for Sensors Application)
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11 pages, 3874 KiB  
Article
Wearable LIG Flexible Stress Sensor Based on Spider Web Bionic Structure
by Hehui Zheng, Han Wang, Kunran Yi, Jian Lin, An Chen, Lingming Chen, Zebiao Zou, Maolin Liu, Yuchen Ji, Lingzhi Dong and Zhenpei Lin
Coatings 2023, 13(1), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010155 - 11 Jan 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2073
Abstract
Bionic structures are widely used in scientific research. Through the observation and study of natural biological structure, it is found that spider web structure is composed of many radial silk lines protruding from the center and spiral silk lines surrounding the center. It [...] Read more.
Bionic structures are widely used in scientific research. Through the observation and study of natural biological structure, it is found that spider web structure is composed of many radial silk lines protruding from the center and spiral silk lines surrounding the center. It has high stability and high sensitivity, and is especially suitable for the production of sensors. In this study, a flexible graphene sensor based on a spider web bionic structure is reported. Graphene, with its excellent mechanical properties and high electrical conductivity, is an ideal material for making sensors. In this paper, laser-induced graphene (LIG) is used as a sensing material to make a spider web structure, which is encapsulated onto a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate to make a spider web structured graphene flexible strain sensor. The study found that the stress generated by the sensor of the spider web structure in the process of stretching and torsion can be evenly distributed in the spider web structure, which has excellent resonance ability, and the overall structure shows good structural robustness. In the experimental test, it is shown that the flexible stress sensor with spider web structure achieves high sensitivity (GF is 36.8), wide working range (0–35%), low hysteresis (260 ms), high repeatability and stability, and has long-term durability. In addition, the manufacturing process of the whole sensor is simple and convenient, and the manufactured sensor is economical and durable. It shows excellent stability in finger flexion and extension, fist clenching, and arm flexion and extension applications. This shows that the sensor can be widely used in wearable sensing devices and the detection of human biological signals. Finally, it has certain development potential in the practical application of medical health, motion detection, human-computer interaction and other fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Films and Materials for Sensors Application)
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