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Children
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Research on Childhood Adversity and Youth Resilience: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives
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Research on Childhood Adversity and Youth Resilience: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives

A special issue of Children (ISSN 2227-9067). This special issue belongs to the section "Global and Public Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 December 2022) | Viewed by 31633

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Meng-Che Tsai

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
Interests: adolescent development; health behaviors; gene–environment Interaction; youth resilience; childhood adversity; social and behavioral medicine; developmental psychology; obesity; children’s growth and nutrition
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yi-Ping Hsieh

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Social Work, University of North Dakota, 225 Centennial Drive, Stop 7135, Grand Forks, ND 58202-7135, USA
Interests: internet addiction; cyberbullying; online safety; cybercrime; child abuse and neglect; parenting; cultural value and practice; bullying; victimization; violence against women and children; mental health and behavioral problems of children and youth; quantitative research methods; longitudinal data analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Various forms of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs, e.g., disrupted family function, household financial strains, bullying victimization, maltreatment, and trauma) may have a negative impact on the physical health, mental wellbeing, and behavioral and social development of children and adolescents. However, individuals’ characteristics along with social resources and protective factors can help develop resilience and ability to thrive, despite exposure to ACEs. Potential protective factors may include children’s biological or developmental characteristics, as well as characteristics related to their family, school/peers, community, culture, and system, acting as buffers against the negative impacts of ACEs on children’s psychosocial wellbeing. Understanding the mechanistic interplay between types, timing, duration, and severity of ACEs, embodied within individual differences in genetic makeup, sociocultural backgrounds, and physiological conditions, may inform factors related to psychological resilience against negative outcomes. This Special Issue aims to highlight the importance of recognizing ACEs and traumatic events and their impacts as intervention targets in order to help children develop resilience and thrive despite ACEs. Thus, we would like to invite comprehensive reviews, original articles, and case reports with a particular focus on ACEs and youth resilience from a medical, nutritional, psychological, psychiatric or social perspective.

Prof. Dr. Meng-Che Tsai
Prof. Dr. Yi-Ping Hsieh
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Children is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • adverse childhood experience
  • traumatic events
  • maltreatment
  • bullying
  • psychological wellbeing
  • behavior problems
  • child social development
  • resilience
  • intervention
  • protective factors

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 953 KiB  
Article
The Mediating Role of Brain Structural Imaging Markers in Connecting Adverse Childhood Experiences and Psychological Resilience
by Yun-Hsuan Chang, Meng-Heng Yang, Zai-Fu Yao, Meng-Che Tsai and Shulan Hsieh
Children 2023, 10(2), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020365 - 11 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2221
Abstract
The impact of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on brain structure has been noticed. Resilience has been considered a protective characteristic from being mentally ill; however, the link between ACEs, psychological resilience, and brain imaging remains untested. A total of 108 participants (mean age [...] Read more.
The impact of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on brain structure has been noticed. Resilience has been considered a protective characteristic from being mentally ill; however, the link between ACEs, psychological resilience, and brain imaging remains untested. A total of 108 participants (mean age 22.92 ± 2.43 years) completed the ACEs questionnaire and the Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA), with five subscales: personal strength (RSA_ps), family cohesion (RSA_fc), social resources (RSA_sr), social competence (RSA_sc), and future structured style (RSA_fss), and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to acquire imaging data, and the fusion-independent component analysis was employed to determine multimodal imaging components. The results showed a significantly negative association between ACE subscales and RSA_total score (ps < 0.05). The parallel mediation model showed significant indirect mediation of mean gray matter volumes in the regions of the middle frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, posterior cingulate, superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, postcentral gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and precuneus between childhood maltreatment and RSA_sr and RSA_sc. (ps < 0.05). This study highlighted the ACEs effect on gray matter volumes in the regions of the middle frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, posterior cingulate, superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, postcentral gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and precuneus leading to decreased psychological resilience. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Childhood Adversity and Youth Resilience: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives)
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15 pages, 314 KiB  
Article
How School Climate Affects the Development of the Social and Emotional Skills of Underprivileged-Background Students—An Empirical Study Based on the SSES2019 Data
by Weihao Wang, Jian Xiao, Wenye Li and Jijun Yao
Children 2022, 9(12), 1812; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121812 - 24 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1721
Abstract
Background: Promoting the development of the social and emotional skills of underprivileged-background students is an integral part of educational and social equity. To date, there has been a lack of relevant research in this field. Aims: This study investigated the impacts of cooperative [...] Read more.
Background: Promoting the development of the social and emotional skills of underprivileged-background students is an integral part of educational and social equity. To date, there has been a lack of relevant research in this field. Aims: This study investigated the impacts of cooperative school climate and competitive school climate on the development of the social and emotional skills of underprivileged-background students. Sample: This study used the data of Chinese underprivileged-background students (N = 1739) from the Study on Social and Emotional Skills conducted by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD-SSES2019). Methods: This study selected the ordinary least squares (OLS) analysis method and the quantile regression (QR) analysis method. Results: The ordinary least squares (OLS) analysis results showed that cooperative school climates promoted the development of various dimensions of the social and emotional skills of underprivileged-background students, while competitive school climates had significant negative impacts on the collaboration and emotional regulation of underprivileged-background students and had no significant impact on the other three major domains, namely engagement with others, open-mindedness, and task performance. A quantile regression analysis further explored the heterogeneity in the impacts of cooperative school climate and competitive school climate on the development of the social and emotional skills of underprivileged-background students through quantile regression and found that the impacts of a competitive school climate on underprivileged-background students with different levels of social and emotional skills were homogeneous, while the impacts of a competitive school climate on underprivileged-background students with different levels of social and emotional skills were heterogeneous. Conclusions: These findings provide a greater insight into the roles of school cooperative climate and school competitive climate in the development process of the social and emotional skills of underprivileged-background students. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Childhood Adversity and Youth Resilience: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives)
16 pages, 982 KiB  
Article
Psychometric Properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale for South America (CD-RISC-25SA) in Peruvian Adolescents
by Karen A. Dominguez-Cancino, Francisca L. Calderon-Maldonado, Edith Choque-Medrano, Carola E. Bravo-Tare and Patrick A. Palmieri
Children 2022, 9(11), 1689; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111689 - 03 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2895
Abstract
Resilience describes the ability of someone to adapt to adverse life experiences by adjusting to demands with behavioral flexibility. When encountering crisis situations, resilient people typically spring back emotionally with increased strength and internal composure. Measuring resilience is important for assessing the ability [...] Read more.
Resilience describes the ability of someone to adapt to adverse life experiences by adjusting to demands with behavioral flexibility. When encountering crisis situations, resilient people typically spring back emotionally with increased strength and internal composure. Measuring resilience is important for assessing the ability of adolescents to respond to adverse situations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric performance of the Spanish version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) © for South America (CD-RISC-25SA) in a population of vulnerable Peruvian adolescents. This study used a cross-sectional design to measure sociodemographic variables and resilience. Participants were 451 adolescents living in a shelter in Lima, Perú. Face and content validity were established by expert panel, construct validity was evaluated with exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha. The analysis resulted in a four-dimensional model with 22 items explaining almost 27% of the variance with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.90. The dimensions included self-confidence and self-trust from previous experiences, internal resources to cope with difficult situations, personal competence and tenacity, and self-regulation with external resources. Two of the 3 items eliminated from the instrument were related to the original dimension “spirituality influences” which may have been incorrectly translated and adapted without equivalence of meaning for cross-cultural research. The CD-RISC-25SA is not a stable multidimensional instrument for measuring resilience across the cultures and contexts of countries. However, the instrument appears to be stable for measuring resilience as a single dimension. For measuring resilience in the context of Peru, a four-dimensional model with 22 items was validated. Variations in the psychometric properties of translated instruments may result from not establishing the equivalence of meaning for each item before performing cross-cultural research. Researchers need to search for a more precise understanding of resilience as a universal concept transferable across borders and through translations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Childhood Adversity and Youth Resilience: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives)
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12 pages, 599 KiB  
Article
Moderating Effect of Changes in Perceived Social Support during Pregnancy on the Emotional Health of Mothers and Fathers and on Baby’s Anthropometric Parameters at Birth
by María José Castelar-Ríos, Macarena De los Santos-Roig, Humbelina Robles-Ortega, Miguel Ángel Díaz-López, José Maldonado-Lozano and Mercedes Bellido-González
Children 2022, 9(5), 648; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9050648 - 30 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2289
Abstract
(1) Background: this study is based on a model of how changes in protective factors may affect the emotional health of mothers and fathers and thus influence the development of the baby. Our research goal is to determine whether variations in perceived social [...] Read more.
(1) Background: this study is based on a model of how changes in protective factors may affect the emotional health of mothers and fathers and thus influence the development of the baby. Our research goal is to determine whether variations in perceived social support moderate levels of stress and depression during pregnancy and/or the effect of parents’ emotional health on the baby’s anthropometric parameters. (2) Methods: to achieve these aims, a longitudinal study was made of 132 couples and babies, who were evaluated at weeks 12 and 32 of gestation and at birth. Separate analyses were performed for the mothers and fathers, focused on the role of social support in moderating their levels of depression and stress during pregnancy, and the consequent impact on the baby. (3) Results: the results obtained show the moderating effects of changes in social support on maternal and paternal stress and depression. Reduced social support during pregnancy is associated with higher levels of stress and depression in both parents and with a high cephalisation index in their babies. (4) Conclusions: special attention should be paid to social support, which can have a strong impact on the evolution of emotional health during pregnancy and concomitantly on the development of the baby. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Childhood Adversity and Youth Resilience: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives)
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11 pages, 403 KiB  
Article
Intercultural Differences in the Development of Pediatric Medical Traumatic Stress (PMTS) in Children Following Surgical Hospitalization
by Bushra Masalha, Shiri Ben-David, Fortu Benarroch and Amichai Ben-ari
Children 2022, 9(4), 526; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9040526 - 07 Apr 2022
Viewed by 1578
Abstract
Background: Illness, surgery and surgical hospitalization are significant stressors for children. Some children who experience such a medical event may develop Pediatric Medical Traumatic Stress (PMTS). PMTS affects physical recovery, and many areas and functions in children’s lives, both short- and long-term. The [...] Read more.
Background: Illness, surgery and surgical hospitalization are significant stressors for children. Some children who experience such a medical event may develop Pediatric Medical Traumatic Stress (PMTS). PMTS affects physical recovery, and many areas and functions in children’s lives, both short- and long-term. The aim of the study is to examine the difference in the rate of PMTS between the Arab and Jewish populations and the difference in risk factors for the development of this syndrome. Method: The study involved 252 parents of children aged 1–6 who were hospitalized in the surgical ward of Hadassah Medical Center. During hospitalization, parents completed questionnaires to identify risk factors for the development of PMTS. At 3 months from the time of discharge, the children’s level of PMTS was measured. Results: The rate of children diagnosed with PMTS among Arab children was significantly higher than the rate in the Jewish population. The affiliation to an ethnic group affected different socioeconomic, demographic, social, linguistic and cultural background variables, which in turn affected the emergence of PMTS. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the nature of PMTS at the intercultural level, which can be an important source for theoretically understanding both the disorder and culture, as well as for clinical implications in developing population-sensitive treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Childhood Adversity and Youth Resilience: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives)
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18 pages, 300 KiB  
Article
Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children and Adolescents: Cognitive and Emotional Representations
by Alexandra Maftei, Ioan-Alex Merlici and Iulia-Cristina Roca
Children 2022, 9(3), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9030359 - 04 Mar 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3573
Abstract
The present research investigated children and adolescents’ explicit and spontaneous representation of the COVID-19 pandemic and their related emotions, cognitions, and coping strategies. We explored the self-reported protective factors and coping mechanisms, in addition to similar attributional emotional experiences, i.e., the ways participants [...] Read more.
The present research investigated children and adolescents’ explicit and spontaneous representation of the COVID-19 pandemic and their related emotions, cognitions, and coping strategies. We explored the self-reported protective factors and coping mechanisms, in addition to similar attributional emotional experiences, i.e., the ways participants evaluated others’ pandemic experiences. Our sample consisted of 155 children and adolescents aged 10 to 13 (M = 10.70, SD = 0.85, 56.1% females). We designed a 12-item survey and analyzed our data using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Our findings suggested that most children and adolescents associated masks with the thought of the novel coronavirus, and the most frequently associated emotion was sadness (45.2%), followed by fear (17.4%). Generally, participants reported a medium level of perceived adverse effects of the pandemic, mainly because their regular physical school classes moved to the online setting. We also found a significant association between children’s self-reported levels of harmful effects of the pandemic and perceived adverse effects on their families. Most participants expressed their dissatisfaction concerning online school classes, primarily due to poor online interaction. In our sample, the children and adolescents reported positive thoughts and family relationships as their primary coping mechanisms during the pandemic, suggesting similar perceived coping mechanisms in the others around them. Finally, more than half of the participants considered that the COVID-19 pandemic had no positive effects, while 40% considered the increased time spent with their families the primary positive consequences following the COVID-19 health crisis. Results are discussed regarding their implications concerning healthcare, social, and educational policies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Childhood Adversity and Youth Resilience: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives)
12 pages, 593 KiB  
Article
A Cross-National Analysis of the Effects by Bullying and School Exclusion on Subjective Happiness in 10-Year-Old Children
by Diego Gomez-Baya, Francisco Jose Garcia-Moro, Javier Augusto Nicoletti and Rocio Lago-Urbano
Children 2022, 9(2), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9020287 - 18 Feb 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5395
Abstract
Literature to date has well supported the detrimental consequences of bullying and school exclusion in different countries, with negative outcomes in school adjustment or child psychological adjustment, among others. However, more research is needed to understand the effects on positive indicators of psychological [...] Read more.
Literature to date has well supported the detrimental consequences of bullying and school exclusion in different countries, with negative outcomes in school adjustment or child psychological adjustment, among others. However, more research is needed to understand the effects on positive indicators of psychological well-being in children as subjective happiness. Cross-national studies are also recommended to examine the differential effects by country. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine bullying and school exclusion, and their effects on child subjective happiness, from a cross-national perspective. Data from the Second Wave of Children’s Worlds: International Survey of Children’s Well-being (ISCWeB) was used, from a sample of 12,623 children aged 10 years old from 15 countries. Participants completed self-report measures of bullying, school exclusion and subjective happiness. Results showed that 20.8% of children suffered harassment and 17.6% felt excluded, twice or more times, at school. Negative effects of bullying and exclusion on subjective happiness were observed in all the sample. Furthermore, differences by country were found in the frequency of bullying and exclusion, as well as in the size of their effects on happiness. These results underline the need to protect child psychological well-being by preventing bullying and school exclusion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Childhood Adversity and Youth Resilience: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives)
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12 pages, 272 KiB  
Article
Parental Worries, Child Maltreatment Risk and Empowerment: How Are They Noticed in Child and Family Services?
by Sari Johanna Lepistö, Noora Ellonen, Heidi Eveliina Rantanen, Maaret Kristiina Vuorenmaa, Mika Tapio Helminen and Eija Paavilainen
Children 2022, 9(2), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9020269 - 16 Feb 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2271
Abstract
Parental empowerment has been related to their well-being and self-efficacy. Learning more about the signs describing child maltreatment risk are crucial for the welfare of children and families. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of child maltreatment (CM) and [...] Read more.
Parental empowerment has been related to their well-being and self-efficacy. Learning more about the signs describing child maltreatment risk are crucial for the welfare of children and families. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of child maltreatment (CM) and related worrying factors of parents and associations between the CM risk, worries and parental empowerment. The study is based on self-report surveys administered to parents in primary health care and hospital settings. The risk of CM and related worrying factors were measured by the Brief Child Abuse Potential Inventory (BCAP) from 453 parents. Family empowerment was measured by The Generic Family Empowerment Scale (G-FES). Parents expressed worries such as loneliness and distress (20%), feelings of persecution (9%), family conflict (17%), rigidity (21%) and financial insecurity (4%). The BCAP found 27 parents with increased risk. Parents with CM risk expressed more empowerment in connection to services for their child and family. It is crucial to discuss worries in child and family services before they raise the risk level. Tools such as the BCAP are useful in systematically identifying the child maltreatment risk and parental worries under discussion, offering possibilities for preventing child maltreatment and increasing well-being of children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Childhood Adversity and Youth Resilience: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives)
9 pages, 251 KiB  
Article
Mental Health, Bullying, and Victimization among Chinese Adolescents
by Yang Wen, Xihe Zhu, Justin A. Haegele and Fangliang Yu
Children 2022, 9(2), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9020240 - 11 Feb 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2200
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine if adolescents who experience anxiety or depression have higher levels of reported bullying victimization or perpetration than those who do not. Based on the existing research, we hypothesized that those who experienced moderate or severe [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to examine if adolescents who experience anxiety or depression have higher levels of reported bullying victimization or perpetration than those who do not. Based on the existing research, we hypothesized that those who experienced moderate or severe depression and anxiety would have higher rates of bullying victimization and perpetration when compared to those who experienced mild or no depression. This study used an observational design, and data were collected from a convenience sample of adolescents in a large regional high school in an Eastern province of China. The final sample included 1481 adolescents aged 14–19 years who provided complete data for each of the study variables. Demographic data were collected through a four-item demographic survey, bullying perpetration and victimization data were collected using subscales from the Illinois Bully Scale, and anxiety and depression were measured using the Chinese version of the General Anxiety Disorder-7 scale and the Patient Health Questionnaire, respectively. Descriptive analyses, correlational analyses, and multivariate analysis of covariance were used to analyze the data. About 7.1% and 15.2% of participants reported moderate-to-severe depression or moderate-to-severe anxiety, respectively. Pairwise comparisons indicated that adolescents with no or mild depression had significantly lower bullying perpetration than those with moderate-to-severe depression, but those with no or mild anxiety had significantly higher perpetration than those with moderate-to-severe anxiety. There was no statistically significant difference in victimization among different anxiety or depression levels alone (all p-values ≥ 0.05). This is among the first studies to examine reported levels of bullying perpetration and victimization among adolescents experiencing anxiety and depression. The findings help to identify adolescents who experience moderate-to-severe levels of depression as an at-risk group for bullying perpetration, who should therefore be a focus of bullying intervention work. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Childhood Adversity and Youth Resilience: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives)

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9 pages, 989 KiB  
Systematic Review
Adverse Childhood Experiences Are Associated with Reduced Psychological Resilience in Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Cyleen A. Morgan, Yun-Hsuan Chang, Olivia Choy, Meng-Che Tsai and Shulan Hsieh
Children 2022, 9(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9010027 - 31 Dec 2021
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 6144
Abstract
Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are presumed to influence internalizing and externalizing behaviors that can significantly debilitate long-term biopsychological development in individuals. Psychological resilience has been shown to effectively mediate the relationship between ACEs and negative health outcomes since individuals with low levels [...] Read more.
Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are presumed to influence internalizing and externalizing behaviors that can significantly debilitate long-term biopsychological development in individuals. Psychological resilience has been shown to effectively mediate the relationship between ACEs and negative health outcomes since individuals with low levels of resilience may have difficulty with bouncing back from toxic exposure to ACEs. Thus, the present systematic review and meta-analysis was aimed toward synthesizing current knowledge of the relationship between ACEs and psychological resilience in youths. Methods: A combination of key words relevant to the present study was searched on the PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases. The results were restricted to English publications and human studies, with subjects ranging between the age of 0 to 35 years. Effect-size measures inclusive of pooled correlation coefficients for correlation analyses and pooled odds ratios for regression analyses, respectively, were calculated using random-effect models to determine the relationship between ACEs and psychological resilience. Results: The searches identified 85 potentially relevant studies. Among them, 76 were excluded due to limited access, irrelevant data, and the fact that the variables of interest were not explicitly measured or disclosed, leaving a final total of nine studies considered valid for the meta-analysis. Findings from correlational meta-analysis (n = 6) revealed a significantly negative association between ACEs and resilience (β = −0.120 [−0.196, −0.043]). The meta-analysis of the studies (n = 3) reporting dichotomous outcomes (ACE ≥ 1 vs. no ACE) indicated that subjects who experienced an ACE were 63% less likely to display high resilience, in comparison to subjects without such experiences. Conclusion: Our results support a negative association between ACEs and psychological resilience and highlight the multiple dimensions that constitute resilience in an ACE-exposure context. These findings may be particularly useful to policy makers and healthcare institutions in terms of helping them devise effective medical interventions and community outreach programs intended to develop resilience in youths, thus reducing health-risk behaviors and negative health outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Childhood Adversity and Youth Resilience: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives)
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