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Chemosensors
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Advanced Biomarkers (Glucose, Lactate, Uric Acid, Ketones, Cholesterol, Glutamate) Biosensors
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Advanced Biomarkers (Glucose, Lactate, Uric Acid, Ketones, Cholesterol, Glutamate) Biosensors

A special issue of Chemosensors (ISSN 2227-9040). This special issue belongs to the section "(Bio)chemical Sensing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 February 2025) | Viewed by 20531

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Gabriela Valdés-Ramírez

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Iztapalapa, Mexico
Interests: electrochemical biosensors; glucose; metabolites; wearable sensors; polymers; optical sensors; nanomaterials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The introduction of the first glucose biosensor arose several decades ago, and since then, several improvements have occurred. Biosensors have been applied to clinical and alimentary fields and the detection of several biomarkers. In the clinical field, their use began with blood and urine glucose monitoring in diabetic patients and other health problems. Nowadays, biomarker monitoring has been extended to ISF, tears, saliva, and human perspiration. As an example, glucose monitoring has been essential to control and prevent diabetes complications, improving quality healthcare.

Throughout the development of biosensors, different materials, nanomaterials, mediators, substrates, and enzymes have been employed. The progress of biosensors has grown together with technological innovations, and currently, minimally invasive and non-invasive glucose biosensors can be found on the market. The technology is also starting to be applied to the monitoring of other biomarkers.

Improvement is the goal of several research groups; for this Special Issue, we hope to collect papers that contribute to the field of advancing biomarker biosensors, with original contributions in the form of full papers, communications, and review articles in the following areas:

  • Electrochemical biomarker biosensors;
  • Optical biomarker biosensors;
  • Wearable biomarker biosensors;
  • Strip biomarker biosensors;
  • Saliva biomarker biosensors;
  • Tears biomarker biosensors;
  • ISF biomarker biosensors;
  • Glucose, lactate, glutamate, and ketones continuous monitoring;
  • Glucose, lactate, glutamate, and ketones biomedical applications.

Dr. Gabriela Valdés-Ramírez
Guest Editor

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electrochemical biomarker biosensors
  • optical biomarker biosensors
  • wearable biomarker biosensors
  • strip biomarker biosensors
  • saliva biomarker biosensors
  • tears biomarker biosensors
  • ISF biomarker biosensors
  • glucose, lactate, glutamate, and ketones continuous monitoring
  • glucose, lactate, glutamate, and ketones biomedical applications

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 2779 KiB  
Article
A Miniaturized Device Based on Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles for the Quantification of Uric Acid in Artificial and Human Sweat
by Carlos D. Ruiz-Guerrero, Dulce V. Estrada-Osorio, Alejandro Gutiérrez, Fabiola I. Espinosa-Lagunes, Gabriel Luna-Barcenas, Ricardo A. Escalona-Villalpando, Luis G. Arriaga and Janet Ledesma-García
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030114 - 20 Mar 2025
Viewed by 282
Abstract
Co3O4-based materials have multiple applications in the field of materials, especially in sensor technology. In this work, Co3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical method. The crystalline phase and crystal size were investigated by XRD, the [...] Read more.
Co3O4-based materials have multiple applications in the field of materials, especially in sensor technology. In this work, Co3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical method. The crystalline phase and crystal size were investigated by XRD, the morphology by SEM and the oxidation states by XPS techniques. The Co3O4 material was used to immobilize the urate oxidase enzyme (UOx), which showed a higher current density (1.6 times higher) than the enzyme alone in cyclic voltammetry in phosphate buffer pH 5.6. GCE/Co3O4/UOx achieved a linear range of 3.7–500 µM and a higher sensitivity of 65 µA mM−1 cm−2 compared to 45 µA mM−1 cm−2 achieved by the enzyme alone in a uric acid sensor. The favorable activity of GCE/Co3O4/UOx enabled its use in a miniaturized device with low sample volume using artificial and real human sweat. The device was used to quantify uric acid levels in five samples and showed a relative error between the calculated and expected value of less than 10%. The implementation of GCE/Co3O4/UOx is attractive in a biosensor that can be used as a uric acid sensor in biological fluids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomarkers (Glucose, Lactate, Uric Acid, Ketones, Cholesterol, Glutamate) Biosensors)
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18 pages, 7395 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine with Graphene Oxide Carbon Dots Modified Electrodes
by Omar Isaac Torres-Soto, Alejandro Vega-Rios, Rocio B. Dominguez and Velia Osuna
Chemosensors 2025, 13(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13010007 - 3 Jan 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1185
Abstract
In this work, the influence of surface functionalization due to synthesis conditions of graphene oxide quantum dots GOQDs was evaluated for dopamine (DA) detection. GOQDs were synthesized using HNO3 (6 M or 8 M) through a liquid-phase oxidation method. The characterization (HRTEM, [...] Read more.
In this work, the influence of surface functionalization due to synthesis conditions of graphene oxide quantum dots GOQDs was evaluated for dopamine (DA) detection. GOQDs were synthesized using HNO3 (6 M or 8 M) through a liquid-phase oxidation method. The characterization (HRTEM, FTIR, Raman, and XRD) and evaluation by amperometry (AMP) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) showed that GOQDs-8 synthesized with higher oxygen content were more sensitive and selective in DA detection than GOQDs-6. The synergistic effects of electrostatic attraction from glassy carbon electrode negatively charged surface, functionalization for inner-sphere mechanism, and edge effect from lower particle size resulted in amplified electrochemical signal achieving detection at nanomolar level using AMP and DPV. When evaluated using AMP, GCE/GOQDs-8 showed a sensitivity of 0.0422 μA μM–1, a limit of detection (LOD) of 17.6 nM, a linear range from 0.1 to 100 μM, and minimal interference for uric acid, levodopa, and acetaminophen. In contrast, using DPV, the GCE/GOQDs-8 exhibited a sensitivity of 0.0616 μA μM–1, a LOD of 506 nM, and a linear range from 0.1–30 μM with remarkable selectivity from all interferent species. The assay of GOQDs-8/GCE sensor in normal human serum proved to be feasible for the practical determination of DA. The recovery obtained was in the range of 94.1 to 112.8% with a relative standard deviation (RSD), n = 3 of less than 3.62%. The oxygen-rich material showed a promising performance that can be further improved with additional nanocarbon or conducting polymers supports. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomarkers (Glucose, Lactate, Uric Acid, Ketones, Cholesterol, Glutamate) Biosensors)
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15 pages, 2069 KiB  
Article
Batch-Injection Amperometric Determination of Glucose Using a NiFe2O4/Carbon Nanotube Composite Enzymeless Sensor
by Amanda B. Nascimento, Lucas V. de Faria, Tiago A. Matias, Osmando F. Lopes and Rodrigo A. A. Muñoz
Chemosensors 2024, 12(6), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12060112 - 16 Jun 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2230
Abstract
The development of sensitive and selective analytical devices for monitoring glucose levels (GLU) in biological fluids is extremely important for clinical diagnostics. In this work, we produced a new composite based on NiFe2O4 and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), called NiFe [...] Read more.
The development of sensitive and selective analytical devices for monitoring glucose levels (GLU) in biological fluids is extremely important for clinical diagnostics. In this work, we produced a new composite based on NiFe2O4 and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), called NiFe2O4@MWCNT, to be applied as a non-enzymatic amperometric sensor for GLU. Both NiFe2O4 and NiFe2O4@MWCNT composites were properly characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy, which confirmed that the composite was successfully prepared. A glassy-carbon electrode (GCE) modified with NiFe2O4@MWCNT was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and applied for the amperometric GLU detection using batch-injection analysis (BIA). A linear working range between 50 and 600 µmol L−1 GLU with a significant increase in sensitivity (3-fold) in comparison with MWCNT/GCE was verified, with a detection limit of 36 µmol L−1. Inter-electrode measurements (n = 4, RSD = 10%) indicated that the sensor fabrication is reproducible. Furthermore, the proposed non-enzymatic sensor was selective even in the presence of other biomarkers found in urine. When applied to synthetic urine samples, recovery levels between 84 and 95% confirmed analytical accuracy and the absence of sample matrix effect. Importantly, the developed approach is simple (free of biological modifiers), fast (77 injections per hour), and practical (high-performance tool), which are suitable features for routine analyses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomarkers (Glucose, Lactate, Uric Acid, Ketones, Cholesterol, Glutamate) Biosensors)
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16 pages, 4841 KiB  
Article
Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensing of Glucose with a Carbon Black/Polyaniline/Silver Nanoparticle Composite
by Claudia Ivone Piñón-Balderrama, Claudia Alejandra Hernández-Escobar, Simón Yobanni Reyes-López, Alain Salvador Conejo-Dávila, Anayansi Estrada-Monje and Erasto Armando Zaragoza-Contreras
Chemosensors 2024, 12(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12020026 - 9 Feb 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2414
Abstract
The present work describes the synthesis of an electroactive nanocomposite consisting of carbon black (CB) and polyaniline (PANI) obtained by in situ oxidative polymerization. Monomer P1 was used as a polyaniline precursor. P1 has surfactant properties that allow obtaining core–shell structures dispersed in [...] Read more.
The present work describes the synthesis of an electroactive nanocomposite consisting of carbon black (CB) and polyaniline (PANI) obtained by in situ oxidative polymerization. Monomer P1 was used as a polyaniline precursor. P1 has surfactant properties that allow obtaining core–shell structures dispersed in an aqueous medium. The nanocomposite, together with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as an electrocatalytic element, was used to modify the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for glucose detection. Electroactive areas were calculated using the Randles–Sevick equation. The results showed that the CB-PANI.1-1/AgNP nanocomposite exhibited a larger electroactive surface area (0.3451 cm2) compared to AgNP alone (0.0973 cm2) or the CB-PANI.1-1 composite (0.2989 cm2). Characterization of CB-PANI.1-1/AgNP, by cyclic voltammetry in the presence of glucose, showed a new oxidation peak with a maximum current close to 0.7 V due to the oxidation of glucose to gluconolactone. The amperometry test at 0.7 V showed a linear response with R2 of 0.999 as a function of the analyte concentration. The glucose sensor presented a linear detection range of 1 to 10 mM, a sensitivity of 41 µA mM−1 cm−2, and a limit of detection (LOD) of 520 µM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomarkers (Glucose, Lactate, Uric Acid, Ketones, Cholesterol, Glutamate) Biosensors)
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13 pages, 5348 KiB  
Article
Glucose Oxidase Captured into Electropolymerized p-Coumaric Acid towards the Development of a Glucose Biosensor
by Gabriela Valdés-Ramírez and Laura Galicia
Chemosensors 2023, 11(6), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11060345 - 14 Jun 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2573
Abstract
An electrochemical biosensor based on the immobilization of glucose oxidase into an electropolymerized p-coumaric acid membrane on a Pt electrode has been developed and evaluated for glucose detection in the range of 1 to 30 mM. The glucose biosensor exhibits a sensitivity [...] Read more.
An electrochemical biosensor based on the immobilization of glucose oxidase into an electropolymerized p-coumaric acid membrane on a Pt electrode has been developed and evaluated for glucose detection in the range of 1 to 30 mM. The glucose biosensor exhibits a sensitivity of 36.96 mA/mMcm2, a LOD of 0.66 mM, and a LOQ of 2.18 mM. The biosensing membrane was electropolymerized by cyclic voltammetry in 100 mM phosphates pH 7.00 and 3% ethanol containing glucose oxidase and p-coumaric acid. The glucose biosensors’ stability, repeatability, reproducibility, and selectivity were estimated. The biosensing membrane shows permselective properties and antifouling effects. The applicability of the developed glucose biosensor was evaluated in the presence of 20 mg/mL proteins, and any signal associated with biofouling was observed. The glucose biosensors were employed for the determination of the glucose concentration in three commercial beverages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomarkers (Glucose, Lactate, Uric Acid, Ketones, Cholesterol, Glutamate) Biosensors)
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12 pages, 2798 KiB  
Communication
Pretreated Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode and Cu Nanoparticles for Creatinine Detection in Artificial Saliva
by Angelica Domínguez-Aragón, Alain Salvador Conejo-Dávila, Erasto Armando Zaragoza-Contreras and Rocio Berenice Dominguez
Chemosensors 2023, 11(2), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11020102 - 1 Feb 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3639
Abstract
Creatinine is the final metabolic product of creatine in muscles and a widely accepted biomarker for chronic kidney disease. In this work, we present a non-enzymatic sensor based on an electrochemical pretreated screen-printed carbon electrode (PTSPCE) with electrodeposited Cu nanoparticles (CuNPs). To function [...] Read more.
Creatinine is the final metabolic product of creatine in muscles and a widely accepted biomarker for chronic kidney disease. In this work, we present a non-enzymatic sensor based on an electrochemical pretreated screen-printed carbon electrode (PTSPCE) with electrodeposited Cu nanoparticles (CuNPs). To function in a PoC format, the prepared PTSPCE/CuNPs non-enzymatic sensors were used as disposable elements in a portable potentiostat. The pretreatment using mild anodic and cathodic potentials in PBS resulted in an increased electroactive surface area and improved conductivity, confirmed by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance. Moreover, the detection through the CuNPs–creatinine interaction showed an enhanced performance in the PTSPCE surface compared to the bare electrode. The optimized PTSPCE/CuNPs sensor showed a linear working range from 10 to 160 μM (R2 = 0.995), a sensitivity of 0.2582 μA·μM−1 and an LOD of 0.1 μM. The sensor analytical parameters covered the requirements of creatinine detection in biofluids such as blood and saliva, with a low interference of common biomarkers such as urea, glucose, and uric acid. When evaluated in Fusayama/Meyer artificial saliva, the PTSPCE/CuNPs showed an average recovery rate of 116%. According to the observed results, the non-enzymatic PTSPCE/CuNPs sensor can potentially operate as a creatinine early screening system in PoC format. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomarkers (Glucose, Lactate, Uric Acid, Ketones, Cholesterol, Glutamate) Biosensors)
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Review

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17 pages, 2008 KiB  
Review
Enzymeless Electrochemical Glucose Sensors Based on Metal–Organic Framework Materials: Current Developments and Progresses
by Chang Liu, Jian Zhou, Rongqiu Yan, Lina Wei and Chenghong Lei
Chemosensors 2023, 11(5), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11050290 - 12 May 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2896
Abstract
Electrochemical glucose sensors play a crucial role in medicine, bioscience, food science, and agricultural science. Metal–organic frameworks possess exceptional properties, such as large specific surface area, high porosity, tunable pore structure, high catalytic activity, open metal active sites, and structural diversity. The catalytic [...] Read more.
Electrochemical glucose sensors play a crucial role in medicine, bioscience, food science, and agricultural science. Metal–organic frameworks possess exceptional properties, such as large specific surface area, high porosity, tunable pore structure, high catalytic activity, open metal active sites, and structural diversity. The catalytic activity of metal–organic frameworks enables electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose without the need for enzymes. Consequently, enzymeless electrochemical glucose sensors based on metal–organic framework materials have gained much attention and have been extensively studied for glucose detection. This mini-review provides an overview of the development and progress of enzymeless electrochemical glucose detection based on metal–organic framework material–modified electrodes, including doping materials, sensitivity, detection limit, and fast response capability. With the advancement of this technology, enzymeless electrochemical glucose sensors can continuously and stably detect glucose and can be utilized in various fields, such as wearable devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomarkers (Glucose, Lactate, Uric Acid, Ketones, Cholesterol, Glutamate) Biosensors)
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30 pages, 9176 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in the Application of Nanozymes in Amperometric Sensors: A Review
by Liu Tong, Lina Wu, Enben Su, Yan Li and Ning Gu
Chemosensors 2023, 11(4), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11040233 - 9 Apr 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3916
Abstract
Amperometric sensors evaluate current changes that occur as a result of redox reactions under constant applied potential. These changes in current intensity are stoichiometrically related to the concentration of analytes. Owing to their unique features, such as fast reaction velocity, high specificity, abundant [...] Read more.
Amperometric sensors evaluate current changes that occur as a result of redox reactions under constant applied potential. These changes in current intensity are stoichiometrically related to the concentration of analytes. Owing to their unique features, such as fast reaction velocity, high specificity, abundant existence in nature, and feasibility to be immobilized, enzymes are widely used by researchers to improve the performance of amperometric sensors. Unfortunately, natural enzymes have intrinsic disadvantages due to their protein structures. To overcome these proteinic drawbacks, scientists have developed nanozymes, which are nanomaterials with enzymatic properties. As the result of significant advances in materiology and analytical science, great progress has been achieved in the development of nanozyme-based amperometric sensors with outstanding performance. To highlight achievements made in recent years, we first summarize the development directions of nanozyme-based amperometric sensors. Then, H2O2 sensors, glucose sensors, sensors combining natural enzymes with nanozymes, and sensors targeting untraditional specific targets will be introduced in detail. Finally, the current challenges regarding the nanozymes utilized in amperometric sensors are discussed and future research directions in this area are suggested. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomarkers (Glucose, Lactate, Uric Acid, Ketones, Cholesterol, Glutamate) Biosensors)
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