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Adipose Tissue in Cardiovascular Health
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Adipose Tissue in Cardiovascular Health

A special issue of Cells (ISSN 2073-4409). This special issue belongs to the section "Cells of the Cardiovascular System".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 January 2023) | Viewed by 15984

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Sonia Eiras

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Translational Cardiology group, Health Research Institute, Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, C/Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades, Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
Interests: epicardial fat; cardiovascular disease; adipose tissue stromal vascular cells

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

During recent years, special attention has been paid to the role of adipose tissue in cardiovascular disease and its interaction with the myocardium or vessel cells. There has been an increase in both the elderly and the obese populations. With ageing, there is a redistribution of adipose tissue with a visceral and muscle deposition. The plasticity of adipose tissue and its cellular composition in a healthy situation can contribute to tissue regeneration (since it is a great source of mesenchymal stem cells), energy storage, and supply or buffering. However, the increment of visceral adiposity is more associated with pathological than physiological conditions. Cardiac metabolic dysfunction and changes in lipolytic hormones might favor adiposopathy. Under these conditions, adipose tissue has a deleterious endocrine or paracrine effect on adjacent cells through microvesicles or proteins.  Deeper knowledge is required to understand the effect of each adipose tissue compound on health and their contributions to pathological conditions.

Dr. Sonia Eiras
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • adipose tissue
  • stromal cells
  • cardiovascular disease
  • microvesicles

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 2029 KiB  
Article
Alpha1A- and Beta3-Adrenoceptors Interplay in Adipose Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: A Novel Mechanism of Obesity-Driven Hypertension
by Vadim Chechekhin, Anastasia Ivanova, Konstantin Kulebyakin, Veronika Sysoeva, Daria Naida, Mikhail Arbatsky, Nataliya Basalova, Maxim Karagyaur, Mariya Skryabina, Anastasia Efimenko, Olga Grigorieva, Natalia Kalinina, Vsevolod Tkachuk and Pyotr Tyurin-Kuzmin
Cells 2023, 12(4), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12040585 - 11 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1479
Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, such as strokes and myocardial infarctions. Nearly 70% of hypertension onsets in adults can be attributed to obesity, primarily due to sympathetic overdrive and the dysregulated renin-angiotensin system. Sympathetic overdrive increases vasoconstriction via α1-adrenoceptor [...] Read more.
Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, such as strokes and myocardial infarctions. Nearly 70% of hypertension onsets in adults can be attributed to obesity, primarily due to sympathetic overdrive and the dysregulated renin-angiotensin system. Sympathetic overdrive increases vasoconstriction via α1-adrenoceptor activation on vascular cells. Despite the fact that a sympathetic outflow increases in individuals with obesity, as a rule, there is a cohort of patients with obesity who do not develop hypertension. In this study, we investigated how adrenoceptors’ expression and functioning in adipose tissue are affected by obesity-driven hypertension. Here, we demonstrated that α1A is a predominant isoform of α1-adrenoceptors expressed in the adipose tissue of patients with obesity, specifically by multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). These cells respond to prolonged exposure to noradrenaline in the model of sympathetic overdrive through the elevation of α1A-adrenoceptor expression and signaling. The extent of MSCs’ response to noradrenaline correlates with a patient’s arterial hypertension. scRNAseq analysis revealed that in the model of sympathetic overdrive, the subpopulation of MSCs with contractile phenotype expanded significantly. Elevated α1A-adrenoceptor expression is triggered specifically by beta3-adrenoceptors. These data define a novel pathophysiological mechanism of obesity-driven hypertension by which noradrenaline targets MSCs to increase microvessel constrictor responsivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adipose Tissue in Cardiovascular Health)
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10 pages, 3458 KiB  
Article
Stereological Estimation of Myocardial Fat and Its Associations with Obesity, Epicardial, and Visceral Adipose Tissue
by Pernille Heimdal Holm, Louise Hindsø, Kristine Boisen Olsen and Jytte Banner
Cells 2022, 11(19), 3160; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11193160 - 08 Oct 2022
Viewed by 1434
Abstract
The normal human heart contains epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and myocardial fat. The associations between obesity, myocardial fat, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and cardiovascular disease are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to estimate myocardial fat using stereological methods and [...] Read more.
The normal human heart contains epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and myocardial fat. The associations between obesity, myocardial fat, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and cardiovascular disease are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to estimate myocardial fat using stereological methods and investigate its relations with obesity, EAT, and VAT. To establish the EAT volume, 115 deceased individuals were included, and postmortem computed tomography was conducted on their eviscerated hearts. Six samples from the left and right ventricles (LV and RV) of the heart were stereologically examined to calculate the percentage of myocardial fat. Kidney and omental fat were weighed at autopsy, and the waist–hip ratio was calculated. Females had a slightly non-significantly (p = 0.054) larger proportion of RV fat (13.2% ± 4.4) compared to that in men (11.5% ± 2.7). We found a significant positive correlation between body mass index (BMI) and LV myocardial fat (p = 0.033). In the RV, this correlation was only at the borderline of significance (p = 0.052). The EAT volume was positively correlated with both RV and LV myocardial fat. We found no association with the waist–hip ratio (WHR) or the omental or kidney fat as measures of VAT. The myocardial fat was normal, most prominent in the RV, and correlated with the EAT and, partly, BMI. We found no association with VAT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adipose Tissue in Cardiovascular Health)
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18 pages, 2653 KiB  
Article
Visceral Adipose Tissue E2F1-miRNA206/210 Pathway Associates with Type 2 Diabetes in Humans with Extreme Obesity
by Nitzan Maixner, Yulia Haim, Matthias Blüher, Vered Chalifa-Caspi, Isana Veksler-Lublinsky, Nataly Makarenkov, Uri Yoel, Nava Bashan, Idit F. Liberty, Ivan Kukeev, Oleg Dukhno, Dan Levy and Assaf Rudich
Cells 2022, 11(19), 3046; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11193046 - 29 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1788
Abstract
Objective: Up-regulated expression of transcription-factor E2F1 in human visceral adipose tissue (VAT) characterizes a dysmetabolic obesity sub-phenotype. An E2F1-miRNA network has been described in multiple cancers. Here we investigated whether elevated VAT-E2F1 in obesity is associated with VAT-miRNA alterations similar to, or distinct [...] Read more.
Objective: Up-regulated expression of transcription-factor E2F1 in human visceral adipose tissue (VAT) characterizes a dysmetabolic obesity sub-phenotype. An E2F1-miRNA network has been described in multiple cancers. Here we investigated whether elevated VAT-E2F1 in obesity is associated with VAT-miRNA alterations similar to, or distinct from, those described in cancer. Furthermore, we assessed if E2F1-associated miRNA changes may contribute to the link between high- VAT-E2F1 and a dysmetabolic obesity phenotype. Methods: We assembled a cohort of patients with obesity and high-VAT-E2F1, matched by age, sex, ±BMI to patients with low-VAT-E2F1, with and without obesity (8 patients/groupX3 groups). We performed Nanostring©-based miRNA profiling of VAT samples from all 24 patients. Candidate E2F1-related miRNAs were validated by qPCR in an independent cohort of patients with extreme obesity, with or without type-2-diabetes (T2DM) (n = 20). Bioinformatic tools and manipulation of E2F1 expression in cells were used to establish the plausibility of the functional VAT-E2F1-miRNA network in obesity. Results: Among n = 798 identified miRNAs, 17 were differentially expressed in relation to E2F1 and not to obesity itself. No evidence for the cancer-related E2F1-miRNA network was identified in human VAT in obesity. In HEK293-cells, overexpression/downregulation of E2F1 correspondingly altered the expression of miRNA-206 and miRNA-210-5p, two miRNAs with reported metabolic functions consistent with those of E2F1. In VAT from both cohorts, the expression of both miRNA-206 and 210-5p intercorrelated, and correlated with the expression of E2F1. In cohort 1 we did not detect significant associations with biochemical parameters. In cohort 2 of patients with extreme obesity, all those with high VAT-E2F1 showed a diabetes-complicated obesity phenotype and higher expression of miRNA-206 and miRNA-210-5p, which also correlated with fasting glucose levels (both miRNAs) and fasting insulin (miRNA-210-5p). Conclusions: Whilst the previously described cancer-related E2F1-miRNA network does not appear to operate in VAT in obesity, miRNAs-206 and 210-5p may link high-E2F1 expression in VAT with diabetes-complicated extreme obesity phenotype. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adipose Tissue in Cardiovascular Health)
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17 pages, 2834 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Mineralocorticoid Receptor 3 Antagonists on Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Fatty Acid Transport Profile in Patients with Heart Failure
by Xiaoran Fu, Cristina Almenglo, Ángel Luis Fernandez, José Manuel Martínez-Cereijo, Diego Iglesias-Alvarez, Darío Duran-Muñoz, Tomás García-Caballero, Jose Ramón Gonzalez-Juanatey, Moises Rodriguez-Mañero and Sonia Eiras
Cells 2022, 11(8), 1264; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11081264 - 08 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2018
Abstract
Epicardial fat thickness is associated with cardiovascular disease. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA), a pharmaceutical treatment for CVD, was found to have an effect on adipose tissue. Our aim was to analyse the main epicardial fat genesis and inflammation-involved cell markers and their regulation [...] Read more.
Epicardial fat thickness is associated with cardiovascular disease. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA), a pharmaceutical treatment for CVD, was found to have an effect on adipose tissue. Our aim was to analyse the main epicardial fat genesis and inflammation-involved cell markers and their regulation by risk factors and MRA. We included blood and epicardial or subcutaneous fat (EAT or SAT) from 71 patients undergoing heart surgery and blood from 66 patients with heart failure. Cell types (transcripts or proteins) were analysed by real-time polymerase chain reaction or immunohistochemistry. Plasma proteins were analysed by Luminex technology or enzyme-linked immunoassay. Our results showed an upregulation of fatty acid transporter levels after aldosterone-induced genesis. The MRA intake was the main factor associated with lower levels in epicardial fat. On the contrary, MRA upregulated the levels and its secretion of the anti-inflammatory marker intelectin 1 and reduced the proliferation of epicardial fibroblasts. Our results have shown the local MRA intake effect on fatty acid transporters and anti-inflammatory marker levels and the proliferation rate on epicardial fat fibroblasts. They suggest the role of MRA on epicardial fat genesis and remodelling in patients with cardiovascular disease. Translational perspective: the knowledge of epicardial fat genesis and its modulation by drugs might be useful for improving the treatments of cardiovascular disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adipose Tissue in Cardiovascular Health)
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14 pages, 1041 KiB  
Article
Cardiovascular Biomarker Profiles in Obesity and Relation to Normalization of Subclinical Cardiac Dysfunction after Bariatric Surgery
by Sanne M. Snelder, Nadine Pouw, Yaar Aga, Manuel Castro Cabezas, L. Ulas Biter, Felix Zijlstra, Isabella Kardys and Bas M. van Dalen
Cells 2022, 11(3), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11030422 - 26 Jan 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2242
Abstract
Aims: We aimed to gain insight into the underlying pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction in obesity patients and the improvement of cardiac function after weight loss. Methods: This is a longitudinal study in which 92 cardiovascular biomarkers were measured by multiplex immunoassays in obesity [...] Read more.
Aims: We aimed to gain insight into the underlying pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction in obesity patients and the improvement of cardiac function after weight loss. Methods: This is a longitudinal study in which 92 cardiovascular biomarkers were measured by multiplex immunoassays in obesity patients without known cardiovascular disease, before and one year after bariatric surgery. Results: Out of 100 eligible patients, 72 patients completed the follow-up. A total of 72 (78%) biomarkers changed significantly. The biomarkers with the highest relative changes represented processes linked mainly to insulin resistance and inflammation. In the patients with persistent subclinical cardiac dysfunction, the baseline values of 10 biomarkers were different from values in patients with normalization of cardiac function. Most of these biomarkers were linked to inflammation or atherosclerosis. Finally, a model was developed to investigate the relationship between changes in the biomarkers and persistent subclinical cardiac dysfunction. Seven biomarkers were retained in this model, mainly linked to inflammation, atherosclerosis, and hypercoagulability. Conclusion: The majority (78%) of cardiovascular biomarkers changed, pointing mainly to modulation of insulin resistance and inflammation. The baseline levels of 10 biomarkers, as well as pre- to post-bariatric surgery changes in seven biomarkers, were related to persistent subclinical cardiac dysfunction after bariatric surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adipose Tissue in Cardiovascular Health)
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Review

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13 pages, 637 KiB  
Review
New Insights into Adipose Tissue Macrophages in Obesity and Insulin Resistance
by Zhaohua Cai, Yijie Huang and Ben He
Cells 2022, 11(9), 1424; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11091424 - 22 Apr 2022
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6093
Abstract
Obesity has become a worldwide epidemic that poses a severe threat to human health. Evidence suggests that many obesity comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, steatohepatitis, and cardiovascular diseases, are related to obesity-induced chronic low-grade inflammation. Macrophages are the primary immune cells [...] Read more.
Obesity has become a worldwide epidemic that poses a severe threat to human health. Evidence suggests that many obesity comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, steatohepatitis, and cardiovascular diseases, are related to obesity-induced chronic low-grade inflammation. Macrophages are the primary immune cells involved in obesity-associated inflammation in both mice and humans. Intensive research over the past few years has yielded tremendous progress in our understanding of the additional roles of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) beyond classical M1/M2 polarization in obesity and related comorbidities. In this review, we first characterize the diverse subpopulations of ATMs in the context of obesity. Furthermore, we review the recent advance on the role of the extensive crosstalk between adipocytes and ATMs in obesity. Finally, we focus on the extended crosstalk within adipose tissue between perivascular mesenchymal cells and ATMs. Understanding the pathological mechanisms that underlie obesity will be critical for the development of new intervention strategies to prevent or treat this disease and its associated co-morbidities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adipose Tissue in Cardiovascular Health)
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