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Advances in Interventional Oncology in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment

A special issue of Cancers (ISSN 2072-6694). This special issue belongs to the section "Cancer Therapy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 October 2026 | Viewed by 1362

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757 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
Interests: cancer therapy; treatment; arterial and venous embolization; interventional radiology; cancer biomarkers
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The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 296 Shizi St, Cang Lang Qu, Suzhou 215005, China
Interests: cancers

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Guest Editor
Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
Interests: transarterial chemoembolization

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with a high incidence and mortality globally despite advances in systemic therapies. Interventional Oncology (IO) therapies have emerged as promising additional treatment options for HCC. Interventional Oncology encompasses a wide spectrum of diagnostic and therapeutic tools for HCC treatment, including imaging modalities and biopsies to diagnose new HCCs, as well as advanced locoregional therapies such as radioembolization, thermal ablation, and intratumoral therapies. In the era of targeted immunotherapy for HCC, IO is becoming an even more crucial component of personalized, precision HCC treatment because it is customizable for each patient and each HCC. Furthermore, IO techniques have become increasingly sophisticated as more scientific and clinical outcome data have become available.

In this Special Issue, “Advances in Interventional Oncology in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment,” we aim to collaborate and share the latest, cutting-edge research, clinical trials, and comprehensive systematic reviews, including meta-analyses of advanced IO therapies in HCC.

Dr. Edward W. Lee
Dr. XiaoLi Zhu
Dr. Frank Hao
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • hepatocellular carcinoma
  • interventional oncology
  • HCC

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Review

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18 pages, 801 KB  
Review
Combination Immunotherapy and Yttrium-90 Radioembolization in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Biological Rationale, Clinical Evidence, and Future Directions
by Edward Wolfgang Lee and Ravneet Nagra
Cancers 2026, 18(11), 1817; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18111817 - 1 Jun 2026
Viewed by 552
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The integration of locoregional and systemic therapies represents a promising strategy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Yttrium-90 (Y-90) radioembolization provides durable local tumor control, while immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) improve systemic disease outcomes. This review evaluates the biological rationale, clinical evidence, and [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The integration of locoregional and systemic therapies represents a promising strategy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Yttrium-90 (Y-90) radioembolization provides durable local tumor control, while immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) improve systemic disease outcomes. This review evaluates the biological rationale, clinical evidence, and emerging role of combination Y-90 radioembolization and immunotherapy in HCC. Methods: A semi-systematic (PRISMA-informed) literature review of PubMed/MEDLINE through September 2025 was conducted, including clinical trials, retrospective and prospective studies, and translational investigations evaluating Y-90 radioembolization, immunotherapy, and their combination. Results: Preclinical and translational studies demonstrate that Y-90 radioembolization induces immunogenic cell death, enhances antigen presentation, and activates immune pathways including interferon signaling and STING-mediated responses, supporting a mechanistic basis for potential synergy with ICIs. Early clinical studies, including phase I/II trials, report objective response rates ranging from approximately 30% to 41.5% and median overall survival up to 20.9 months in selected populations. Treatment-related grade ≥ 3 adverse events range from 10% to 25%, comparable to monotherapy approaches. However, outcomes vary across heterogeneous patient populations, and cross-trial comparisons remain limited. Ongoing prospective trials are evaluating combination strategies incorporating contemporary first-line regimens, including atezolizumab plus bevacizumab and the STRIDE regimen. Conclusions: Combination Y-90 radioembolization and immunotherapy demonstrates a strong biological rationale and encouraging early clinical signals, with acceptable safety profiles. However, current evidence remains preliminary and derived from non-randomized studies. Ongoing randomized trials are required to define optimal patient selection, treatment timing, and sequencing, and to establish whether combination therapy provides meaningful benefit over current standards of care. Full article
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Other

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23 pages, 2152 KB  
Systematic Review
Transarterial Chemoembolization Versus Transarterial Radioembolization in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Real-World and Clinical Trial Evidence
by Priyanka Gogna, Cindy Wang, Dex Underwood, Mufiza Farid-Kapadia, Manikanta Dasari, Tushar Pyne, Nilanjan Sinha, Heide A. Stirnadel-Farrant and Stephen J. Valerio
Cancers 2026, 18(12), 1985; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18121985 - 18 Jun 2026
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Abstract
(1) Background: This systematic literature review (SLR) and meta-analysis evaluated the comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of transarterial radioembolization (TARE) versus transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (2) Methods: Eligible studies were identified through an SLR following PRISMA guidelines using [...] Read more.
(1) Background: This systematic literature review (SLR) and meta-analysis evaluated the comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of transarterial radioembolization (TARE) versus transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (2) Methods: Eligible studies were identified through an SLR following PRISMA guidelines using a predefined PICOS framework. PubMed and Embase were searched (2015–2025) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies comparing TARE and TACE. Meta-analyses were conducted for outcomes, including overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), and adverse events (AEs). Analyses were conducted for the overall population and predefined subgroups of interest. (3) Results: Among 1464 studies identified through database searches, 25 studies were selected for meta-analysis comprising 8146 patients with HCC. No significant difference was observed between TARE and TACE in 14 studies evaluating OS (HR: 0.99; 95% CI 0.70–1.39) or 13 studies evaluating ORR (RR: 0.94; 95% CI 0.84–1.05). Four studies reporting meta-analyzable PFS outcomes numerically favored TARE, although the difference was not statistically significant (HR: 0.54; 95% CI 0.29–1.01). Rates of any-grade and grade ≥3 AEs were comparable between the two arms. The results from subgroup analyses remained consistent with the overall findings. (4) Conclusions: TARE and TACE demonstrate comparable clinical outcomes in patients with HCC. Additional studies within specific, clinically meaningful subgroups of HCC patients will be valuable to further clarify the comparative effectiveness and safety of TARE and TACE in these populations. Full article
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