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Resilience-Based Structural Seismic Design and Evaluation

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A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Building Structures".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 February 2023) | Viewed by 23120

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jiulin Bai

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Guest Editor

School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
Interests: seimic resilience; performance-based seismic design and evaluation; high-performance precast structures; passive energy dissipation devices and systems; wind turbine strucutres; multiple hazard-based design and analysis

Prof. Dr. Wei Guo

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Guest Editor

National Engineering Laboratory of High Speed Railway Construction Technology, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
Interests: prefabricated building construction; high speed highway systems; earthquake engineering; high-rise buildings; construction robot technology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Junxian Zhao

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Guest Editor

School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
Interests: passive energy dissipation devices and systems; earthquake resilience; seismic design of steel structures; resilient precast concrete structures

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Earthquakes are one of the most devastating natural hazards worldwide that will cause severe damage to urban systems, e.g., building, transportation, and lifeline subsystems. Buildings are important components of a city that are sensitive to strong seismic excitations. Although many approaches exist for structural safety, damage control, and seismic performance improvement, the post-earthquake damage of buildings poses quite a challenge for the rapid restoration of urban functions. To overcome this deficiency, the idea of resilience has been employed to enhance structural security, redundancy, robustness, and recoverability.

This Special Issue highlights resilience-based seismic design and evaluation for civil infrastructure systems. The topics of interest for this Special Issue refer to high-efficiency seismic design and evaluation, novel resilient technologies, quantitative measures, and so on. Contributions in the following topics are welcome (but they need not be limited to this list):

Resilience-based design methodologies;
Resilience-based evaluation and lifetime considerations;
Resilience-enhancing strategies for systems;
Development of high-resilience components and systems;
Quantitative and qualitative models and codes for seismic resilience;
Subsystem-to-subsystem interaction effect in urban resilience;
City-scale seismic resilience assessment and improvement;
High-efficiency approaches for regaining urban function after earthquakes.

Dr. Jiulin Bai
Prof. Dr. Wei Guo
Prof. Dr. Junxian Zhao
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Buildings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Related Special Issue

Seismic Safety Assessment and Strengthening of Existing Constructions in Buildings (13 articles)

Published Papers (11 papers)

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22 pages, 11801 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing the Seismic Resilience of Steel Moment Resisting Frame with a New Precast Self-Centering Rocking Shear Wall System

by Zhipeng Zhai, Wei Guo, Yanhui Liu, Shuang Zou and Fulin Zhou

Buildings 2022, 12(11), 1957; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111957 - 11 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2220

Abstract

In this paper, a new precast self-centering rocking shear wall system (PSCRSW) mainly composed of precast reinforced concrete (RC) wall, V-shaped steel brace and pre-pressed disc spring friction damper (PDSFD) are proposed to enhance the seismic resilience of steel moment resisting frame (SMRF). The mechanical behavior of PDSFD was investigated and simulated. The skeleton model of PSCRSW was theoretically derived and numerically validated, and the hysteretic performance under different design parameters was discussed and compared with that of the conventional RC shear wall. Based on the analyses, design principles and suggestions for PSCRSW were given. Then, an efficient seismic resilient design method for enhancement of SMRF was proposed, which considers performance objectives of multiple seismic hazard levels and has less design iteration. A typical SMRF was adopted as the prototype to be enhanced by the presented PSCRSW and design method. Reliable numerical models for the prototype and the enhanced SMRF were established, and nonlinear dynamic analyses were performed to assess the effectiveness of enhancing strategy. The results show that PSCRSW can realize approximate yielding behavior, displacement capacity and lateral strength to the conventional shear wall and can significantly lower the residual drift and wall damage. During the design, the ratio of preload to friction force for PSCRSW was suggested to be 1.5~2.0, and the bearing capacity for the wall was suggested to be amplified 1.2 times. Thereby, desirable bearing and self-centering performances can be guaranteed. The presented design method is capable of achieving the inter-story drift ratio targets and the expected roof drift ratios simultaneously, and the seismic resilience of the chosen SMRF was significantly improved by a large margin of reduction in residual inter-story drift and frame member damages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience-Based Structural Seismic Design and Evaluation)

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19 pages, 6213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Vertical Arrangement and Masonry Material of Infill Walls on the Seismic Performance of RC Frames

by Jingchang Kong, Yuhan Su, Zhi Zheng, Xiaomin Wang and Yukang Zhang

Buildings 2022, 12(6), 825; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060825 - 14 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1514

Abstract

This study presents a finite element (FE) model, the accuracy of which is verified by the comparison between the numerical and test results. The calibrated model is used to investigate the influence of vertical arrangement and masonry material of infill walls on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) frames through pushover analysis and time–history analysis. The lateral capacity, interstorey drift ratio, and plastic hinge distribution of structures is discussed. It was found that the damage of frames with irregular vertical infill arrangement is more serious than that of bare frames, which should be limited in the seismic design process. Moreover, the disadvantages induced by the elastic modulus of masonry material should be considered in the seismic design and assessment of the frames with vertical irregularly arranged infill. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience-Based Structural Seismic Design and Evaluation)

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20 pages, 7103 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Strength in Axial Compression of Aluminum Alloy Tube Confined Concrete Columns with a Circular Hollow Section: Experimental Results

by Di Zhao, Jigang Zhang, Ling Lu, Haizhi Liang and Zhehao Ma

Buildings 2022, 12(5), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050699 - 23 May 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2266

Abstract

Steel tube confined concrete (STCC) stub columns have great strength and facilitate construction. In this study, the axial compressive strength of an aluminum alloy tube confined concrete column with (ATCC-CHS) and without (ATCC) a circular hollow section was tested in laboratory experiments. The influence of concrete strength, diameter–thickness ratio and the hollow rate on the failure mode, ultimate compressive strength, strain, stiffness, constraint effects and ductility was quantified. The experiments showed that local buckling failure could be effectively delayed when the outer aluminum tube did not directly bear axial load. Columns without a circular hollow section had bearing capacities approximately 20% higher than those with a circular hollow section, though their ductility was poorer. The ultimate strength tended to increase with decreases in the hollow rate and diameter–thickness ratio. It tended to increase with increasing concrete strength, though stronger concrete also reduced ductility. The bearing capacities of the columns were calculated according to several proposed formulas and compared with the experimental results, and the proposed Teng and Attard’s formula appeared to be satisfactory. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience-Based Structural Seismic Design and Evaluation)

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17 pages, 6624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cyclic Responses of Two-Side-Connected Precast-Reinforced Concrete Infill Panels with Different Slit Types

by Guohua Sun, Fei Li and Qiyou Zhou

Buildings 2022, 12(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12010016 - 28 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2206

Abstract

This study aimed to study the cyclic behavior of two-side-connected precast-reinforced concrete infill panel (RCIP). A total of four RCIP specimens with different slit types and height-to-span ratios modeled at a one-third scale were tested subjected to cyclic lateral loads. The failure mode, hysteretic behavior, lateral strength, stiffness degradation, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity of each RCIP specimen were determined and analyzed. The specimens experienced a similar damage process, which involved concrete cracking, steel rebar yielding, concrete crushing, and plastic hinge formation. All the specimens showed pinched hysteretic curves, resulting in a small energy dissipation capacity and a maximum equivalent viscous damping ratio lower than 0.2. The specimens with penetrated slits experienced ductile failure, in which flexural hinges developed at both slit wall ends. The application of penetrated slits decreased the initial stiffness and lateral load-bearing capacity of the RC panel but increased the deformation capacity, the average ultimate drift ratios ranged from 1.41% to 1.99%, and the lowest average ductility ratio reached 2.48. The specimens with high-strength concrete resulted in a small slip no more than 1 mm between the RC panel and steel beam, and the channel shear connectors ensured that the RC infill panel developed a reliable assembly with the surrounding steel components. However, specimens with concealed vertical slits (CVSs) and concealed hollow slits (CHSs) achieved significantly higher lateral stiffness and lateral strength values. Generally, the specimens exhibited two-stage mechanical features. The concrete in the CVSs and CHSs was crushed, and flexural plastic hinges developed at both ends of the slit walls during the second stage. With increasing concrete strength, the initial lateral stiffness and lateral strength values of the RCIP specimens increased. With an increasing height-to-span ratio, the lateral stiffness and strength of the RC panels with slits decreased, but the failure mode remained unchanged. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience-Based Structural Seismic Design and Evaluation)

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20 pages, 2392 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Damage Assessment for Isolated Buildings with a Substructure Method

by Lina Guo, Yong Ding and Yifei Zhang

Buildings 2022, 12(8), 1185; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081185 - 08 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1287

Abstract

A seismic damage detection method for isolated buildings is proposed based on substructure identification with incomplete contaminated measurements. A concept of a pseudo substructure with virtual conditions is constructed for the proof of the proposed substructure identification method. This identification method is implemented in a two-stage procedure. The interface forces of the target substructure are identified in the first stage and the parameter of the target substructure is updated in the second stage, which can enable the parameter identification of substructures with unknown input. Two computational methods are also proposed to improve the two-stage identification algorithm. A sub-time zone identification method is utilized to reduce the computation effort and the simultaneous identification of the unknown force and initial structural responses is presented in the first-stage identification for a general case in practical engineering. Numerical studies of a shear frame with nonlinear base isolation subject to earthquake ground motion are investigated to validate the proposed seismic damage detection method. A fourteen-storey concrete shear wall building with a two-storey steel frame on top connected by isolation is studied experimentally with shaking table tests to further validate the proposed method. The shear wall structure is taken as the target substructure for damage assessment. The interface force and parameter of the concrete shear wall building are estimated with the proposed method. Results from both the numerical simulations and laboratory tests indicate that the proposed method can estimate seismic isolated structures and detect damage effectively based on only a few accelerometers. It is also demonstrated that the parameter identification results based on the structure response measurement during the earthquake are more accurate than the identification with post-earthquake structural response measurement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience-Based Structural Seismic Design and Evaluation)

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15 pages, 9980 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantification of Moment–Rotation Relationship of Monolithic Precast Beam–Column Connections

by Baoxi Song, Weizhi Xu, Dongsheng Du and Shuguang Wang

Buildings 2022, 12(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12010011 - 24 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2838

Abstract

The accurate prediction of nonlinear structural behaviors under different seismic intensities is an important basis for seismic resilience assessments of building structures. The moment–rotation relationship is often used to characterize the seismic performance of connections, and is widely used in high-efficiency nonlinear structural analysis. In this paper, a method of calculating the curve using a four-linear equivalent model is presented, aiming to quantify the characteristic point parameters of the moment–rotation curves of monolithic precast beam–column (MPBC) connections for engineering design purposes. The method considered the contribution of the elastic flexure of beams and columns, the relative slip of beam longitudinal bars in the core zone, and the formation of plastic hinges at beam ends to the total deflection. Due to the presence of local complex configurations in MPBC connections, the fine fiber section method was used for moment–curvature analysis of critical beam sections. The determination of the sectional analysis processes was controlled by the strain of steel bars or concrete or their coupling effect. In addition, a two-step method was proposed to construct the moment–rotation relationship of cruciform beam–column connections for solving the deformation compatibility of beams on both sides of the column caused by asymmetric reinforcement and the strength difference between new and old concrete. To reflect the current manufacturing level of MPBC connections, 58 representative specimens reported in recent years were analyzed and classified as type 1–5. All types of MPBC connections and their 18 cast-in situ counterparts were calculated using the proposed method for both verification and quantification. The verification showed that the proposed method had good applicability to both cast-in situ and precast beam–column connections. The quantification showed that the characteristic point parameters were slightly different between these two connections. Accordingly, modification coefficients were suggested for MPBC connections to facilitate design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience-Based Structural Seismic Design and Evaluation)

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14 pages, 4821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Local Buckling Development of H-Section Steel Core of Buckling-Restrained Brace

by Wei Li, Jing Dong, Hui Qu, Lanqin Wang and Kun Zhao

Buildings 2022, 12(2), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020227 - 17 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1500

Abstract

To enhance the theoretical basis for the half-wavelength evaluation of high-order local buckling of section steel used as inner core of buckling-restrained brace, this paper conducts theoretical and numerical studies on the local buckling development of an H-section steel core of buckling restrained brace. Firstly, the elastic buckling development of the flange under monotonic compression is theoretically discussed based on the elastic buckling theory of plate and the principle of virtual displacement. The numerical model for the buckling restrained brace with H-section steel core is then established based on Abaqus, and the elastic buckling development of the flange is validated. Finally, further numerical studies are conducted to reveal the elasto-plastic buckling development of the flange and web under cyclic loading. It is found that the local buckling development of the flange and web of the H-section steel core are different from that of the flat plate core of buckling restrained brace. Under cyclic loading, the shortest buckling wave of the flange and web are induced by the buckling of plates on the two sides of the contact point near the ends. It is confirmed that there is no need to consider the lateral support from the restraining members to evaluate the minimum half-wavelength of high-order local buckling for section steel core of buckling-restrained brace. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience-Based Structural Seismic Design and Evaluation)

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16 pages, 7593 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Seismic Isolation Performance of X-Shaped Rubber Bearings (XRBs)

by Di Wu, Jingtian Lin and Yan Xiong

Buildings 2022, 12(8), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081102 - 26 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1795

Abstract

A detailed analysis of the seismic safety performance of building structures using X-shaped rubber bearings (XRBs) under seismic action at different seismic levels of intensity were carried out in this study. The horizontal mechanical properties of XRB were studied by analytical methods. To reveal the failure prevention and control capability of XRBs under strong ground motions, a detailed comparative analysis was conducted of the seismic performances of three-story buildings using XRBs, typical rubber bearings (TRBs), and TRBs with retaining wall protection (RWP). A nonlinear dynamic finite element method was used to analyze the displacement, velocity, and acceleration responses of the seismically isolated structures at different ground motion intensity levels. The results show that the failure of the seismic isolation layer occurs in the building using TRBs under seismic intensity with a 1‱ probability of exceedance (PE) in one year. When the RWP is set around the seismic isolation layer, the superstructure will collide with the wall, which leads to a dramatic increase in superstructure acceleration, while the overall seismic isolation performance of the structure is affected. Nevertheless, XRBs can effectively prevent deformation failure of the seismic isolation layer of a building, reduce the seismic response of a superstructure, and can improve the seismic safety level of a building. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience-Based Structural Seismic Design and Evaluation)

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17 pages, 3936 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Discussion on the Conceptual Design of Multifunctional Exoskeletons for Sustainable Regeneration of Buildings in Urban Areas

by Mariangela De Vita, Stefano Panunzi, Giovanni Fabbrocino and Antonio Mannella

Buildings 2022, 12(8), 1100; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081100 - 26 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1598

Abstract

The design and erection of new buildings and structures are today driven by strict requirements in terms of sustainability and circular economy, but they represent only a minor part of the built heritage. Hence, it is clear that the maintenance and upgrading of existing buildings play a key role in the achievement of the objectives identified in many developed countries, so that the regeneration of buildings represents the core of many real-world projects. Regenerating existing buildings requires the achievement of modern reuse requirements, the modulation of structural and energy performance, but primarily the fulfilment of many objectives associated with extrinsic (urban planning) and intrinsic (architectural, structural and technological) features. In the present paper, a discussion on the role and potentialities of exoskeletons is reported with the objective of supporting decision makers in resolving the issues associated with the need to improve the overall performance of existing buildings in urban areas. In particular, relevant aspects associated with the conceptual design of multifunctional exoskeletons are reviewed in order to chart a rational course to perform multiscale and interdisciplinary design methodologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience-Based Structural Seismic Design and Evaluation)

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17 pages, 4895 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Over-Strength Coefficient of Masonry-Infilled RC Frame Structures under Bidirectional Ground Motions

by Xiaomin Wang, Yuhan Su, Jingchang Kong, Maosheng Gong and Chunhui Liu

Buildings 2022, 12(9), 1290; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091290 - 23 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1429

Abstract

The over-strength coefficient is one of the key factors for the seismic safety of a structure. For RC frames, the infill wall may improve the lateral bearing capacity, while the seismic demand increases as well, which leads to the unexpected seismic performance of an infilled RC frame in past earthquakes. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically study the over-strength effect of the infilled RC frames from the point of seismic capacity and demand. In this paper, 36 RC frame structures with/without infill walls are designed, and the corresponding finite element modelings, considering the in-plane and out-of-plane performance coupling effect of infill walls, are established to conduct incremental dynamic analyses (IDA). The seismic capacity values of over-strength coefficients are calculated, utilizing the IDA results under bidirectional ground motions. The effects of seismic precautionary intensity and number of stories on the over-strength coefficient of the RC frame with/without infill walls are discussed. The over-strength coefficient capacity value of the infilled frame is apparently higher than that of the bare frame, due to the contribution of infill walls. However, the seismic demand analysis of the over-strength coefficient shows that the capacity–demand ratio of masonry-infilled RC frame structures is greatly reduced, especially for the bottom soft-story infilled frame. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience-Based Structural Seismic Design and Evaluation)

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20 pages, 7793 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Performance of Composite Shear Walls Filled with Demolished Concrete Lumps and Self-Compacting Concrete after Fire

by Yan Xiong, Aodong Chen, Di Wu and Guowei Zhao

Buildings 2022, 12(9), 1308; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091308 - 26 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1491

Abstract

In order to provide a good solution for the treatment and utilization of construction waste, especially waste concrete and to promote the development of green construction to some extent, in this paper, a new composite shear wall filled with demolished concrete lumps (DCLs) and self-compacting concrete (SCC) was proposed, and its seismic performance after fire was investigated. Based on quasi-static tests of four composite shear walls filled with DCLs and SCC, three after a standard fire and one contrastive specimen without fire, the effects of fire exposure time, fire-retardant coating on the edge constraint steel pipe column, and the width-thickness ratio on seismic performance of composite shear walls after fire were studied. The failure patterns, bearing capacity, hysteretic loops, ductility, skeleton curves, rigidity degradation curves, and energy dissipation of shear walls were analyzed and compared. Test results indicate that the bearing capacity of the shear wall after 60 min of standard fire is slightly lower than the contrastive specimen without fire, but specimens still have good seismic performance. The interlayer displacement angle of the shear wall after a fire still meets the requirement of regulations. The fire-retardant coating on the edge of concealed steel pipe column has a limited effect on the seismic performance of specimens after a fire. The horizontal bearing capacity and energy dissipation capacity of shear walls after a fire can obviously be improved by properly increasing the width-thickness ratio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience-Based Structural Seismic Design and Evaluation)

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