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Advances in Civil Engineering Materials: Design, Characterization, Corrosion and Durability
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Advances in Civil Engineering Materials: Design, Characterization, Corrosion and Durability

A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 December 2022) | Viewed by 12881

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Sergio Lorenzi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Engineering, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy
Interests: reinforcement corrosion; electrochemical techniques for corrosion protection and prevention of metal structures; environmentally assisted cracking of high-strength steels; corrosion in drinking water and energy production plants; cathodic protection design based on numerical simulation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Denny Coffetti

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24044 Dalmine, BG, Italy
Interests: alternative binders to Portland cement (alkali activated slag-based cements and calcium sulphoaluminate cements); durability and sustainability of traditional or innovative concretes; admixtures for cementitious materials; ce-ment-based repair materials.
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the last few years, a lot of effort has been taken by the academy, industries, and research centers to develop new eco-sustainable, high-performance, and durable civil engineering materials. The most traditional materials have been re-engineered to improve their performances and innovative materials are under the microscope as they are very promising alternatives to the most traditional ones. The building industry has now the declared objective to meet the challenge of sustainable development through adopting an integrated approach to deliver the concept of responsible cradle to grave management of materials. This revolution includes all the steps from the materials design, through performances characterization to corrosion, durability, diagnosis and repair for granting prolonged service life of the structures. The aim of the Special Issue is to give a complete overview of the most innovative findings in the field of civil engineering materials. Papers related to traditional and innovative materials design, also based on life cycle cost assessment, characterisation, experimental evaluation of the performances, corrosion and durability are welcome. We are here waiting for your contributions.

Dr. Sergio Lorenzi
Dr. Denny Coffetti
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Buildings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Cementitious materials
  • corrosion
  • durability
  • innovative binders
  • eco-sustainability
  • building materials
  • life cycle cost assessment
  • materials design
  • concrete
  • mortars

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 4102 KiB  
Article
Study on the Probability Distribution of Pitting for Naturally Corroded Prestressing Strands Accounting for Surface Defects
by Lorenzo Franceschini, Beatrice Belletti, Francesco Tondolo and Javier Sanchez
Buildings 2022, 12(10), 1732; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101732 - 19 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 991
Abstract
One of the most urgent scientific needs from a technical and economic engineering point of view is the assessment of concrete structures suffering corrosion deterioration. However, the pursuit of this target in the case of corroded prestressed concrete (PC) members is hindered by [...] Read more.
One of the most urgent scientific needs from a technical and economic engineering point of view is the assessment of concrete structures suffering corrosion deterioration. However, the pursuit of this target in the case of corroded prestressed concrete (PC) members is hindered by the lack of (i) consolidated simplified formulations to be used in the engineering daily practice and (ii) works investigating the uncertainties in the correlation between the damage induced by corrosion and the structural resistance. To this aim, the present study adopts a 3D-scanning technique for the pitting morphology evaluation of several corroded prestressing strands retrieved from 10-year-old PC beams. First, the probabilistic distributions of penetration depths have been investigated. Second, the pitting factors α and Ωi have been proposed and discussed to quantify the level of corrosion in longitudinal and transversal direction, respectively. Finally, correlations have been derived between the maximum and average penetration depth as a function of the level of corrosion and the surface defects mapping has been carried out on the corroded PC beams. The results show that the penetration depth of strands subjected to chloride-induced corrosion can be best fitted by a lognormal distribution function. Additionally, the simultaneous consideration of longitudinal and transversal pitting factor is found out to be essential for an exhaustive comprehension of pitting corrosion. Moreover, the outcomes highlight that the presence of longitudinal splitting cracks plays a fundamental role in the corrosion spatial variability of prestressing strands. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering Materials: Design, Characterization, Corrosion and Durability)
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11 pages, 24537 KiB  
Article
Study of Effect of Reference Time of Chloride Diffusion Coefficient in Numerical Modelling of Durability of Concrete
by Petr Lehner, Lenka Koubová and Miroslav Rosmanit
Buildings 2022, 12(9), 1443; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091443 - 13 Sep 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1645
Abstract
The results of numerical calculations on the resistance of the reinforced concrete bridge deck to chlorides are compared with a different approach to the diffusion coefficient of the input parameter, and presented. The aim is to point out the necessity of a correct [...] Read more.
The results of numerical calculations on the resistance of the reinforced concrete bridge deck to chlorides are compared with a different approach to the diffusion coefficient of the input parameter, and presented. The aim is to point out the necessity of a correct model adjustment in the case of using diffusion parameters obtained differently at different measurement times. The diffusion parameter, as a typical concrete material constant, was derived from electrical resistivity measurements and using the least-squares method from a direct chloride test. Due to the different times of obtaining the concrete parameters, a control calculation was performed, which showed that the numerical model for calculating the initiation of reinforcement corrosion in chloride-exposed reinforced concrete requires the application of not only a suitable diffusion parameter but also an adequate reference time. The article points out the need to use an adequate reference time introduced in the numerical calculation of the durability of reinforced concrete with respect to aggressive substances. The results show that the most appropriate reference time value is derived from the average measurement time related to the lifetime of the concrete. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering Materials: Design, Characterization, Corrosion and Durability)
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18 pages, 4888 KiB  
Article
Numerical Solutions for Chloride Diffusion Fluctuation in RC Elements from Corrosion Probability Assessments
by Enrico Zacchei and Caio Gorla Nogueira
Buildings 2022, 12(8), 1211; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081211 - 11 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1114
Abstract
Mechanical diffusion of chloride ions in reinforced concrete (RC) structures varies in time and space, and depends on uncertain factors such as material properties, temperature, humidity, and aging. In this paper, different scenarios considering the time of corrosion initiation and the influence of [...] Read more.
Mechanical diffusion of chloride ions in reinforced concrete (RC) structures varies in time and space, and depends on uncertain factors such as material properties, temperature, humidity, and aging. In this paper, different scenarios considering the time of corrosion initiation and the influence of the chloride diffusion coefficient for different loadings (i.e., constant, sinusoidal, Gaussian, and random) were proposed. Stochastic analyses were carried out to estimate the probability of failure of steel bars, and to evaluate the influences of the internal and external factors. Advanced numerical solutions were developed to account for these influences under non-constant diffusion coefficient and non-steady-state condition. Results show that the chloride content can assume low values by using the oscillations of the generic function (e.g., sinusoidal and general) instead of constant function. The influence of the temperature appears relevant. The 3D analyses, considering the random variability, show that chloride content can be higher than ~1.50 compared to chloride content using traditional approaches. Stochastic approaches plus advanced solutions allow, in a more complete way, the sustainability decision-making process during the design phase, maintenance, inspections, and repair. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering Materials: Design, Characterization, Corrosion and Durability)
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21 pages, 6369 KiB  
Article
An Improved Model for Design Fatigue Load of Highway Bridges Considering Damage Equivalence
by Huawei Fu, Xuhong Zhou, Qishi Zhou, Ping Xiang, Zhibin Zhou and Qiang Fu
Buildings 2022, 12(2), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020217 - 15 Feb 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1839
Abstract
Reasonable fatigue load should be determined before bridge fatigue analysis. However, the design frequency calculation method of the standard vehicle does not always make sense when the standard vehicle load model that is provided by existing standards is adopted, as the weights (equivalent [...] Read more.
Reasonable fatigue load should be determined before bridge fatigue analysis. However, the design frequency calculation method of the standard vehicle does not always make sense when the standard vehicle load model that is provided by existing standards is adopted, as the weights (equivalent coefficients) variation of different vehicle types are not considered from the perspective of damage equivalence. The method through direct damage calculation is workable but the process is usually laborious and time-consuming. To solve this problem, the traffic data of 35 highway sites involving 15 provinces in China were collected and the fatigue load spectrum were derived. The equivalent coefficients of each vehicle type at all of the 35 locations were calculated directly and the relationship with the corresponding gross vehicle weight was obtained formulaically through statistical analysis. Therefore, the design frequency of the standard vehicle can be calculated by the product of the actual frequency for a certain type of vehicle and the corresponding equivalent coefficient. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified from the perspective of damage equivalence compared with the existing-standard method, and its flexibility and applicability for complex traffic conditions such as China were also demonstrated. In addition, three grades for the design frequency were put forward as references in relevant project design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering Materials: Design, Characterization, Corrosion and Durability)
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15 pages, 2364 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Chemical Activators on the Hydration Behavior and Technical Properties of Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cements Blended with Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slags
by Milena Marroccoli and Antonio Telesca
Buildings 2021, 11(7), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11070268 - 24 Jun 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1507
Abstract
The manufacture of Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) generates around 8% of the global CO2 emissions related to human activities. The last 20 years have seen considerable efforts in the research and development of methods to lower the carbon footprint associated with cement [...] Read more.
The manufacture of Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) generates around 8% of the global CO2 emissions related to human activities. The last 20 years have seen considerable efforts in the research and development of methods to lower the carbon footprint associated with cement production. Specific focus has been on limiting the use of OPC and employing alternative binders, such as calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cements, namely special hydraulic binders obtained from non-Portland clinkers. CSA cements could be considered a valuable OPC alternative thanks to their distinctive composition and technical performance and the reduced environmental impact of their manufacturing process. To additionally reduce CO2 emissions, CSA cements can also be blended with supplementary cementitious materials. This paper investigates the influence of two separately added chemical activators (NaOH or Na2CO3) on the technical properties and hydration behavior of four CSA blended cements obtained by adding to a plain CSA cement two different ground granulated blast furnace slags. Differential thermal-thermogravimetric, X-ray diffraction and mercury intrusion porosimetry analyses were done, along with shrinkage/expansion and compressive strength measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering Materials: Design, Characterization, Corrosion and Durability)
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14 pages, 3942 KiB  
Article
Inhibition Effect of Tartrate Ions on the Localized Corrosion of Steel in Pore Solution at Different Chloride Concentrations
by Marina Cabrini, Sergio Lorenzi, Denny Coffetti, Luigi Coppola and Tommaso Pastore
Buildings 2020, 10(6), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10060105 - 01 Jun 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3683
Abstract
The aim of this work is the evaluation of the inhibition effect of tartrate ions with respect to the localized corrosion of steel reinforcements in alkaline solution as a function of the concentration of chlorides ions. Weight loss tests and electrochemical tests were [...] Read more.
The aim of this work is the evaluation of the inhibition effect of tartrate ions with respect to the localized corrosion of steel reinforcements in alkaline solution as a function of the concentration of chlorides ions. Weight loss tests and electrochemical tests were carried out in saturated Ca(OH)2 solution with NaOH at pH 12.7 and 13.2. The results only evidence a slight inhibition effect at pH 12.7, whereas at pH 13.2 the pitting onset is inhibited also for chloride concentration up to 3 M. Tartaric acid is a dicarboxylic acid with nucleophile substituents, which can act as a chelating agent both adsorbing on the surface of the passive film and forming a soluble complex with ferrous and ferric ions. Tartrate causes an increase in the passive current density but it prevents the depassivation of carbon steel due to the action of chlorides, thus preventing pitting initiation due to the competitive adsorption on metal surface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering Materials: Design, Characterization, Corrosion and Durability)
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