Advanced Concrete Structures: Structural Behaviors and Design Methods—2nd Edition

A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Building Structures".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2025 | Viewed by 10153

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
Interests: prestressed/precast concrete structures; novel steel–concrete structures; UHPC materials and structures; shear behavior of concrete structures; retrofitting/rehabilitation of concrete structures
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Guest Editor
School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610032, China
Interests: concrete structures; steel–concrete composite structures; high-performance concrete; geopolymer concrete; nonlinear behavior of concrete structures
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Guest Editor
School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
Interests: UHPC; FRP; prefabricated bridge technology
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Guest Editor
School of Highway, Chang’an University, Xi'an 710064, China
Interests: composite structures; advanced materials for civil infrastructure; bridge construction; high-performance shear connectors for composite structures; mechanical behavior of steel–UHPC/ECC/MPC composite beams; strengthening of NC–ECC concrete beams
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, numerous novel concrete materials and innovative concrete structures that enable accelerated construction, enhanced durability, cost-efficiency and a longer service life have been developed. However, research on the structural behavior and the methods used to design such materials and structures is limited, and the codification of the corresponding standards is still in its infant phase. This has significantly hindered the wider application of these novel concrete structures. The purpose of this Special Issue is to illustrate the latest achievements regarding the fundamental and practical investigation of novel concrete structures, with a particular focus on their structural behavior and design methods. Some related research papers have been published in the previous edition of this Special Issue, which can be accessed using the following link: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings/special_issues/9CS580PPD4

The main topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Novel structures made of new concrete material, e.g., ultra high-performance concrete (UHPC), fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC), and engineering cementitious composites (ECC), etc.;
  • Precast/prestressed concrete structures for accelerated construction;
  • Steel/FRP/UHPC–concrete composite structures;
  • Connections or joins of prefabricated modular concrete elements;
  • Rehabilitation/retrofitting of existing concrete structures;
  • Shear behaviors of advanced concrete structures.

Prof. Dr. Haibo Jiang
Prof. Dr. Renda Zhao
Dr. Yunchao Tang
Dr. Xiaohong Zheng
Dr. Fangwen Wu
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • UHPC structures
  • shear behavior of concrete structures
  • precast concrete structures
  • connections of prefabricated concrete elements
  • rehabilitations of concrete structures
  • novel concrete composite structures

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

31 pages, 5995 KiB  
Article
Study on Seismic Performance of Frame–Shear Wall Split-Foundation Structures with Shear Walls on Both Grounding Ends
by Wusu Wang, Baolong Jiang, Yingmin Li, Yangyang Tang and Shuyan Ji
Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1852; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111852 - 28 May 2025
Viewed by 325
Abstract
This study focuses on the fundamental mechanical behavior of frame–shear wall split-foundation structures with shear walls at both upper and lower ground ends, investigating their basic mechanical characteristics, internal force redistribution patterns, and the influencing factor of intra-stiffness ratio on seismic performance. From [...] Read more.
This study focuses on the fundamental mechanical behavior of frame–shear wall split-foundation structures with shear walls at both upper and lower ground ends, investigating their basic mechanical characteristics, internal force redistribution patterns, and the influencing factor of intra-stiffness ratio on seismic performance. From the analysis results, it can be found that the relative drop height of frame–shear wall split-foundation structures significantly affects their internal force patterns. Shear-bending stiffness should be adopted in stiffness calculations to reflect the stiffness reduction effect of drop height on lower embedding shear walls. In frame–shear wall split-foundation structures, the existence of drop height causes upper embedding columns to experience more unfavorable stress conditions compared to lower embedding shear walls, potentially preventing lower embedding shear walls from serving as the primary seismic defense line. Strengthening lower embedding shear walls to reduce the intra-stiffness ratio can mitigate this issue. Performance evaluation under bidirectional rare earthquakes shows greater along-slope directional damage than cross-slope directional damage. Increasing shear wall length to reduce the intra-stiffness ratio improves component rotation-based performance, but shear strain-based evaluation of upper embedding shear walls indicates a limited improvement in shear capacity. Special attention should therefore be paid to along-slope directional shear capacity of upper embedding shear walls during structural design. Full article
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20 pages, 5172 KiB  
Article
Interfacial Shear Behavior of Novel Connections Between Concrete Bridge Piers and Anti-Overturning Steel Supporting Joists
by Gongyong Mei, Chengan Zhou, Shengze Wu, Lifeng Zhang, Jie Xiao, Peisen Li, Zhenkan Chen, Quan Shi, Jiaxin Hu and Haibo Jiang
Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1299; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081299 - 15 Apr 2025
Viewed by 285
Abstract
Additional steel supporting joists (ASSJs) can effectively enhance the anti-overturning capacity of the existing solo-column concrete pier (SCP) bridges. Although the interface consists of bolt connections between steel and concrete is the crucial load-transmitting portion, the design of the interface between the ASSJ [...] Read more.
Additional steel supporting joists (ASSJs) can effectively enhance the anti-overturning capacity of the existing solo-column concrete pier (SCP) bridges. Although the interface consists of bolt connections between steel and concrete is the crucial load-transmitting portion, the design of the interface between the ASSJ and SCP still mainly relies on practical experiences. In an actual bridge rehabilitation project with ASSJs in China, a novel connection comprising large-diameter bolts and an epoxy resin layer was adopted to overcome the shortcomings of the initial design. In this study, connections composited with large-diameter bolts and different interfacial treatments were investigated. Four push-out tests on the interfacial shear performance of steel–concrete connections were carried out. The experimental parameters encompassed the interface treatment method (barely roughened surface, smearing epoxy resin, and filling epoxy mortar) and the number of bolts (single row and double rows). The failure modes were unveiled. According to the experimental results, the interfacial treatment method with filling epoxy mortar could uniformly transfer stress between concrete and steel and improve the shear stiffness and shear resistance of the steel–concrete connections. Compared with specimens with barely roughened interfaces, epoxy mortar and epoxy resin employed at the steel–concrete interface can increase the shear-bearing capacity of connections by approximately 47.71% and 43.46%, respectively. However, the interfacial treatment method with smearing epoxy resin resulted in excessive stiffness of the shear members and brittle failure mode. As the number of the bolts increased from a single row to a double row, the shear-bearing capacity of a single bolt in the specimen exhibited approximately an 8% reduction. In addition, by comparing several theoretical formulae with experimental results, the accurate formula for predicting the shear-bearing capacity of bolts was recommended. Furthermore, the load-bearing capacity of an ASSJ in the actual engineering rehabilitation was verified by the recommended formula GB50017-2017, which was found to accurately predict the shear-bearing capacity of large-diameter bolt connectors with an epoxy mortar layer. Full article
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23 pages, 8084 KiB  
Article
Experimental Research on the Seismic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Column–Beam Joints Connected by Π-Shaped Steel Plates
by Jian Wu, Ying Jiang, Jian Zhou, Liangjie Hu, Jianhui Wang and Weigao Ding
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030349 - 23 Jan 2025
Viewed by 715
Abstract
The mechanical performance of existing buildings degrades over time, and even if the mechanical performance meets the requirements, some buildings will have new usage needs, necessitating the reinforcement and renovation of buildings. Therefore, this paper conducted experimental research on the reinforcement and renovation [...] Read more.
The mechanical performance of existing buildings degrades over time, and even if the mechanical performance meets the requirements, some buildings will have new usage needs, necessitating the reinforcement and renovation of buildings. Therefore, this paper conducted experimental research on the reinforcement and renovation of reinforced concrete joints that could simultaneously meet the requirements for seismic performance and new usage needs. Firstly, the reinforced concrete columns are produced, and the treatment of the wrapped steel plate is conducted. Then, the Π-shaped steel plate is welded onto the wrapped steel of the column, and the longitudinal bars of the beam and the Π-shaped steel plate are connected through the weld seam. Finally, we proceed with pouring the concrete for the beam and wrapping the beam with the steel plate. After the completion of specimen production, a cyclic loading test is conducted to compare and analyze the hysteresis curve, ductility, stiffness degradation, and energy dissipation of the new specimen type and cast-in-place specimen. The steel plate thickness, including the wrapped steel of the beam and the Π-shaped steel plate, is designed as a variable for the experiment. The results indicate that the seismic properties of the specimen are effectively improved after reinforcement with a steel plate. At the same time, the seismic performance of the specimen improves with an increase in the thickness of the steel plate wrapping the beam, while the impact of the Π-shaped steel plate is relatively minimal. The research results show that compared with the cast-in-place specimen, the reinforcement and renovation method proposed in this paper can significantly improve the seismic performance of the specimen and can help promote the development of urban reinforcement and renovation work. Full article
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15 pages, 4174 KiB  
Article
Stress Analysis of a Concrete Pipeline in a Semi-Infinite Seabed under the Action of Elliptical Cosine Waves Based on the Seepage Equation
by Haiyan Ju, Manqing Xu, Bin Xu, Mingfu Fu, Kaihua Zeng and Haibo Jiang
Buildings 2024, 14(8), 2426; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082426 - 6 Aug 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 925
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the mechanical response of a submarine concrete pipeline under wave action in shallow waters, taking into account factors such as the compressibility of pores and the permeability of the seabed. The control equation of the elliptical cosine wave [...] Read more.
This study aims to investigate the mechanical response of a submarine concrete pipeline under wave action in shallow waters, taking into account factors such as the compressibility of pores and the permeability of the seabed. The control equation of the elliptical cosine wave theory is adopted to simulate the action of waves. In order to simulate the interaction between the solid skeleton and pore fluid, the concept of a “porous medium” is used to establish the transient seepage control equation. Utilizing the stress and displacement conditions at the interface of the ideal fluid media, porous media, and concrete pipeline, the numerical solutions for the internal force and pore pressure of the concrete pipeline buried in a semi-infinite thickness seabed were obtained; meanwhile, the effects of changes in the gas content in pore water and changes in the seabed permeability coefficient on a concrete pipeline were analyzed. The numerical calculation results show that, with the increase in the gas content in the pore water, the amplitude of the pore pressure on the pipeline surface decreases, and both the horizontal and vertical forces acting on the pipeline decrease; the amplitude of the pore pressure on the pipeline surface increases with the increase in seabed permeability and decreases with the enhancement of seabed permeability anisotropy; the improvement of the seabed permeability or enhancement of the permeability anisotropy can increase the horizontal force acting on the pipeline. This study provides a reference for the stability evaluation of submarine concrete pipelines under wave action in shallow water areas. Full article
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26 pages, 8836 KiB  
Article
Shear Performance of Prefabricated Steel Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) Composite Beams under Combined Tensile and Shear Loads: Single Embedded Nut Bolts vs. Studs
by Guodong Wang, Bingxiong Xian, Feiyang Ma and Shu Fang
Buildings 2024, 14(8), 2425; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082425 - 6 Aug 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1932
Abstract
Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is widely used in precast concrete-steel composite beams because of its beneficial properties, including reduced structural weight, higher flexural rigidity, and reduced tensile crack formation. In comparison to conventional steel-concrete composite beams, steel-UHPC composite beams exhibit superior characteristics, including reduced [...] Read more.
Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is widely used in precast concrete-steel composite beams because of its beneficial properties, including reduced structural weight, higher flexural rigidity, and reduced tensile crack formation. In comparison to conventional steel-concrete composite beams, steel-UHPC composite beams exhibit superior characteristics, including reduced structural deadweight, enhanced flexural stiffness, and the capacity to withstand tensile cracking. One successful attempt at meeting the current demands for expedited girder engineering is the development of steel-UHPC composite beams with full-depth precast slabs as key components affecting the overall structural performance using dismountable single embedded nut bolts (SENBs) and widely used studs as competitive alternatives. In contrast, shear connectors are exposed to a combined tensile and shear stress in service life rather than shear only. The corresponding scientific problem is the problem of combined effects under stress in practical applications, but there is currently no relevant research. The shear performance of SENBs in precast steel-UHPC composite beams under tension and shear loads remains unclear. For this purpose, ten push-out specimens and theoretical analyses were performed in this paper, considering the influence of the connector’s type and tensile-to-shear ratio. However, ten specimens were conducted to investigate the tensile-to-shear ratio, and the connector’s type on shear performance is limited. In the future, an increasing number of specimens and test parameters should be considered to investigate the shear performance of precast steel-UHPC composite beams. An increase in the tension-to-shear ratio resulted in a substantial reduction in the ultimate shear capacity, initial shear stiffness, and ductility of the studs. The increase in the tensile-shear ratio from 0 to 0.47 resulted in a 16.9% decline in the ultimate shear capacity, a 30.4% reduction in the initial shear stiffness, and a 21.7% decrease in the ductility of the Series I samples. However, an increase in the tensile-to-shear ratio of the Series II samples from 0 to 0.47 resulted in a 31.3% decline in ultimate shear strength, a 33.2% decline in initial shear stiffness, and a 41.9% decline in ductility. The SENBs demonstrated minimal deviations in ultimate shear capacity compared to their stud counterparts, despite exhibiting notable differences in shear stiffness, and ductility. A lower tensile-to-shear ratio was recommended in practical engineering, which might achieve a larger ultimate shear capacity, stiffness, and ductility. The design-oriented models with enhanced applicability were developed to predict the tension-shear relationship and the load-slip curve of SENBs in prefabricated steel-UHPC composite beams subjected to combined tensile and shear loads. For a tensile-shear relationship model, the point error range was 0 to 0.08, with an average error of 0.03. The square coefficient (R2) was 0.99 for a load-slip curve model. The study findings could offer a credible reference for the shear mechanism of such economical and environmentally friendly precast steel-UHPC composite beams in accelerated bridge construction. Full article
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23 pages, 7393 KiB  
Article
Strain Behavior of Short Concrete Columns Reinforced with GFRP Spirals
by Loai Alkhattabi, Ahmed H. Ali, Hamdy M. Mohamed and Ahmed Gouda
Buildings 2024, 14(7), 2180; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072180 - 15 Jul 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1658
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive study focused on evaluating the strain generated within short concrete columns reinforced with glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars and spirals under concentric compressive axial loads. This research was motivated by the lack of sufficient data in the literature regarding [...] Read more.
This paper presents a comprehensive study focused on evaluating the strain generated within short concrete columns reinforced with glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars and spirals under concentric compressive axial loads. This research was motivated by the lack of sufficient data in the literature regarding strain in such columns. Five full-scale RC columns were cast and tested, comprising four strengthened with GFRP reinforcement and one reference column reinforced with steel bars and spirals. This study thoroughly examined the influence of various test parameters, such as the reinforcement type, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, and spacing of spiral reinforcement, on the strain in concrete, GFRP bars, and spirals. The experimental results showed that GFRP–RC columns exhibited similar strain behavior to steel–RC columns up to 85% of their peak loads. The study also highlighted that the bearing capacity of the columns increased by up to 25% with optimized reinforcement ratios and spiral spacing, while the failure mode transitioned from a ductile to a more brittle nature as the reinforcement ratio increased. Additionally, it is preferable to limit the compressive strain in GFRP bars to less than 20% of their ultimate tensile strain and the strain in GFRP spirals to less than 12% of their ultimate strain to ensure the safe and reliable use of these materials in RC columns. This research also considers the prediction of the axial load capacities using established design standards permitting the use of FRP bars in compressive members, namely ACI 440.11-22, CSA-S806-12, and JSCE-97, and underscores their limitations in accurately predicting GFRP–RC columns’ failure capacities. This study proposes an equation to enhance the prediction accuracy for GFRP–RC columns, considering the contributions of concrete, spiral confinement, and the axial stiffness of longitudinal GFRP bars. This equation addresses the shortcomings of existing design standards and provides a more accurate assessment of the axial load capacities for GFRP–RC columns. The proposed equation outperformed numerous other equations suggested by various researchers when employed to estimate the strength of 42 columns gathered from the literature. Full article
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23 pages, 9215 KiB  
Article
Numerical Integration Study of Penetration and Blasting Damage for Composite Underground Protective Structure with Reinforcement Layers
by Xingji Zhu, Can Zhao, Longjun Xu, Yujin Wang, Shibin Lin and Guochen Zhao
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1848; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061848 - 18 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 919
Abstract
In response to the increasing threat of powerful earth-penetrating weapons, underground protective structures typically employ composite structural systems with reinforced steel layers. However, current numerical studies often simplify the entire structural system to plain concrete when assessing damage effects, and penetration and blasting [...] Read more.
In response to the increasing threat of powerful earth-penetrating weapons, underground protective structures typically employ composite structural systems with reinforced steel layers. However, current numerical studies often simplify the entire structural system to plain concrete when assessing damage effects, and penetration and blasting processes are treated separately using a restart method. In this paper, we adopt an integrated simulation approach to analyze the resistance performance of composite protective structures with reinforcement layers. The results reveal significant differences in failure modes between plain concrete and reinforced concrete protective structures. The diameter of the steel bars and the spacing between mesh layers notably impact the penetration and blasting damage. Based on the results of a parameter analysis, we propose a method for optimizing the design of reinforcements in composite underground protective structures. The results of the study show the following: (1) The penetration and blast damage patterns of EPWs on plain concrete and composite protective structures with reinforcing mesh are significantly different. Compared to the plain concrete layer, the composite protection structure can effectively resist the damage of EPWs. (2) With the increase in reinforcement diameter, the decrease in reinforcement mesh spacing, and the increase in reinforcement dosage, the penetration depth gradually decreases; the amount and range of the blast damage also decrease accordingly. (3) Under the condition of the same reinforcement ratio, reducing the number of layers of reinforcement mesh, increasing the diameter of reinforcement, and configuring the reinforcement on the top of the protective structure as much as possible can improve the performance of the protective layer against penetration. At the same time, the reasonable arrangement of the reinforcement mesh can also enhance the ability of the protective structure to resist blasting damage. Full article
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17 pages, 4601 KiB  
Article
The Mechanical Properties and Chlorine Resistance of Concrete Based on the Effects of Pouring Interval Time
by Zheng Chen, Zhaoqi Huang, Jingli Wei, Guoxin Zhao and Yunchao Tang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1558; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061558 - 28 May 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1216
Abstract
In practical engineering construction, differences in time intervals during concrete pouring arise due to issues in concrete quality control and construction procedures, thereby affecting the mechanical and durability properties of concrete. This study conducted compressive strength tests, splitting tensile strength tests, and natural [...] Read more.
In practical engineering construction, differences in time intervals during concrete pouring arise due to issues in concrete quality control and construction procedures, thereby affecting the mechanical and durability properties of concrete. This study conducted compressive strength tests, splitting tensile strength tests, and natural immersion tests to investigate the influence of time intervals in layered pouring on the mechanical strength and chloride ion concentration distribution of staged pouring concrete. Additionally, the study elucidated the mechanism by which pouring interval time affects the mechanical properties and resistance to chloride ion erosion of staged pouring concrete at the microstructure level. The results indicate that compared to ordinary concrete specimens, the splitting tensile strength of staged pouring concrete demonstrates a continuous decrease with increasing pouring interval time. The most significant splitting tensile strength decrease occurred at a 24 h interval. The compressive strength of staged pouring concrete initially decreases and then increases with increasing pouring interval time. At a pouring interval time of 12 h, the compressive strength of staged pouring concrete decreased the most. Results from the natural immersion tests demonstrate that chloride ion concentrations at the bonding interface and on both sides of staged pouring concrete increase continuously with the extension of pouring interval time. The chloride ion concentration at the bonding interface is consistently higher than that on both sides, and the difference between them decreases with increasing diffusion depth. The chloride ion concentration difference ΔC was proposed to evaluate the influence of bonding interface performance on chloride ion concentration, which decreases to varying degrees with increasing depth. The findings of this study can provide guidance for the research on the mechanical properties and durability of staged pouring concrete in practical engineering construction, as well as for engineering protective measures. Full article
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21 pages, 9073 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation on Shear Behavior of Non-Stirrup UHPC Beams under Larger Shear Span–Depth Ratios
by Lifeng Zhang, Bowen Deng, Beini He, Haibo Jiang, Jie Xiao, Yueqiang Tian and Junfa Fang
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1374; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051374 - 11 May 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1406
Abstract
Due to the extraordinary mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC), the shear stirrups in UHPC beams could potentially be eliminated. This study aimed to determine the effect of beam height and steel fiber volume content on the shear behavior of non-stirrup UHPC beams [...] Read more.
Due to the extraordinary mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC), the shear stirrups in UHPC beams could potentially be eliminated. This study aimed to determine the effect of beam height and steel fiber volume content on the shear behavior of non-stirrup UHPC beams under a larger shear span–depth ratio (up to 2.8). Eight beams were designed and fabricated including six non-stirrup UHPC beams and two comparing stirrup-reinforced normal concrete (NC) beams. The experimental results demonstrated that the steel fiber volume content could be a crucial factor affecting the ductility, cracking strength, and shear capacity of non-stirrup UHPC beams and altering their failure modes. Additionally, the height of the beam had a considerable effect on its shear resistance. French standard formulae were more accurate for the UHPC beams with larger shear span–depth ratios, PCI-2021 formulae greatly overestimated the shear capacity of UHPC beams with larger shear span–depth ratios, and Xu’s formulae were more accurate for the steel fiber-reinforced UHPC beams with larger shear span–depth ratios. In summary, French standard formulae were the most suitable formulae for predicting the shear capacity of UHPC beams in this paper. Full article
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