Brain Sciences

Research

18 pages, 2294 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neural Entrainment to Musical Pulse in Naturalistic Music Is Preserved in Aging: Implications for Music-Based Interventions

by Parker Tichko, Nicole Page, Ji Chul Kim, Edward W. Large and Psyche Loui

Brain Sci. 2022, 12(12), 1676; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121676 - 7 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4271

Abstract

Neural entrainment to musical rhythm is thought to underlie the perception and production of music. In aging populations, the strength of neural entrainment to rhythm has been found to be attenuated, particularly during attentive listening to auditory streams. However, previous studies on neural [...] Read more.

Neural entrainment to musical rhythm is thought to underlie the perception and production of music. In aging populations, the strength of neural entrainment to rhythm has been found to be attenuated, particularly during attentive listening to auditory streams. However, previous studies on neural entrainment to rhythm and aging have often employed artificial auditory rhythms or limited pieces of recorded, naturalistic music, failing to account for the diversity of rhythmic structures found in natural music. As part of larger project assessing a novel music-based intervention for healthy aging, we investigated neural entrainment to musical rhythms in the electroencephalogram (EEG) while participants listened to self-selected musical recordings across a sample of younger and older adults. We specifically measured neural entrainment to the level of musical pulse—quantified here as the phase-locking value (PLV)—after normalizing the PLVs to each musical recording’s detected pulse frequency. As predicted, we observed strong neural phase-locking to musical pulse, and to the sub-harmonic and harmonic levels of musical meter. Overall, PLVs were not significantly different between older and younger adults. This preserved neural entrainment to musical pulse and rhythm could support the design of music-based interventions that aim to modulate endogenous brain activity via self-selected music for healthy cognitive aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music-Based Therapies and Interventions in Clinical Settings across the Life Span—New Methodological, Clinical and Technological Avenues)

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13 pages, 1199 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Underlying Music Mechanisms Influencing the Neurology of Pain: An Integrative Model

by Joanne Loewy

Brain Sci. 2022, 12(10), 1317; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12101317 - 29 Sep 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4144

Abstract

Pain is often debilitating, and is associated with many pathologies, as either a cause or consequence. Pharmacological interventions, such as opioids, to manage pain may lead to potential problems, such as addiction. When pain is controlled and managed, it can prevent negative associated [...] Read more.

Pain is often debilitating, and is associated with many pathologies, as either a cause or consequence. Pharmacological interventions, such as opioids, to manage pain may lead to potential problems, such as addiction. When pain is controlled and managed, it can prevent negative associated outcomes affiliated with disease. Music is a low-cost option that shows promise in the management of painful circumstances. Music therapy has provided potent options for pain relief across a variety of ages and populations. As a nonpharmacological alternative or complement lacking side effects, music interventions are growing in clinical application and research protocols. This article considers the neurological implications of varying kinds of pain to provide working considerations that preempt the use of music and music-therapy applications in treating pain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music-Based Therapies and Interventions in Clinical Settings across the Life Span—New Methodological, Clinical and Technological Avenues)

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16 pages, 667 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Clinical Utility of the Music Therapy Assessment Tool for Awareness in Disorders of Consciousness (MATADOC) with People with End-Stage Dementia

by Wendy Louise Magee, Anne Wheeler Lipe, Takayoshi Ikeda and Richard John Siegert

Brain Sci. 2022, 12(10), 1306; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12101306 - 28 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3107

Abstract

Dementia is a major health concern globally and cross-culturally with progressive decline in cognition, mobility and communication. There are few interventions for end-stage dementia (ESD) although music interventions have been observed to be accessible for people with mid to late-stage dementia. The lack [...] Read more.

Dementia is a major health concern globally and cross-culturally with progressive decline in cognition, mobility and communication. There are few interventions for end-stage dementia (ESD) although music interventions have been observed to be accessible for people with mid to late-stage dementia. The lack of protocols and measures suited to ESD has limited research into the effects of music therapy. Measure sensitivity to minimal responsiveness is one limitation to the use of existing music intervention measures with ESD. This exploratory study examined the clinical utility of the Music Therapy Assessment Tool for Awareness in Disorders of Consciousness (MATADOC) for use with people with end-stage dementia, including preliminary reliability and validity. The MATADOC is a standardized assessment for minimally responsive patients with disorders of consciousness and may be useful for ESD. Using repeated measures with blinded MATADOC-trained raters, MATADOC data were collected with a small convenience sample of people with ESD in a residential care setting. Clinical utility data were collected from the raters and evaluated using a multidimensional model. To explore its functionality, MATADOC outcomes were compared to another measure for music interventions in dementia. The MATADOC may be useful for assessing functioning and responsiveness to music interventions for people with ESD without the risk of floor effects. Modifying the MATADOC protocol and assessment documentation prior to testing with a larger sample will enhance its sensitivity specific to ESD and age-related needs, providing a new music-based ESD assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music-Based Therapies and Interventions in Clinical Settings across the Life Span—New Methodological, Clinical and Technological Avenues)

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12 pages, 828 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Short-Term Memory Function in Older Adults with Dementia Following Music-Feedback Physical Training: A Pilot Study

by Jessica V. Strong, Maria Arnold, Lydia Schneider, Johanna Perschl, Arno Villringer and Thomas Hans Fritz

Brain Sci. 2022, 12(9), 1260; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12091260 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3306

Abstract

Prior research demonstrates that music making, physical exercise, and social activity have unique, positive effects on cognition and mood. One intervention, “Jymmin^®”, was developed incorporating these approaches and found effective for decreased pain perception and increased endurance, self-efficacy, mood, and muscle [...] Read more.

Prior research demonstrates that music making, physical exercise, and social activity have unique, positive effects on cognition and mood. One intervention, “Jymmin^®”, was developed incorporating these approaches and found effective for decreased pain perception and increased endurance, self-efficacy, mood, and muscle efficiency. Previously, Jymmin was not piloted with older adults with dementia. The current study is a randomized pilot study of the Jymmin^® with an older adult population in a long-term care facility (n = 38), evaluated across dementia levels (mild, moderate, or severe). Results found significant improvements in scores on a confrontation naming task across all conditions (p = 0.047) and a significant interaction effect for short-term memory scores (p = 0.046), suggesting higher scores at Time 2 for the experimental group and at Time 3 for the control group. There were no significant changes in mood ratings. Findings are discussed in the context of neural activity and musical agency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music-Based Therapies and Interventions in Clinical Settings across the Life Span—New Methodological, Clinical and Technological Avenues)

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10 pages, 561 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Music Therapy in the Reduction of Pre-Meal Anxiety in Patients Suffering from Anorexia Nervosa

by Enrico Ceccato and Cristina Roveran

Brain Sci. 2022, 12(6), 801; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12060801 - 19 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2848

Abstract

Literature reviews appear to indicate that Music Therapy (MT) may instil a sense of empowerment and generate feelings of renewed self-confidence, distracting subjects who follow this type of intervention from negative thoughts and, generally, helping patients suffering from Anorexia Nervosa (AN) to redevelop [...] Read more.

Literature reviews appear to indicate that Music Therapy (MT) may instil a sense of empowerment and generate feelings of renewed self-confidence, distracting subjects who follow this type of intervention from negative thoughts and, generally, helping patients suffering from Anorexia Nervosa (AN) to redevelop or rediscover their identity. The purpose of the study reported in this paper is to investigate whether MT proposed before an evening meal is capable of decreasing pre-meal anxiety in adolescents suffering from AN who follow the Day-hospital Treatment Programme at the San Bortolo Hospital of Vicenza (Italy). A total of 24 patients participated voluntarily in once-weekly sessions of group-based MT conducted by a qualified music therapist over a period of six months. Before evening meals on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, pre-meal anxiety was measured using a self-report scale, and the MT group session occurred every Wednesday before the evening meal was consumed. MT activities were both active and receptive. It has been found that with respect to Mondays and Tuesdays, pre-meal anxiety was significantly lower on Wednesdays following participation in the MT group. MT is evidently capable of reducing pre-meal anxiety and may be adopted as a supportive element in treatment plans relating to patients with AN in a day-hospital treatment programme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music-Based Therapies and Interventions in Clinical Settings across the Life Span—New Methodological, Clinical and Technological Avenues)

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14 pages, 1009 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Positive Psychology in Therapeutic Songwriting for People Living with Late-Life Depression—An Intervention Protocol

by Jasmin Eickholt, Felicity A. Baker and Imogen N. Clark

Brain Sci. 2022, 12(5), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050626 - 10 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5236

Abstract

(1) Background: An increasing number of people are living with late-life depression, yet non-pharmacological treatments to help manage symptoms are limited. Two interventions, positive psychology and music therapeutic songwriting, have independently led to decreased depressive symptoms and an improved wellbeing in older people [...] Read more.

(1) Background: An increasing number of people are living with late-life depression, yet non-pharmacological treatments to help manage symptoms are limited. Two interventions, positive psychology and music therapeutic songwriting, have independently led to decreased depressive symptoms and an improved wellbeing in older people over 65 years old. (2) Methods: This article describes the development of a therapeutic songwriting program for people living with late-life depression. Knowledge from positive psychology and therapeutic songwriting was combined to maximize the potential benefits. (3) Results: The intervention program has ten weekly 45 min sessions that incorporate elements from positive psychology into therapeutic songwriting. Using a three-song approach encompassing ongoing musical practices, different positive psychology interventions were incorporated to support the experiences associated with a flourishing life. The intervention protocol for older people presented here is distinct from previous deficit-orientated approaches in that it shifts the focus to positive experiences, resources, and the individual’s ability to decrease their own depressive symptoms and improve their wellbeing. (4) Discussion: This protocol presenting a therapeutic songwriting program meets the need to develop new non-pharmacological treatment options. However, further studies are needed to examine the feasibility and impact of the intervention program on late-life depression and wellbeing in older people. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music-Based Therapies and Interventions in Clinical Settings across the Life Span—New Methodological, Clinical and Technological Avenues)

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24 pages, 1301 KiB

Open AccessArticle

EEG Hyperscanning and Qualitative Analysis of Moments of Interest in Music Therapy for Stroke Rehabilitation—A Feasibility Study

by Gerhard Tucek, Clemens Maidhof, Julia Vogl, Astrid Heine, Matthias Zeppelzauer, Nikolaus Steinhoff and Jörg Fachner

Brain Sci. 2022, 12(5), 565; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050565 - 27 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3661

Abstract

Interdisciplinary research into the underlying neural processes of music therapy (MT) and subjective experiences of patients and therapists are largely lacking. The aim of the current study was to assess the feasibility of newly developed procedures (including electroencephalography/electrocardiography hyperscanning, synchronous audio–video monitoring, and [...] Read more.

Interdisciplinary research into the underlying neural processes of music therapy (MT) and subjective experiences of patients and therapists are largely lacking. The aim of the current study was to assess the feasibility of newly developed procedures (including electroencephalography/electrocardiography hyperscanning, synchronous audio–video monitoring, and qualitative interviews) to study the personal experiences and neuronal dynamics of moments of interest during MT with stroke survivors. The feasibility of our mobile setup and procedures as well as their clinical implementation in a rehabilitation centre and an acute hospital ward were tested with four phase C patients. Protocols and interviews were used for the documentation and analysis of the feasibility. Recruiting patients for MT sessions was feasible, although data collection on three consecutive weeks was not always possible due to organisational constraints, especially in the hospital with acute ward routines. Research procedures were successfully implemented, and according to interviews, none of the patients reported any burden, tiredness, or increased stress due to the research procedures, which lasted approx. 3 h (ranging from 135 min to 209 min) for each patient. Implementing the research procedures in a rehabilitation unit with stroke patients was feasible, and only small adaptations were made for further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music-Based Therapies and Interventions in Clinical Settings across the Life Span—New Methodological, Clinical and Technological Avenues)

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10 pages, 533 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Feasibility and Acceptability of Neurologic Music Therapy in Subacute Neurorehabilitation and Effects on Patient Mood

by Naomi Thompson, Jodie Bloska, Alison Abington, Amber Masterson, David Whitten and Alexander Street

Brain Sci. 2022, 12(4), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12040497 - 13 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3544

Abstract

Music interventions support functional outcomes, improve mood, and reduce symptoms of depression in neurorehabilitation. Neurologic music therapy (NMT) has been reported as feasible and helpful in stroke rehabilitation but is not commonly part of multidisciplinary services in acute or subacute settings. This study [...] Read more.

Music interventions support functional outcomes, improve mood, and reduce symptoms of depression in neurorehabilitation. Neurologic music therapy (NMT) has been reported as feasible and helpful in stroke rehabilitation but is not commonly part of multidisciplinary services in acute or subacute settings. This study assessed the feasibility and acceptability of delivering NMT one-day-per-week in a subacute neurorehabilitation centre over 15 months. Data were collected on the number of referrals, who referred, sessions offered, attended, and declined, and reasons why. Staff, patients, and their relatives completed questionnaires rating the interventions. Patients completed the Visual Analog Mood Scales (VAMS) pre and post a single session. Forty-nine patients received 318 NMT sessions (83% of sessions offered). NMT was rated as helpful or very helpful as part of the multidisciplinary team (n = 36). The highest ratings were for concentration, arm and hand rehabilitation, and motivation and mood. VAMS scores (n = 24) showed a reduction in ‘confused’ (−8.6, p = 0.035, effect size 0.49) and an increase in ‘happy’ (6.5, p = 0.021, effect size = 0.12) post NMT. The data suggest that a one-day-per-week NMT post in subacute neurorehabilitation was feasible, acceptable, and helpful, supporting patient engagement in rehabilitation exercises, mood, and motivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music-Based Therapies and Interventions in Clinical Settings across the Life Span—New Methodological, Clinical and Technological Avenues)

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8 pages, 507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Conventional and Algorithmic Music Listening before Radiotherapy Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study

by Alfredo Raglio, Enrico Oddone, Ilaria Meaglia, Maria Cristina Monti, Marco Gnesi, Giulia Gontero, Chiara Imbriani and Giovanni Battista Ivaldi

Brain Sci. 2021, 11(12), 1618; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121618 - 8 Dec 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2500

Abstract

Music listening is a widespread approach in the field of music therapy. In this study, the effects of music listening on anxiety and stress in patients undergoing radiotherapy are investigated. Sixty patients with breast cancer who were candidates for postoperative curative radiotherapy were [...] Read more.

Music listening is a widespread approach in the field of music therapy. In this study, the effects of music listening on anxiety and stress in patients undergoing radiotherapy are investigated. Sixty patients with breast cancer who were candidates for postoperative curative radiotherapy were recruited and randomly assigned to three groups: Melomics-Health (MH) group (music listening algorithmically created, n = 20); individualized music listening (IML) group (playlist of preferred music, n = 20); no music group (n = 20). Music listening was administered for 15 min immediately before simulation and during the first five radiotherapy sessions. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Psychological Distress Inventory (PDI) were administered before/after treatment. Cochran’s Q test and McNemar test for paired proportions were performed to evaluate if the proportion of subjects having an outcome score below the critical value by treatment and over time was different, and if there was a change in that proportion. The MH group improved in STAI and PDI. The IML group worsened in STAI at T1 and improved STAI-Trait at T2. The IML group worsened in PDI at T2. The No music group generally improved in STAI and PDI. Clinical and music listening-related implications are discussed defining possible research perspectives in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music-Based Therapies and Interventions in Clinical Settings across the Life Span—New Methodological, Clinical and Technological Avenues)

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12 pages, 1179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical and Neural Predictors of Treatment Response to Music Listening Intervention after Stroke

by Aleksi J. Sihvonen and Teppo Särkämö

Brain Sci. 2021, 11(12), 1576; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121576 - 29 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2742

Abstract

Patients with post-stroke impairments present often significant variation in response to therapeutic interventions. Recent studies have shown that daily music listening can aid post-stroke recovery of language and memory, but reliable predictors of treatment response are unknown. Utilizing data from the music intervention [...] Read more.

Patients with post-stroke impairments present often significant variation in response to therapeutic interventions. Recent studies have shown that daily music listening can aid post-stroke recovery of language and memory, but reliable predictors of treatment response are unknown. Utilizing data from the music intervention arms of a single-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) on stroke patients (N = 31), we built regression models to predict the treatment response of a two-month music listening intervention on language skills and verbal memory with baseline demographic, clinical and musical data as well as fMRI data from a music listening task. Clinically, greater improvement in verbal memory and language skills after the music listening intervention were predicted by the severity of the initial deficit and educational level. Neurally, greater baseline fMRI activation during vocal music listening in the left parietal cortical and medial frontal areas predicted greater treatment-induced improvement in language skills and greater baseline engagement of the auditory network during instrumental music listening predicted improvement in both verbal memory and language skills. Our results suggest that clinical, demographic, and neuroimaging data predicts music listening treatment response. This data could be used clinically to target music-based treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music-Based Therapies and Interventions in Clinical Settings across the Life Span—New Methodological, Clinical and Technological Avenues)

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16 pages, 1863 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Key Challenges and Future Directions When Running Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) Research Protocols with Newborns: A Music and Language EEG Feasibility Study

by Efthymios Papatzikis, Mahmoud Elhalik, Shannaiah Aubrey Mae Inocencio, Maria Agapaki, Rosari Naveena Selvan, Faseela Shejeed Muhammed, Nazreen Abdulla Haroon, Swarup Kumar Dash, Maria Sofologi and Antonia Bezoni

Brain Sci. 2021, 11(12), 1562; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121562 - 26 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3289

Abstract

Although many musical intervention studies exist in the wider framework of neuroscience and psychology, the preliminary importance of feasibility studies is rarely discussed. Adding to this fact the limited research existing on the therapeutic and restorative potential of music exposure during early developmental [...] Read more.

Although many musical intervention studies exist in the wider framework of neuroscience and psychology, the preliminary importance of feasibility studies is rarely discussed. Adding to this fact the limited research existing on the therapeutic and restorative potential of music exposure during early developmental periods, pushed us to concentrate on investigating newborns’ perception of music and its impact on the brain. Here, we explore the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) approach when measuring and comparing the neurophysiological perception of music versus language on the brainstem of newborns using auditory brainstem response (ABR). Twenty-five healthy full-term infants were recruited, eight of which were measured within their first 10 days postpartum. The evaluation of the study’s feasibility appealed to five main objectives that essentially answer the question: Can our protocol work? Each objective proposes questions based on Orsmond and Cohn’s guiding framework, designed to assess, and assist feasibility in understanding barriers toward a study’s success. Our results justify that newborns are well capable of undergoing the study and given meticulous considerations and improvements on the intervention resources. The procedure’s communication and technical obstacles are resoluble. Moreover, assimilation of external factors to adapt, such as the culture variation and the ABR protocol implementation are necessary. The study was well received in the selected region (Middle East), and the recording procedure showed potential outcomes for a comprehensive RCT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music-Based Therapies and Interventions in Clinical Settings across the Life Span—New Methodological, Clinical and Technological Avenues)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

22 pages, 1069 KiB

Open AccessReview

Neuroplastic Changes in Addiction Memory—How Music Therapy and Music-Based Intervention May Reduce Craving: A Narrative Review

by Filippo Pasqualitto, Francesca Panin, Clemens Maidhof, Naomi Thompson and Jörg Fachner

Brain Sci. 2023, 13(2), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13020259 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6361

Abstract

Recent findings indicate that Music Therapy (MT) and Music-Based Interventions (MBIs) may reduce craving symptoms in people with Substance Use Disorders (SUD). However, MT/MBIs can lead SUD clients to recall memories associated with their drug history and the corresponding strong emotions (addiction memories). [...] Read more.

Recent findings indicate that Music Therapy (MT) and Music-Based Interventions (MBIs) may reduce craving symptoms in people with Substance Use Disorders (SUD). However, MT/MBIs can lead SUD clients to recall memories associated with their drug history and the corresponding strong emotions (addiction memories). Craving is a central component of SUD, possibly linked to relapse and triggered by several factors such as the recall of memories associated with the drug experience. Therefore, to address the topic of what elements can account for an improvement in craving symptoms after MT/MBIs, we conducted a narrative review that (1) describes the brain correlates of emotionally salient autobiographical memories evoked by music, (2) outlines neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies suggesting how the experience of craving may encompass the recall of emotionally filled moments, and (3) points out the role of perineuronal nets (PNNs) in addiction memory neuroplasticity. We highlight how autobiographical memory retrieval, music-evoked autobiographical memories, and craving share similar neural activations with PNNs which represent a causal element in the processing of addiction memory. We finally conclude by considering how the neuroplastic characteristics of addiction memory might represent the ground to update and/or recalibrate, within the therapy, the emotional content related to the recall. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music-Based Therapies and Interventions in Clinical Settings across the Life Span—New Methodological, Clinical and Technological Avenues)

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13 pages, 578 KiB

Open AccessReview

Components of Active Music Interventions in Therapeutic Settings—Present and Future Applications

by Lydia Schneider, Louisa Gossé, Max Montgomery, Moritz Wehmeier, Arno Villringer and Thomas Hans Fritz

Brain Sci. 2022, 12(5), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050622 - 10 May 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4725

Abstract

Musical interventions in therapy have become increasingly relevant for rehabilitation in many clinics. What was long known for physiotherapy training—that the agency of the participant is crucial and moving is much more efficient for rehabilitation success than being moved—has over recent years also [...] Read more.

Musical interventions in therapy have become increasingly relevant for rehabilitation in many clinics. What was long known for physiotherapy training—that the agency of the participant is crucial and moving is much more efficient for rehabilitation success than being moved—has over recent years also been shown to be true for music therapy. Accumulating evidence suggests that active musical interventions are especially efficient at helping rehabilitation success. Here, we review various approaches to active music therapy. Furthermore, we present several components that allow for manipulating musical expressiveness and physical engagement during active musical interventions, applying a technology-based music feedback paradigm. This paper will allow for a transfer of insights to other domains of music-based therapeutic interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music-Based Therapies and Interventions in Clinical Settings across the Life Span—New Methodological, Clinical and Technological Avenues)

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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

11 pages, 1016 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Music-Enhanced Emotion Identification of Facial Emotions in Autistic Spectrum Disorder Children: A Pilot EEG Study

by Rafael Ramirez-Melendez, Elisabet Matamoros, Davinia Hernandez, Julia Mirabel, Elisabet Sanchez and Nuria Escude

Brain Sci. 2022, 12(6), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12060704 - 30 May 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3938

Abstract

The Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by a difficulty in expressing and interpreting others’ emotions. In particular, people with ASD have difficulties when interpreting emotions encoded in facial expressions. In the past, music interventions have been shown to improve autistic individuals’ emotional [...] Read more.

The Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by a difficulty in expressing and interpreting others’ emotions. In particular, people with ASD have difficulties when interpreting emotions encoded in facial expressions. In the past, music interventions have been shown to improve autistic individuals’ emotional and social skills. The present study describes a pilot study to explore the usefulness of music as a tool for improving autistic children’s emotion recognition in facial expressions. Twenty-five children (mean age = 8.8 y, SD = 1.24) with high-functioning ASD and normal hearing participated in the study consisting of four weekly sessions of 15 min each. Twenty-five participants were randomly divided into an experimental group (N = 14) and a control group (N = 11). During each session, participants in the experimental group were exposed to images of facial expressions for four emotions (happy, sad, angry, and fear). Images were shown in three conditions, with the second condition consisting of music of congruent emotion with the shown images. Participants in the control group were shown only images in all three conditions. For six participants in each group, EEG data were acquired during the sessions, and instantaneous emotional responses (arousal and valence values) were extracted from the EEG data. Inter- and intra-session emotion identification improvement was measured in terms of verbal response accuracy, and EEG response differences were analyzed. A comparison of the verbal responses of the experimental group pre- and post-intervention showed a significant (p = 0.001) average improvement in emotion identification accuracy responses of 26% (SD = 3.4). Furthermore, emotional responses of the experimental group at the end of the study showed a higher correlation with the emotional stimuli being presented, compared with their emotional responses at the beginning of the study. No similar verbal responses improvement or EEG-stimuli correlation was found in the control group. These results seem to indicate that music can be used to improve both emotion identification in facial expressions and emotion induction through facial stimuli in children with high-functioning ASD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music-Based Therapies and Interventions in Clinical Settings across the Life Span—New Methodological, Clinical and Technological Avenues)

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21 pages, 1966 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Role of Music Therapy with Infants with Perinatal Brain Injury

by Kirsty Ormston, Rachel Howard, Katie Gallagher, Subhabrata Mitra and Arthur Jaschke

Brain Sci. 2022, 12(5), 578; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050578 - 29 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5004

Abstract

Perinatal brain injury occurs in 5.14/1000 live births in England. A significant proportion of these injuries result from hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) in term infants and intracranial haemorrhage (IVH) or periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) in preterm infants. Standardised care necessitates minimal handling from parents [...] Read more.

Perinatal brain injury occurs in 5.14/1000 live births in England. A significant proportion of these injuries result from hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) in term infants and intracranial haemorrhage (IVH) or periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) in preterm infants. Standardised care necessitates minimal handling from parents and professionals to reduce the progression of injury. This can potentially increase parental stress through the physical inability to bond with their baby. Recent research highlights the ability of music therapy (MT) to empower parental bonding without handling, through sharing culturally informed personal music with their infant. This review therefore aimed to systematically evaluate the use of MT with infants diagnosed with perinatal brain injury in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Search terms were combined into three categories (audio stimulation (MT), population (neonates) and condition (brain injury), and eight electronic databases were used to identify relevant studies following PRISMA guidelines. Eleven studies using music or vocal stimulation with infants diagnosed with perinatal brain injury were identified and quality assessed using Cochrane ROB2, the ROBINSI Tool and the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Studies used either voice as live (n = 6) or pre-recorded (n = 3) interventions or pre-recorded instrumental music (n = 2). Studies had two primary areas of focus: developmental outcomes and physiological effects. Results suggested the use of music interventions led to a reduction of infants’ pain scores during procedures and cardiorespiratory events, improved feeding ability (increase oral feeding rate, volume intake and feeds per day) and resulted in larger amygdala volumes than control groups. Additionally, MT intervention on the unit supported long-term hospitalised infants in the acquisition of developmental milestones. Vocal soothing was perceived to be an accessible intervention for parents. However, infants with PVL showed signs of stress in complex interventions, which also potentially resulted in an increase in maternal anxiety in one study. MT with infants diagnosed with perinatal brain injury can have positive effects on infants’ behavioural and neurological parameters and support parental involvement in their infants’ developmental care. Further feasibility studies are required using MT to determine appropriate outcome measures for infants and the support required for parents to allow future comparison in large-scale randomised control trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music-Based Therapies and Interventions in Clinical Settings across the Life Span—New Methodological, Clinical and Technological Avenues)

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15 pages, 805 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Music Interventions and Delirium in Adults: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis

by Jelena Golubovic, Bjørn Erik Neerland, Dagfinn Aune and Felicity A. Baker

Brain Sci. 2022, 12(5), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050568 - 28 Apr 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6033

Abstract

Delirium is a neuropsychiatric syndrome represented by an acute disturbance in attention, awareness and cognition, highly prevalent in older, and critically ill patients, and associated with poor outcomes. This review synthesized existing evidence on the effectiveness of music interventions on delirium in adults, [...] Read more.

Delirium is a neuropsychiatric syndrome represented by an acute disturbance in attention, awareness and cognition, highly prevalent in older, and critically ill patients, and associated with poor outcomes. This review synthesized existing evidence on the effectiveness of music interventions on delirium in adults, and music interventions (MIs), psychometric assessments and outcome measures used. We searched MEDLINE, PsychINFO, SCOPUS, Clinical Trials and CENTRAL for quantitative designs comparing any MIs to standard care or another intervention. From 1150 studies 12 met the inclusion criteria, and 6 were included in the meta-analysis. Narrative synthesis showed that most studies focused on prevention, few assessed delirium severity, with the majority of studies reporting beneficial effects. The summary relative risk for incident delirium comparing music vs. no music in postsurgical and critically ill older patients was 0.52 (95% confidential interval (CI): 0.20–1.35, I² = 79.1%, heterogeneity <0.0001) for the random effects model and 0.47 (95% CI: 0.34–0.66) using the fixed effects model. Music listening interventions were more commonly applied than music therapy delivered by credentialed music therapists, and delirium assessments methods were heterogeneous, including both standardized tools and systematic observations. Better designed studies are needed addressing effectiveness of MIs in specific patient subgroups, exploring the correlations between intervention-types/dosages and delirium symptoms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music-Based Therapies and Interventions in Clinical Settings across the Life Span—New Methodological, Clinical and Technological Avenues)

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11 pages, 1032 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

Music and Psychology & Social Connections Program: Protocol for a Novel Intervention for Dyads Affected by Younger-Onset Dementia

by Samantha M. Loi, Libby Flynn, Claire Cadwallader, Phoebe Stretton-Smith, Christina Bryant and Felicity A. Baker

Brain Sci. 2022, 12(4), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12040503 - 15 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4261

Abstract

Psychosocial interventions targeting the specific needs of people affected by younger-onset dementia are lacking. Younger-onset dementia refers to dementia where symptom onset occurs at less than 65 years old. Because of its occurrence in middle age, the impact on spouses is particularly marked [...] Read more.

Psychosocial interventions targeting the specific needs of people affected by younger-onset dementia are lacking. Younger-onset dementia refers to dementia where symptom onset occurs at less than 65 years old. Because of its occurrence in middle age, the impact on spouses is particularly marked and dyadic-based interventions are recommended. Music And Psychology & Social Connections (MAPS) is a novel online intervention, informed by the theory of adaptive coping by Bannon et al. (2021) for dyads affected by younger-onset dementia. MAPS combines therapeutic songwriting, cognitive behaviour therapy, and a private social networking group that focuses on the dyads. This will be a randomised controlled trial with a waitlist control. The primary aims are to assess whether MAPS improves depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms in caregivers, with secondary aims to assess whether MAPS improves depressive symptoms in people with younger-onset dementia. The trial also aims to assess dyadic social connectedness; caregiver coping skills; and neuropsychiatric symptoms in people with younger-onset dementia. We will recruit 60 dyads to participate in a group-based weekly online program for 8 weeks facilitated by a credentialed music therapist and psychologist. Sessions 1 and 8 will include both caregivers and people with younger-onset dementia and Sessions 2–7 will involve separate group sessions for caregivers and those with dementia. There will be focus groups for qualitative feedback. Due to its online administration, MAPS has the potential to reach many dyads affected by younger-onset dementia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music-Based Therapies and Interventions in Clinical Settings across the Life Span—New Methodological, Clinical and Technological Avenues)

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49 pages, 3285 KiB

Open AccessStudy Protocol

Home-Based Music Therapy to Support Bulbar and Respiratory Functions of Persons with Early and Mid-Stage Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis—Protocol and Results from a Feasibility Study

by Alisa T. Apreleva Kolomeytseva, Lev Brylev, Marziye Eshghi, Zhanna Bottaeva, Jufen Zhang, Jörg C. Fachner and Alexander J. Street

Brain Sci. 2022, 12(4), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12040494 - 13 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5150

Abstract

Respiratory failure, malnutrition, aspiration pneumonia, and dehydration are the precursors to mortality in ALS. Loss of natural communication is considered one of the worst aspects of ALS. This first study to test the feasibility of a music therapy protocol for bulbar and respiratory [...] Read more.

Respiratory failure, malnutrition, aspiration pneumonia, and dehydration are the precursors to mortality in ALS. Loss of natural communication is considered one of the worst aspects of ALS. This first study to test the feasibility of a music therapy protocol for bulbar and respiratory rehabilitation in ALS employs a mixed-methods case study series design with repeated measures. Newly diagnosed patients meeting the inclusion criteria were invited to participate, until the desired sample size (n = 8) was achieved. The protocol was delivered to participants in their homes twice weekly for six weeks. Individualised exercise sets for independent practice were provided. Feasibility data (recruitment, retention, adherence, tolerability, self-motivation and personal impressions) were collected. Bulbar and respiratory changes were objectively measured. Results. A high recruitment rate (100%), a high retention rate (87.5%) and high mean adherence to treatment (95.4%) provide evidence for the feasibility of the study protocol. The treatment was well tolerated. Mean adherence to the suggested independent exercise routine was 53%. The outcome measurements to evaluate the therapy-induced change in bulbar and respiratory functions were defined. Findings suggest that the protocol is safe to use in early- and mid-stage ALS and that music therapy was beneficial for the participants’ bulbar and respiratory functions. Mean trends suggesting that these functions were sustained or improved during the treatment period were observed for most outcome parameters: Maximal Inspiratory Pressure, Maximal Expiratory Pressure, Peak Expiratory Flow, the Center for Neurologic Study—Bulbar Function Scale speech and swallowing subscales, Maximum Phonation Time, Maximum Repetition Rate—Alternating, Maximum Repetition Rate—Sequential, Jitter, Shimmer, NHR, Speaking rate, Speech–pause ratio, Pause frequency, hypernasality level, Time-to-Laryngeal Vestibule Closure, Maximum Pharyngeal Constriction Area, Peak Position of the Hyoid Bone, Total Pharyngeal Residue C24area. Conclusion. The suggested design and protocol are feasible for a larger study, with some modifications, including aerodynamic measure of nasalance, abbreviated voice sampling and psychological screening. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music-Based Therapies and Interventions in Clinical Settings across the Life Span—New Methodological, Clinical and Technological Avenues)

14 pages, 661 KiB

Open AccessStudy Protocol

The Impact of Music on Stress Biomarkers: Protocol of a Substudy of the Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial Music Interventions for Dementia and Depression in ELderly Care (MIDDEL)

by Naomi L. Rasing, Sarah I. M. Janus, Gunter Kreutz, Vigdis Sveinsdottir, Christian Gold, Urs M. Nater and Sytse U. Zuidema

Brain Sci. 2022, 12(4), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12040485 - 8 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3887

Abstract

Recently, a large cluster-randomized controlled trial was designed—Music Interventions for Dementia and Depression in ELderly care (MIDDEL)—to assess the effectiveness of music interventions on depression in care home residents with dementia (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03496675). To understand the pathophysiological mechanisms, we observed the effect of [...] Read more.

Recently, a large cluster-randomized controlled trial was designed—Music Interventions for Dementia and Depression in ELderly care (MIDDEL)—to assess the effectiveness of music interventions on depression in care home residents with dementia (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03496675). To understand the pathophysiological mechanisms, we observed the effect of repeated music interventions on stress in this population since chronic stress was associated with depression and an increased risk for dementia. An exploratory study was designed to assess: (1) changes in hair cortisol concentrations as an indicator of longer-term stress; (2) whether baseline stress is a predictor of therapy outcome; (3) pre- and post-treatment effects on salivary α-amylase and cortisol response as an indicator of immediate stress in 180–200 care home residents with dementia and depressive symptoms who partake in the MIDDEL trial. Insights into mediatory effects of stress to explain the effect of music interventions will be gained. Hair cortisol concentrations were assessed at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months along with the Perceived Stress Scale. Salivary α-amylase and cortisol concentrations were assessed at 1, 3, and 6 months. Saliva was collected just before a session and 15 and 60 min after a session, along with a stress Visual Analogue Scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music-Based Therapies and Interventions in Clinical Settings across the Life Span—New Methodological, Clinical and Technological Avenues)

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