Regulatory T Cells and Immune Balance: From Tolerance to Therapy

Dear Colleagues,

The 2025 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine honored the discovery of a breakthrough in the field of understanding our immune systems - the discovery and functional understanding of Regulatory T Cells (Tregs). These cells are not just bystanders of the immune response but the immune home guards that ensure immune homeostasis to avoid autoimmunity, regulate inflammation, and—in certain situations—protect tumors from immune attack. The field of Treg research has just exploded to the level of clinical significance, with over 200 ongoing clinical studies on the use of Treg for autoimmunity, cancer, and transplantation. From chimeric antigen receptor regulatory T cell (CAR-Treg) therapies to microbiome–Treg interactions, we are seeing a move away from treating immune-related disorders by turning off the immune system, and instead, smartly re-balancing it. Based on that landmark recognition, this Special Issue is inspired. We are calling for papers from different disciplines, including molecular, immunological, clinical, and translational studies, to present the findings, commentaries, and reviews of the most recent developments in the study of Tregs and immune homeostasis. Whether you are a bench immunologist, clinical researcher, microbiome scientist, or computational biologist, if your work involves the immune system and specifically immune tolerance, immunity regulation, and/or immune reprogramming, this issue is for you.

Topics of Interest Include (but are not limited to) the following:

• Development, differentiation, and stability of Treg cells;
• FoxP3 signaling and genetic/epigenetic regulation;
• Treg roles in autoimmune diseases, allergy, asthma, and graft tolerance;
• Tregs in cancer: suppression, escape mechanisms, and therapeutic targeting;
• Novel therapies enhancing or inhibiting Treg function (e.g., IL-2, low-dose IL-2, CAR-Tregs);
• Treg-microbiota crosstalk and the role of short-chain fatty acids;
• Microbiome-based or metabolite-driven immunomodulation;
• Computational immunology, AI, or systems biology in immune tolerance;
• Translational trials and precision medicine involving Tregs;
• The role of regulatory T cells in the regulation of innate immune cells.

Dr. Aline Yen Ling Wang
Guest Editor

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