Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(15), 7683; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16157683 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2026
Abstract
Accurate target detection in side-scan sonar imagery is important for marine resource investigation, underwater infrastructure inspection, and maritime security. However, Side-scan sonar images are often affected by low contrast, acoustic speckle, weak target boundaries, and cluttered seabed backgrounds, which make target detection particularly
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Accurate target detection in side-scan sonar imagery is important for marine resource investigation, underwater infrastructure inspection, and maritime security. However, Side-scan sonar images are often affected by low contrast, acoustic speckle, weak target boundaries, and cluttered seabed backgrounds, which make target detection particularly challenging, especially under limited training data conditions. To improve the representation of sonar-specific structures, this study proposes a multi-feature early fusion detection network, referred to as MFEF-Det, for side-scan sonar target detection. The method combines multiple handcrafted features with data-driven representations to provide complementary information. In particular, a directional contrast core response feature (DCCR) is introduced to better emphasize the echo–shadow structure commonly observed in side-scan sonar imagery. An adaptive fusion strategy is then adopted to combine multiple feature maps before feeding them into a detection network, and an attention refinement module is further employed for complex scenes to improve the discrimination between target-related regions and cluttered backgrounds. Experiments were conducted on two publicly available sonar datasets. Experiments on the KLSG and SSS-Bottom datasets demonstrate that MFEF-Det achieves 0.933 ± 0.016 mAP@0.5 and 0.866 ± 0.052 mAP@0.5, respectively. The results indicate that the proposed feature representation can improve detection performance in both relatively clean and more challenging noisy scenes. These findings suggest that incorporating sonar-specific priors can be beneficial for side-scan sonar detection in marine survey and maritime-security applications.
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