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15 pages, 3147 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictive Current Control of a Five-Phase Drive Using a Lead-Pursuit Strategy and Virtual Voltage Vectors

by Federico Barrero, Mario Bermúdez, Manuel R. Arahal and Ignacio González-Prieto

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 5604; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105604 - 16 May 2025

Viewed by 78

Abstract

Modern electric machines are attracting the greatest interest from the research community due to their current increasing number of applications, including electric vehicles and wind power generators. Their use requires the development of complex regulators, where predictive controllers appear as interesting and viable [...] Read more.

Modern electric machines are attracting the greatest interest from the research community due to their current increasing number of applications, including electric vehicles and wind power generators. Their use requires the development of complex regulators, where predictive controllers appear as interesting and viable alternatives in recent research works. Although these controllers have an easy formulation and high flexibility to incorporate different control objectives in multidimensional systems, they have limitations that require attention and limit their application: a high computational cost and current harmonic content. This work presents a novel controller that focuses on these limitations, where the additional degree of freedom introduced in the predictive controller through the lead-pursuit guidance law concept is combined with the use of virtual voltage vectors to reduce the harmonic content in a controlled drive. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is explored using a five-phase drive and several figures of merit, such as the root mean square error in current tracking, the total harmonic distortion in the stator currents, and the number of switching commutations per cycle. Different predictive controllers are compared with the proposal in terms of speed regulation, stator current control, and steady-state performance, where the results obtained are analyzed to show the interest, improvements, and limitations of the proposal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Power Applications II)

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14 pages, 4087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Characteristics of Underwater Stacked Capacitive Power Transfer Coupler and Analysis of Propagation in Water Medium

by Kyeungwon Bang and Sangwook Park

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 1901; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15041901 - 12 Feb 2025

Viewed by 553

Abstract

This study provides a theoretical analysis of how the electrical characteristics of the medium affect the propagation of electric fields. Every medium has specific electrical conductivity and permittivity values and can be evaluated as a good conductor or a good dielectric depending on [...] Read more.

This study provides a theoretical analysis of how the electrical characteristics of the medium affect the propagation of electric fields. Every medium has specific electrical conductivity and permittivity values and can be evaluated as a good conductor or a good dielectric depending on the ratio of conduction current to displacement current. The strength of the electric field decreases significantly with the propagation distance due to the influence of high conductivity. In conclusion, even media with a high permittivity may be unsuitable for improving the performance of the capacitive power transfer (CPT) system depending on its conductivity. The analysis was verified for four types of water with different conductivities. In addition, we designed a stacked CPT coupler structure and analyzed its underwater transfer characteristics. In conclusion, unlike the parallel CPT coupler, the stacked CPT coupler is relatively disadvantageous for underwater use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Power Applications II)

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14 pages, 4708 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research and Development of a Large-Scale Axial-Flux Generator for Hydrokinetic Power System

by Georgi Dimitrov Todorov, Konstantin Hristov Kamberov and Blagovest Nikolov Zlatev

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(22), 10564; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142210564 - 16 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1314

Abstract

The study demonstrates an application of actual technologies and tools for the development of an axial-flux electricity generator. The specifics of its application—a run-of-river sited power station—predefine some of the design parameters that are close to a wind turbine generator. An extensive study [...] Read more.

The study demonstrates an application of actual technologies and tools for the development of an axial-flux electricity generator. The specifics of its application—a run-of-river sited power station—predefine some of the design parameters that are close to a wind turbine generator. An extensive study of available solutions is used as a starting point for further concept development. The study aims to provide a viable solution for a large-scale electrical machine. A step-based methodology is defined for concept parameters’ assessment and a feasibility study. It demonstrates the advantages of virtual prototyping when assessing various design parameters such as air gaps, coil thickness, and the number of rotor disks. Several simulations over different virtual prototypes provide sufficient information to elaborate an improved design concept. The major result is a ready-for-detailed design concept, with defined major parameters and studied work behavior for a specific, large structure of an electrical machine. Another important result is the presentation of the application of virtual prototyping in the assessment of large structures, for which physical prototyping is an expensive and time-consuming approach. The application of virtual prototyping at a very early product development stage is an effective way to undertake efficient solutions involving the concept of the product. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Power Applications II)

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36 pages, 25510 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synchronized Measurement of the Fundamental Voltage and Harmonic, Interharmonic, and Subharmonic Components of the Electrical Grid Using an Adaptive Kalman Filter

by Germán Martínez-Navarro, Salvador Orts-Grau, José Carlos Alfonso-Gil and Pedro Balaguer-Herrero

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 8669; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198669 - 26 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 923

Abstract

The effects of harmonics, interharmonics, and subharmonics on low-voltage distribution networks, leading to a deterioration in electrical power quality, have become more evident in recent years. The main harmonic sources are power electronic devices due to their implicit nonlinearity. Interharmonic and subharmonic components [...] Read more.

The effects of harmonics, interharmonics, and subharmonics on low-voltage distribution networks, leading to a deterioration in electrical power quality, have become more evident in recent years. The main harmonic sources are power electronic devices due to their implicit nonlinearity. Interharmonic and subharmonic components are mainly caused by a lack of synchronization between the grid frequency and the switching frequency of the power converters. This can be caused by asynchronous modulated devices, or more commonly by fluctuations in the fundamental grid frequency. Interharmonic currents cause interharmonic voltage distortions that affect grid-synchronized or frequency-dependent systems. The IEC-61000-4-7 proposes a general guide on harmonics, interharmonic measurements, and instrumentation in current supply systems. However, the techniques proposed in the standard are intended for measurement and do not enable a precise identification of the interharmonic components in a signal. This work proposes new definitions for the spectral energy aggrupation to improve signal component detection for the IEC standard. Furthermore, an adaptive Kalman filter algorithm is developed that enables the exact identification in real time of the frequency, amplitude, and phase of these components. The proposed system will become the basis for the implementation of a new range of measurement systems that provide improved accuracy and real-time operation. The work is supported by simulated results analysing various scenarios (including transients after changes in harmonic content in the grid voltage) that demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Power Applications II)

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22 pages, 4405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

State Evaluation of Electrical Equipment in Substations Based on Data Mining

by Ding Dang, Yi Liu and Seon-Keun Lee

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(16), 7348; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167348 - 20 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1148

Abstract

This paper explores the combination of a data mining-based state evaluation method for electrical equipment in substations, analyzing the effectiveness and accuracy. First, a Gaussian mixture model is applied to fit all raw data of electrical equipment. The Expectation Maximization algorithm summarizes the [...] Read more.

This paper explores the combination of a data mining-based state evaluation method for electrical equipment in substations, analyzing the effectiveness and accuracy. First, a Gaussian mixture model is applied to fit all raw data of electrical equipment. The Expectation Maximization algorithm summarizes the data distribution characteristics and identifies outliers. The a priori algorithm is then employed for data mining to derive frequent itemsets and association rules between equipment quality and measurement data. For new equipment samples, conditional probabilities of each feature are independently calculated and combined to classify and evaluate equipment quality. The results suggest that equipment reliability in smart substations can be inferred from historical and real-time operational data using improved association rule algorithms and Naive Bayes classifiers. Finally, the proposed method was applied to analyze statistical data from a 110 kV substation of a power supply company. The states prediction accuracy exceeded 95% when compared with actual equipment quality. The effectiveness evaluation metrics demonstrated that this method outperforms single-category algorithms in terms of accuracy and discrimination ability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Power Applications II)

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16 pages, 1888 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detecting False Data Injection Attacks Using Machine Learning-Based Approaches for Smart Grid Networks

by MD Jainul Abudin, Surmila Thokchom, R. T. Naayagi and Gayadhar Panda

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4764; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114764 - 31 May 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2886

Abstract

Current electricity sectors will be unable to keep up with commercial and residential customers’ increasing demand for data-enabled power systems. Therefore, next-generation power systems must be developed. It is possible for the smart grid, an advanced power system of the future, to make [...] Read more.

Current electricity sectors will be unable to keep up with commercial and residential customers’ increasing demand for data-enabled power systems. Therefore, next-generation power systems must be developed. It is possible for the smart grid, an advanced power system of the future, to make decisions, estimate loads, and execute other data-related jobs. Customers can adjust their needs in smart grid systems by monitoring bill information. Due to their reliance on data networks, smart grids are vulnerable to cyberattacks that could compromise billing data and cause power outages and other problems. A false data injection attack (FDIA) is a significant attack that targets the corruption of state estimation vectors. The primary goal of this paper is to show the impact of an FDIA attack on a power dataset and to use machine learning algorithms to detect the attack; to achieve this, the Python software is used. In the experiment, we used the power dataset from the IoT server of a 10 KV solar PV system (to mimic a smart grid system) in a controlled laboratory environment to test the effect of FDIA and detect this anomaly using a machine learning approach. Different machine learning models were used to detect the attack and find the most suitable approach to achieve this goal. This paper compares machine learning algorithms (such as random forest, isolation forest, logistic regression, decision tree, autoencoder, and feed-forward neural network) in terms of their effectiveness in detecting false data injection attacks (FDIAs). The highest F1 score of 0.99 was achieved by the decision tree algorithm, which was closely followed by the logistic regression method, which had an F1 score of 0.98. These algorithms also demonstrated high precision, recall, and model accuracy, demonstrating their efficacy in detecting FDIAs. The research presented in this paper indicates that combining logistic regression and decision tree in an ensemble leads to significant performance enhancements. The resulting model achieves an impressive accuracy of 0.99, a precision of 1, and an F1 score of 1. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Power Applications II)

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20 pages, 11692 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Small-Signal Stability Analysis and Improvement in Multi-Converter Grid-Tied System Based on Gerschgorin Disc Theorem

by Bo Chen, Qi Si, Pan Jiang and Xiaojuan Zhu

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(4), 1436; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14041436 - 9 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1272

Abstract

The integration of a large number of voltage source converters (VSCs) into the power grid decreases the small-signal stability of the power system. When several VSCs with different control parameters are simultaneously connected to the power grid to form a multi-converter grid-tied system, [...] Read more.

The integration of a large number of voltage source converters (VSCs) into the power grid decreases the small-signal stability of the power system. When several VSCs with different control parameters are simultaneously connected to the power grid to form a multi-converter grid-tied system, the potential destabilizing factors increase. Thus, parameter optimization for stability-weakest parameters that have the greatest impact on the system stability becomes more significant in addressing small-signal stability issues. This paper first proposes a stability evaluation function based on the Gerschgorin disc theorem, which can assess the stability of the multi-converter grid-tied system. Then a parameter sensitivity method is proposed to identify the stability-weakest parameters. Finally, an iterative calculation-based parameter optimization method is developed to regulate the identified stability-weakest parameters. Hence, the parameter optimization technique in this research can improve the system stability without requiring eigenvalue solutions and has the merit of low computational complexity. Simulation results based on both the MATLAB/Simulink (2023a) and the RT-LAB (OPAL-RT 5700) platform of a multi-converter grid-tied system validate the correctness of the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the parameter optimization method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Power Applications II)

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15 pages, 3237 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Dynamic and Thermal Effects Based on the Calculation of the Short-Circuit Current in Low-Voltage DC Distribution Systems for Civil Buildings

by Qiang Wei, Gaojun Ni, Jianhua Feng and Hao Ma

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(20), 11543; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011543 - 21 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1840

Abstract

The verification of short-circuit effects is very important for ensuring the safety of equipment and power systems. Compared with that in alternating current (AC) systems, research on this issue in direct current (DC) systems is scarce, and it is urgently necessary to develop [...] Read more.

The verification of short-circuit effects is very important for ensuring the safety of equipment and power systems. Compared with that in alternating current (AC) systems, research on this issue in direct current (DC) systems is scarce, and it is urgently necessary to develop an accurate verification method for applications in DC systems. This research establishes an equivalent model of a pole–pole cable short-circuit according to the characteristics of low-voltage DC distribution systems in civil buildings. Through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, the development process of a short circuit is summarized, and the methods of verifying dynamic and thermal effects based on the time-domain characteristics of the short-circuit current are specified. By calculating the peak value and Joule integral of the short-circuit current, in comparison with those in the IEC 61660 (1997) standard, this research points out that the method in the IEC 61660 (1997) standard is insufficient. Finally, the short-circuit peak current is greatly affected by the DC-link capacitance, the steady-state current is directly related to the filter inductance of the AC-link; and the verification of the thermal effect requires the calculation of the Joule integral in the transient and steady state. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Power Applications II)

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16 pages, 3882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Conveyor Cart with Magnetic Levitation Mechanism Based on Multi Control Strategies

by Xiaowei Tang, Seiji Hashimoto, Nobuyuki Kurita, Takahiro Kawaguchi, Eiji Ogiwara, Nobuya Hishinuma and Keisuke Egura

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(19), 10846; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910846 - 29 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2026

Abstract

This paper presents the experimental magnetic levitation control development of Sanki Engineering airport luggage conveyor carts which have four magnetic levitation units working synchronously. With the PID controller, the state feedback controller and the zero-power controller refined by PID controller were implemented in [...] Read more.

This paper presents the experimental magnetic levitation control development of Sanki Engineering airport luggage conveyor carts which have four magnetic levitation units working synchronously. With the PID controller, the state feedback controller and the zero-power controller refined by PID controller were implemented in the one magnetic levitation unit system and four-unit magnetic levitation system, and the displacement and the current were verified in a real-time system. The magnetic levitation unit had a fast response, and the control algorithms were easily implemented. The change of current and displacement were compared. In the one-unit system, the PID and state feedback controller react to the disturbance at the same speed and have similar power consumptions. For a disturbance on the zero-power controller, the system generates a transient current to deal with the load disturbance and finally settles to 0 A. The PID control for four magnetic levitation units of the conveyor cart has a better stable performance during synchronous operation. Under the control of state feedback controller, they can keep the cart statically stable with some oscillation. These characteristics are experimentally confirmed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Power Applications II)

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19 pages, 10498 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Quantitative Stability Evaluation Method of VSC for Optimizing Control Parameters and Extending Stability Boundary to Avoid Oscillations

by Xiaofeng Jiang, Xiaoyan Han, Huadong Sun, Lei Liu, Pengyu Pan, Gang Chen, Qi Si and Pan Jiang

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 5663; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095663 - 5 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1823

Abstract

Oscillations caused by the interaction between voltage source converters (VSCs) and weak grids are vital threats to the stability of power systems. Determining the appropriate parameters for the control of VSCs is essential to prevent the occurrence of oscillations in advance. To achieve [...] Read more.

Oscillations caused by the interaction between voltage source converters (VSCs) and weak grids are vital threats to the stability of power systems. Determining the appropriate parameters for the control of VSCs is essential to prevent the occurrence of oscillations in advance. To achieve this goal, a quantitative evaluation method of system stability for VSCs is proposed in this article to specify the stability boundary of control parameters. Then, an active damping controller for current control and a parameter optimization method for the phase-locked loop (PLL) is proposed, and the related parameters are designed based on the guidance of the proposed evaluation method. With planting the parameters optimization in the control of VSC, the stability boundary of control parameters of VSC is extended, so that the stability of VSC can be significantly improved. Finally, simulations are presented to verify the effectiveness of the theoretical analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Power Applications II)

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15 pages, 1925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Online Adaptive Set of Virtual Voltage Vectors for Stator Current Regulation of a Six-Phase Induction Machine Using Finite State Model Predictive Controllers

by Manuel R. Arahal, Manuel G. Satué, Federico Barrero and Cristina Martín

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(7), 4113; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13074113 - 23 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1679

Abstract

Virtual voltage vectors (VVV) have been used for the control of multi-phase induction machines, where different sub-spaces appear related to the torque production and losses generation. In the literature, several sets of VVV have been used, aiming at reducing harmonic content while maintaining [...] Read more.

Virtual voltage vectors (VVV) have been used for the control of multi-phase induction machines, where different sub-spaces appear related to the torque production and losses generation. In the literature, several sets of VVV have been used, aiming at reducing harmonic content while maintaining a low computational burden. This paper proposes the use of different sets of VVV to regulate the stator current of multi-phase drives using finite-state model predictive controllers. In the proposal, only one set is active at each control period. This active set is obtained through a preliminary analysis using performance maps. As a result, a method is derived for the online selection using the current operating point. The selection is based on a simple computation from variables usually measured on variable-speed drives. Results are provided for a symmetrical six-phase IM, showing that the proposal improves the closed-loop performance of the multi-phase drive with a low computational cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Power Applications II)

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22 pages, 3927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calculation of Main Circuit Steady-State Parameters for Capacitor Commutated Converter System

by Ming Yan, Zheren Zhang and Zheng Xu

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(2), 1171; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13021171 - 15 Jan 2023

Viewed by 2584

Abstract

The calculation of the main circuit parameters is the basic part of the engineering design for high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems. Compared to the conventional line commutated converter (LCC), the application of the capacitor commutated converter (CCC) can reduce the probability [...] Read more.

The calculation of the main circuit parameters is the basic part of the engineering design for high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems. Compared to the conventional line commutated converter (LCC), the application of the capacitor commutated converter (CCC) can reduce the probability of commutation failures and the shunt capacitor reactive compensation. This paper proposes a calculation method of main circuit parameters for the CCC-based HVDC system. Firstly, the topology of a CCC-HVDC transmission system is described. Secondly, based on the steady-state mathematical model of the CCC, the paper proposes the calculation method of the commutation capacitor to satisfy the system requirements, and the calculation formulas of the main circuit parameters are also given. Then the calculation procedure of the main circuit steady-state parameters is described in detail considering system parameters, control modes, calculation tolerances and operating conditions. Finally, a two-terminal ±500 kV/3000 MW LCC-CCC HVDC transmission system is presented to verify the validity of the main circuit parameter calculation method. The proposed method has great significance for the AC filter design in practical engineering application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Power Applications II)

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Review

Jump to: Research

58 pages, 17924 KiB

Open AccessReview

Comprehensive Review of Electric Vehicle Technology and Its Impacts: Detailed Investigation of Charging Infrastructure, Power Management, and Control Techniques

by Madhav Kumar, Kaibalya Prasad Panda, Ramasamy T. Naayagi, Ritula Thakur and Gayadhar Panda

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(15), 8919; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13158919 - 2 Aug 2023

Cited by 108 | Viewed by 41555

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) are universally recognized as an incredibly effective method of lowering gas emissions and dependence on oil for transportation. Electricity, rather than more traditional fuels like gasoline or diesel, is used as the main source of energy to recharge the batteries [...] Read more.

Electric vehicles (EVs) are universally recognized as an incredibly effective method of lowering gas emissions and dependence on oil for transportation. Electricity, rather than more traditional fuels like gasoline or diesel, is used as the main source of energy to recharge the batteries in EVs. Future oil demand should decline as a result of the predicted rise in the number of EVs on the road. The charging infrastructure is considered as a key element of EV technology where the recent research is mostly focused. A strong charging infrastructure that serves both urban and rural areas, especially those with an unstable or nonexistent electrical supply, is essential in promoting the global adoption of EVs. Followed by different EV structures such as fuel-cell- and battery-integrated EVs, the charging infrastructures are thoroughly reviewed in three modes, specifically—off-grid (standalone), grid-connected, and hybrid modes (capable of both standalone and grid-connected operations). It will be interesting for the readers to understand in detail several energy-source-based charging systems and the usage of charging stations for different power levels. Towards the improvement of the lifetime and efficiency of EVs, charging methods and charging stations in integration with microgrid architectures are thoroughly investigated. EVs are a multi-energy system, which requires effective power management and control to optimize energy utilization. This review article also includes an evaluation of several power management and control strategies followed by the impact assessment of EVs on the utility grid. The findings and the future research directions provided in this review article will be extremely beneficial for EV operators and research engineers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Power Applications II)

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